Development of hot stamped center pillar using form die with channel type indirect blank holder

The hot stamping process has been used in the automotive industry to reduce the weight of the body-in-white and to increase passenger safety via improved crashworthiness. However, defects such as fracture and wrinkle occur when hot stamping is performed using a conventional drawing or forming method. In this study, a channel-type indirect blank holder (CIBH) is proposed to develop a high-strength center pillar in form-type hot stamping, so that the aforementioned drawbacks are overcome. This type of blank holder plays an important role in reducing severe wrinkling at the flange; such wrinkling leads to folding after the completion of form-type hot-stamping. First, we investigated the effect of the channel shape on the indirect blank holding force by using a simplified two-dimensional plane-strain stamping process. Second, we selected the slope angle and corner radius of the channel as the main shape parameters by finite element analysis and artificial neural network (ANN). It is known that fracture at the hot formed wall and wrinkle at the flange are significantly affected by the slope angle of the channel, and the appropriate value for eliminating fracture and wrinkle is determined to be 99°. By performing hot stamping using a form die with the selected channel, we can manufacture a high-strength center pillar without wrinkle and fracture.     

橡胶沥青洒布车传热学分析及计算

根据热量平衡原理,阐述了橡胶沥青洒布车保温层厚度的设计计算过程,并按照洒布车施工时对介质加热升温的实际需要,探讨了两类沥青洒布车加热系统的特点,研究了外置导热油炉式加热系统的设计方法,指出通过沥青泵循环或增加机械搅拌装置来强化管外对流换热是提高换热速度的有效措施。     

鼓式制动器温升计算研究

在考虑道路条件和车辆运行状况的前提下,研究了汽车鼓式制动器的摩擦生热过程、辐射换热过程和对流换热过程,建立了其温升计算的数学模型。在相似理论和量纲分析理论的指导下,进行鼓式制动器对流换热试验,得出了鼓式制动器对流换热的求解公式。试验验证结果表明,采用所建模型计算得到的温升曲线与试验测得的曲线变化趋势基本相同,最大误差约为20%。     

Research on Heat Transfer Model of Asphalt Pavements Subjected to Microwave Heating Recycling

In　order　to　assess　temperature　field　in　microwave　heating　for　recycling　asphalt　pavements,a　2D　mathematic　heat　transfer　model　was　developed　based　on　Fourier　heat　transfer　theory　The　microwave　internal　heat?generation　was　researched　by　using　surface　field　of　pyramidal　horn　replacing　approximate　radiation　field　In　addition,the　boundary　conditions　were　built　and　normalization　processing　was　implemented　The　control　volume　based　finite　differential　method　(CV-BDM)　was　used　to　establish　the　implicit　discrete　scheme　of　the　conservation equations,and　the　numerical　value　simulation　was　employed　By　continuous　or　intermittent　 radiation　heating　technique,a　microwave　heating　experimental　system　at　2　145　GHz　was　carried　out　to　investigate　temperature　variation　characteristics　of　asphalt　pavements　along　with　heating　time　The　result　shows　that　(1)　the　increase　of　temperature　of　asphalt　mixture　during　microwave　heating　is　obviously　nonlinear,the　temperature　rises　slowly　in　the　initial　stage　of　the　heating　but　increases　rapidly　in　the　late　heating　period;　(2)　the　temperature　distribution　is　non-uniform　that　the　temperature　in　central　area　of　the　surface　is　higher　while　it　is　lower　on　edge;　(3)　the　uniformity　of　temperature　within　asphalt　mixtures　can　be　improved　by　using　intermittent　heating　technique,and　the　heating　time　must　be　reasonable　The　simulation　results　are　in　preferable　agreement　with　the　experiment     

预制空心块地温调控技术影响因素试验研究

利用块石层调控路基地温是冻土工程主动冷却路基的一种重要措施,有关块石层的降温性能和对流换热过程是冻土工程应用研究的重要内容之一。试验基于块石层的对流换热机理以及影响块石降温性能和对流过程的因素,提出一种新型的空心块石路基结构,通过室内模型试验对空心块石层的对流过程、温度特性及降温影响因素进行研究,并通过高精度微风速探测,首次获得封闭条件下空心块石层的对流特征和温度特性的关系,实测证实对流换热过程的存在。研究发现,换热过程和换热强度的差异导致温度曲线的非对称性,对流换热是空心块石层降温的根本原因;空心块石层上下表面温差和对流速度大小存在一定的联系,对流速度和对流时间的长短直接影响降温效果;空心块石层降温效果相当显著,并且垂直堆放方式和大尺寸空心块因具有较畅通的对流通道,降温速度更快且效率高,对流放热时间明显延长。该试验研究成果将对该种新型工程措施机理的进一步认识和改进,以及在冻土区高速公路等重大工程建设中的应用都具有指导意义。     

智能控制技术在公交车排气式供暖装置中的应用

在分析公交车运行特点的基础上，设计了一种以发动机排气余热为热源的公交车供暖装置。该装置采用智能检测、控制技术，解决了热管安全性与功率稳定性之间的矛盾。介绍了该供暖装置的设计方法及其智能控制系统的控制原理。通过实车运行试验证明了该供暖装置热能利用率高、升温快，基本达到了预期要求。     

采用车厢底部出风的变频热泵空调在低温地区大巴车辆上的应用研究

纯电动大巴空调冬季制热是目前行业普遍关注的焦点问题,受大巴空调厂家技术影响,大部分电动空调热泵制热在环境温度0℃左右将无法启动,所以目前行业冬季制暖主要采用燃油炉或PTC加热方式。燃油炉与PTC加热能耗高,严重影响整车续航里程。热泵大巴空调可实现-15℃正常热泵制热,补气增焓技术可实现-25℃正常热泵制热。另外,在冬季制热时,暖风从上部的风道往下吹,大部分热风下不去,造成了车厢上部温度高,脚部温度过低,非常影响舒适性。通过从上部风口引一些风道到脚部的方式,提高车厢底部的热风循环,提高车厢热泵制热的舒适性,从而验证了大巴车厢底部出风对热泵空调制热效果的影响。综合上述,对热泵空调在低温地区冬季热泵制热效果及节能效果进行对比测试,通过对比热泵空调和电加热器的温升速率、耗电量和舒适性等参数,可得知热泵空调升温速度快、温控精度高、耗电量少,变频热泵空调更舒适、更节能。     

高温淬火后预制孔洞花岗岩力学特性试验研究

运用弹性接触理论对不同温度热处理淬火后的含预制孔洞花岗岩试样开展三轴压缩试验和微米压痕试验,研究含缺陷孔洞花岗岩的物理力学性能受温度影响的变化特征,对比分析了花岗岩试样在不同高温热处理淬火后相关力学参数的变化规律。试验结果表明:在0 MPa围压时,岩样峰值强度随着热处理温度升高呈先增大后减小的趋势;在5 MPa围压时,随着热处理温度升高,花岗岩试样峰值强度逐级降低。花岗岩试样的弹性模量在200 ℃时呈略微增大趋势,随着温度的不断升高而逐渐减小,岩样的泊松比无明显的变化规律,而岩样的体积应变逐渐增大。花岗岩试样维氏硬度在200 ℃和400 ℃时呈增加趋势,而在600 ℃时发生骤降。     

Grain refinement in bearing steels using a double-quenching heat-treatment process

A double-quenching (D/Q) process is proposed for heat-treating high carbon-chromium bearing steels to improve the fatigue properties through refinement of the microstructure. The new heat treatment method has two steps: The first step is a nitrocarburizing process that results in high surface hardness and lowers the transformation temperature. The second step is the same as in the conventional quenching process but can be conducted at a considerably lower temperature than in conventional quenching. The microstructure in the material that is caused by the D/Q heat treatment is much finer than in the conventional Q/T (quenching and tempering) process. In order to quantify the performance of the proposed heat-treatment process, various mechanical property tests are carried out. The rolling contact fatigue life of double-quenched bearing steels was eight times higher than in bearing steels that were treated by conventional Q/T.     

中压水加热沥青新技术

利用水被加压后,其温度即可升高而不汽化的原理,将水增压作为传热介质加热沥青的新工艺是当前的发展方向.文中分析了中压水加热沥青的可行性,并介绍了工艺设计及主要设备,指出中压水加热沥青比蒸气加温可节约能源25%以上,此导热油方案可节省投资和使用运行费用.     

电动汽车用镍氢蓄电池组热量仿真与控制

在Ni-MH蓄电池热效应分析中,阐述了温度对电池的影响、电池热量来源及仿真计算.对镍氢蓄电池组充放电产生的热量控制是非常重要的,应使电池工作在最佳温度范围内,并减少模块之间的温度差异.介绍了Ni-MH蓄电池组通风方式的选择、温度仿真计算结果分析及不同倍率下的充电温升仿真结果分析.     

沥青混凝土路面耙松热传导试验与仿真分析

为了提高沥青混凝土路面就地热再生过程的加热效率,采取对试件进行热传导试验及FLUENT有限元仿真的方法,以不同厚度但配比及密实度相同的沥青混凝土试件为研究对象,设计制作热传导试验装置,测量试件上下表面温度并计算导热系数;运用Solidworks软件对试验过程进行有限元仿真,模拟建立热传导温度场,对试验过程进行验证。试验和仿真的结果表明:不同厚度但配比及密实度相同的沥青混凝土试件的导热系数基本相同,试件厚度显著影响沥青混凝土路面的底层加热温度,耙松改变路面结构后,热量更容易渗透到路面底层,从而提高热再生加热效率并降低能耗。     

基于模糊理论的沥青路面热风加热多参数优化

为了优化就地热再生热风加热参数，提高热风加热沥青路面的加热效果，基于有限元方法，建立了热风加热装置加热沥青路面的模型，模拟计算了热风加热沥青路面的过程，通过试验验证了仿真模型及参数设置的正确性。采用正交试验设计方法研究了热风温度、热风速度、出风孔离地高度对加热效果的影响。提出了基于模糊理论的热风加热效果评价方法，引入综合模糊评价指标代替沥青路面温度场、对流换热系数和加热过程中的能量利用率等单一评价指标对沥青路面加热效果进行评价，采用独立性权系数法确定了各指标的权重系数，仿真分析验证了综合模糊指标评价方法的有效性。结果表明：在加热装置的设计参数范围内，热风温度对沥青路面表面温度及分布均匀性影响最大，热风速度对换热系数影响最大，出风孔离地高度对能量利用率影响最大。以沥青路面温度场、对流换热系数和能量利用率等单一指标为优化目标获得的最佳加热参数组合，仅能保证各自指标最优，但其他指标较差；以综合模糊评价指标E_CFI为优化目标得到的最佳热风加热参数组合，可以同时获得较好的沥青路面温度场、对流换热系数和能量利用率。研究方法和结论为沥青路面热风加热参数的选择和加热效果的评价提供了一种有效可行的途径。     

基于正交试验法的橡胶沥青混合料级配及成型拌和工艺参数研究

由于橡胶颗粒具有较强的弹性变形能力,因此橡胶颗粒沥青混凝土路面具有良好的除冰融雪性。采用正交试验法,以空隙率为评价指标,分别从沥青加热温度、集料加热温度、混合料的拌和温度、拌和时间和成型温度5个因素对橡胶混合料成型效果的影响进行了研究,确定了其级配设计及成型拌和工艺参数,并进行了验证。结果表明:橡胶沥青混合料具有较好的水稳定性。     

加热限位管与自然解冻对冻土温度场影响的对比分析

为解决人工冻结技术产生冻胀融沉所引发不良后果的问题,可设置加热限位管来达到控制冻胀融沉的目的。运用有限元软件研究了设置加热限位管与自然解冻对冻土温度场发展的影响规律,主要结论:无需加热时,间距800 mm单排冻结管在冻结50天时冻土厚度可达2.4 m;当限位管循环5 ℃热盐水之后,各点温度都有明显上升,离限位管越近温度受影响越大,随着时间的推移,各点温度趋于稳定,最终冻土厚度约1.4 m;而自然解冻工况下冻土帷幕最终厚度约1.2 m,整个冻土帷幕温度趋于一致、强度变得均匀,单从最终形成的冻土帷幕来看,自然     

Experimental studies on the heating performance of the PTC heater and heat pump combined system in fuel cells and electric vehicles

In this study, a combined system consisting of a heat pump and a PTC heater was developed as a heating unit in electric vehicles. The system consists of a compressor, a condenser, an evaporator, an expansion device and a PTC heater. Experiments were conducted to examine the steady-state performance and dynamic characteristics of this system. The compressor speed, outdoor air inlet temperature, and indoor air inlet temperature were varied, and the performance of the system was experimentally investigated. The heating capacity, compressor power consumption and COP were obtained. Warm-up experiments were performed to investigate the dynamic characteristics of the system with a heat load of 1.5 kW in the indoor chamber. For the heat pump system, the PTC heater and the combined system, the heating performance and efficiency were investigated to determine an optimal control method. The results of this study agree well with the experimental results available in literature. This study provides experimental data of good quality for heating system design and the development of electric vehicles.     

日照作用下钢管混凝土构件截面温度场有限元分析

提出日照作用下钢管混凝土构件截面温度场的有限元计算方法。日照作用下钢管混凝土构件表面的热流考虑钢管外表面与周围大气之间的对流换热、太阳辐射引起的钢管表面的辐射换热和钢管表面吸收的太阳辐射能,从而将边界条件简化为用牛顿传导定律表达的第3类边界条件。通过将构件表面分成4个区域来实现日照边界条件中太阳辐射强度的简化计算,其中,竖立构件表面可分为东、西、南、北朝向面上的太阳辐射;横放构件表面可分为东、西、水平面上的太阳辐射和仅与大气产生对流换热的一面。算例分析表明,有限元计算结果与实测结果吻合良好,可供今后研究和工程应用参考。今后有必要对通用程序进行二次开发,以简化目前复杂的太阳辐射作用的计算。     

Cooling performance of 25 kW in-wheel motor for electric vehicles

The in-wheel motor used in electric vehicles was designed and constructed for an electric direct-drive traction system. It is difficult to connect cooling water piping to the in-wheel motor because the in-wheel motor is located within the wheel structure. In the air cooling structure for the in-wheel motor, an outer surface on the housing is provided with cooling grooves to increase the heat transfer area. In this study, we carried out the analysis on the fluid flow and thermal characteristics of the in-wheel motor for various motor speeds and heat generations. In order to resolve heat release, the analysis has been performed using conjugate heat transfer (conduction and convection). As a result, flow fields and temperature distribution inside the in-wheel motor were obtained for base speed condition (1250 rpm) and maximum speed condition (5000 rpm). The thermo-flow analysis of the in-wheel motor for vehicles was performed in consideration of ram air effect. Also, in order to improve cooling effect of the motor, we variously changed geometries of housing. Therefore, we confirmed the feasibility of the air cooling for the motors of 25 kW capacity with housing geometry having cooling grooves and investigated the cooling performance enhancement. We found that the cooling effect was most excellent, in case that cooling groove direction was same with air flow direction and arranged densely.     

齐热哈嗒尔高地温引水发电隧洞施工影响分析及降温措施研究

齐热哈塔尔水电站工程发电引水隧洞实测掌子面温度达到110℃,对工程的建设产生严重的影响。为保证工程施工的顺利进行,对隧洞高地温的成因及对隧洞施工的影响进行分析,研究高温环境的降温措施。研究结果表明:1)本区域具有高热流值,高地温是热流密度沿断层等地质构造传导至地表的结果;2)通过采用隧洞通风与局部通风相结合,低温冷水与人工制冰相结合的降温技术,较好地解决了隧洞的高温施工问题。     

就地热再生技术加热等级和作业速度研究

加热技术是沥青路面就地热再生技术的关键,加热过程直接影响着施工的质量。基于热风循环加热方式的沥青路面就地热再生技术,使用一维非稳态导热模型,建立传热温度场,研究沥青路面就地热再生技术中加热的分级和作业速度的控制。通过实地温度测量,证实了加热等级和机群作业速度二者有着直接的联系。通过技术人员的实时温度量测和现场指挥,可以有效指导施工、提高作业效率、提高燃料利用率、节约成本。