移动荷载作用下沥青路面三维有限元分析

针对交通移动荷载引起的沥青路面结构破坏问题,采用竖向静载及移动荷载,利用三维有限元数值法对移动荷载作用下路面各结构层竖向位移和竖向应力分布规律与静力学响应进行了对比分析。结果表明,在移动荷载条件下,半刚性路面结构的竖向位移及竖向压应力较静载相比呈现不同程度的下降。     

车辆-模数式伸缩缝耦合振动与冲击荷载分析

为研究导致伸缩缝及其相邻路面损坏的车轮冲击荷载,以桥梁工程中常用的模数式伸缩缝为例,提出一种车辆-桥梁-模数式伸缩缝耦合振动的分析方法。该方法通过分布式弹簧阻尼单元模拟车轮在伸缩缝上的脱空情况;采用等效悬臂或两侧支撑梁模型,考虑脱空段轮胎面的支撑作用,通过车辆-桥梁-伸缩缝耦合振动的迭代算法,实现模数式伸缩缝上的车轮动力荷载的准确模拟,并对载重汽车通过双缝模数式伸缩缝进行实例分析。研究结果表明：①由于伸缩缝结构和车轮位置的变动,很难保证车辆振动的对称性,因此需要采用三维有限元方法分析车轮冲击荷载;②伸缩缝空隙处轮胎面的支撑有助于减小车轮冲击荷载,该支撑刚度与胎面预拉应力密切相关,胎面预拉应力越大,支撑刚度越大,轮载冲击系数越小;③车辆不对称振动导致左右轮冲击系数不同,模数式伸缩缝的中梁跨中冲击系数最大;④模数式伸缩缝上的轮载冲击系数计算值可能超过中国伸缩缝设计指南规定值,该方法可用于确定模数式伸缩缝的最大容许间隙,使车轮冲击荷载小于设计值,以保障伸缩缝的安全服役。     

温度-移动荷载耦合作用下沥青路面结构力学响应研究

建立沥青路面结构有限元模型,计算沥青路面结构在一天内温度连续变化条件下温度场分布,在此基础上进行温度与移动荷载耦合,分析沥青路面结构在温度-移动荷载耦合作用下的力学响应。结果表明,沥青面层温度场在一天内的变化呈现先减小、后迅速增大、再减小并趋于缓和的趋势,基层以下路面结构层温度几乎不发生变化;在温度-移动荷载耦合作用下,路表最大竖向位移比不考虑温度作用时最大竖向位移增大8.60%,沥青层层底拉应变比不考虑温度作用时层底拉应变增大176.26%;车辆速度和轴重影响沥青路面的力学响应,随着荷载移动速度的增大,路表竖向位移减小、竖向压应力增大,随着轮胎接地压强的增加,路表横向压应力、竖向压应力和纵向压应力都增大。     

表面排水条件对饱水沥青路面动力响应的影响分析

首先建立动态荷载作用下,饱和状态沥青路面轴对称瞬态动力分析有限元模型,并给出有限元分析的荷载条件、边界条件和材料参数;而后分析表面排水和表面不排水两种条件下的竖向位移、竖向应力、水平应力、剪应力和孔隙水压力沿深度方向的分布和时程变化,以确定表面排水条件对饱和状态沥青路面动力响应的影响。结果表明,与表面排水条件相比,表面不排水状况对位移场影响不大,而对应力场影响较大;后者在轮胎边缘外侧产生了较大的竖向拉应力,同时产生了更大的正孔隙水压力,使得路面结构处于更加不利的受力状态。     

随机荷载作用下沥青路面应力应变分析

应用有限元软件ABAQUS建立轮胎/路面结构模型,研究轮胎与路面的接触印迹及随机荷载下沥青路面三维结构应力、应变变化特征。结果表明:沥青路面竖向、横向、纵向应力应变随荷载的非线性增加而非线性增加,随路面深度增加应力应变逐渐减小,在沥青路面的上面层和中面层出现应力应变集中现象。在荷载作用分析点,竖向、横向及纵向应力最大应力值出现在上面层,竖向应力最大,横向应力次之,纵向应力最小;竖向和横向应变最大值出现在上面层,纵向应变最大值出现在上-中面层,纵向方向反复的拉压变形,可能是导致路面轮迹带材料产生疲劳损坏的原因。沥青路面结构应力应变受温度变化、荷载等多种因素影响,残余应变恢复时间延迟体现沥青材料的黏弹性特征。     

动载作用下半刚性路面垂直动力响应三维有限元模拟

针对交通动荷载引起半刚性路面结构的破坏问题,采用正弦波动荷载加载,利用三维有限元数值法对动载作用下路面各结构层垂直动位移和垂直动应力分布规律进行了模拟。分析结果表明,有限元法能够很好地模拟车辆通过时半刚性路面各结构层竖向动位移和动应力分布规律,其结论可以用来指导工程设计。     

A380轮载作用下刚性机场跑道临界响应研究

为研究A380轮载作用下,刚性机场跑道临界响应,采用高精度单元建立三维有限元模型,对刚性机场跑道的典型加载工况进行数值模拟。结果表明:(1)A380轮载之间的应力叠加效应较小,最大主应力峰值突出;(2)两个主起落架在板两侧加载时,造成中部向上拱起,在正温差和荷载联合作用下,板中部会产生由顶部向下部扩展的纵向裂缝;(3)相邻起落架形成的弯沉盆发生较大程度叠加;(4)板角加载时基层竖向压力峰值最大,而其他加载工况时,水平方向最大压力峰值大于竖向压力峰值。     

钢-UHPC轻型组合桥面板横向受力性能

为研究一种正交异性钢-超高性能混凝土(UHPC)轻型组合桥面结构,在局部车轮荷载作用下的横向受力性能与横向受力组成,进行了足尺模型静载试验和有限元数值模拟。静载试验对同一足尺模型分别进行了横向简支工况和横向悬臂工况的加载试验,通过边界条件的变化来模拟组合桥面板不同的受力状态,并将试验结果与有限元分析结果进行对比,验证有限元模型的正确性,而后利用有限元模型的分析结果,得到组合桥面板在局部车轮荷载下的横向受力组成。研究结果表明:组合桥面板在车轮荷载作用下,其横向受力局部效应明显,横向应力主要局限于荷载作用区域附近的两道U肋范围内;在车轮荷载影响区域内,由横肋弯曲产生的桥面板整体附加弯矩的影响很小,组合桥面受力以第3体系为主,相应截面弯矩达到了总弯矩的75%,而在其他区域,第3体系受力所占比重迅速衰减,组合桥面受力以第2体系为主;加载至300kN时,组合桥面板受力仍处于弹性阶段,UHPC层顶面最大横向应力达到11.9 MPa仍未开裂,满足设计要求。     

车辆荷载作用下脱空地基上CRCP板的挠度与应力研究

运用弹性薄板理论,根据连续配筋混凝土路面板挠度等效与应力等效原则,将作用于板中的车辆集中荷载通过傅里叶级数展开为等效的半渡正弦荷载,提出了车辆荷载作用下脱空的连续配筋混凝土路面板的竖向位移和应力公式.结果表明:集中荷载作用下连续配筋混凝土板的最大挠度与荷载大小、板的宽度成正比,与板的厚度、横向弹性模量成反比,其中板的宽...     

非均布移动荷载下含表面裂缝路面结构应力响应

采用移动加载的动载模型,考虑轮胎花纹形式,选用非均布轮胎荷载模式,建立三维有限元路面结构模型分析了非均布移动荷载作用下含表面纵向和横向裂缝路面结构的应力响应,以探求移动荷载作用下表面裂缝的开裂机理.采用空间有限元——时间差分法对问题进行数值求解.分析过程中对裂缝尖端网格局部进行加密处理,并用位移法求取裂缝尖端的应力强度...     

Identification of the mechanical properties of bicycle tyres for modelling of bicycle dynamics

Advanced simulation of the stability and handling properties of bicycles requires detailed road–tyre contact models. In order to develop these models, in this study, four bicycle tyres are tested by means of a rotating disc machine with the aim of measuring the components of tyre forces and torques that influence the safety and handling of bicycles. The effect of inflation pressure and tyre load is analysed. The measured properties of bicycle tyres are compared with those of motorcycle tyres.     

Tyre rolling kinematics and prediction of tyre forces and moments: part I – theory and method

A new method to describe tyre rolling kinematics and how to calculate tyre forces and moments is presented. The Lagrange–Euler method is used to calculate the velocity and contact deformation of a tyre structure under large deformation. The calculation of structure deformation is based on the Lagrange method, while the Euler method is used to analyse the deformation and forces in the contact area. The method to predict tyre forces and moments is built using kinematic theory and nonlinear finite element analysis. A detailed analysis of the tyre tangential contact velocity and the relationships between contact forces, contact areas, lateral forces, and yaw and camber angles has been performed for specific tyres. Research on the parametric sensitivity of tyre lateral forces and self-aligning torque on tread stiffness and friction coefficients is carried out in the second part of this paper.     

Measurement of stress distributions in truck tyre contact patch in real rolling conditions

Stress distributions on three orthogonal directions have been measured across the contact patch of truck tyres using the complex measuring system that contains a transducer assembly with 30 sensing elements placed in the road surface. The measurements have been performed in straight line, in real rolling conditions. Software applications for calibration, data acquisition, and data processing were developed. The influence of changes in inflation pressure and rolling speed on the shapes and sizes of truck tyre contact patch has been shown. The shapes and magnitudes of normal, longitudinal, and lateral stress distributions, measured at low speed, have been presented and commented. The effect of wheel toe-in and camber on the stress distribution results was observed. The paper highlights the impact of the longitudinal tread ribs on the shear stress distributions. The ratios of stress distributions in the truck tyre contact patch have been computed and discussed.     

Geometric-based tyre vertical force estimation and stiffness parameterisation for automotive and unmanned vehicle applications

Advanced empirical, and physical-based tyre models have proven to be accurate for simulating tyre dynamics; however, these tyre models typically require expensive and intensive tyre parameterisation. Recent research into wheeled unmanned ground vehicles requiring vertical force analysis has shown good results using a simple linear spring model for the tyre which demonstrate the continued use for simple tyre models; however, parameterisation of the tyre still remains a challenge when load test equipment is not available. This paper presents a cost-effective tyre vertical stiffness parameterisation procedure using only measured tyre geometry and air pressure for applications where high-fidelity tyre models are unnecessary. Vertical forces calculated through an air volume optimisation approach are used to estimate tyre vertical stiffness. Nine tyres from the literature are compared to evaluate the performance of the vertical force estimation and stiffness parameterisation algorithms. Experimental results on a pair of ATV tyres are also presented.     

Energy analysis of the Von Schlippe tyre model with application to shimmy

Shimmy is an engineering example of self-excited vibrations. Much research on shimmy has considered the tyre as a positive feedback or negative damping to introduce instability of the entire system. In this context, we focus on the behaviour of the tyre under periodic excitations. The Von Schlippe tyre model is selected and the energy flow method is applied to illustrate the energy transfer by the tyre during shimmy. The energy flow method evaluates the tyre performance with a prescribed sinusoidal motion and provides a novel evaluation method for tyre models. With the help of straight contact line assumption in the Von Schlippe tyre model, the relative motion between the contact line and the wheel centre is studied to understand the path dependency of the energy transfer. It turns out that the tyre is extracting energy from the forward motion to induce unstable lateral and yaw vibrations when the motion or orientation of the contact line has a phase lead with respect to the wheel centre.     

Measurement and analysis of tyre and tread block dynamics due to contact phenomena

This paper deals with the dynamic behaviour of tyres and it is aimed at describing their dynamic features in the frequency band above 1 kHz, a range difficult to manage due to measurement noise and to the unreliability of numerical models, where the main influence is that of tread and blocks. Measurements have been made possible by fixing three three-axial micro-electro-mechanical system accelerometers on the liner and exciting the tyre under test by means of a dedicated test bench, suitably designed and constructed. Different kinds of tests have been considered in this research and described in the present paper. All of them show that a strong link exists between contact phenomena and tyre response in the frequency band over 1 kHz. This field is dominated by the tread and block dynamic responses. Furthermore, it is shown that vibrations of a sliding tyre give contributions in that frequency range for the above-mentioned reasons. It is thought that the study of the tyre behaviour over 1 kHz, though affected by significant uncertainties, can provide a proper knowledge to improve breaking effectiveness.     

胎面轮廓形状优化技术研究--提高轮胎耐磨耗性能

胎面轮廓形状对轮胎的耐磨耗性能影响很大，因此对其进行优化很有意义。针对胎面轮廓形状比较复杂的特点，文中采用多个变量来定义胎面轮廓。同时，在现有磨耗理论的基础上，通过对胎面轮廓形状的优化初步给出了评价轮胎耐磨耗性能的指标。在此基础上，采用自编的多目标优化程序对胎面轮廓进行优化，并将计算结果与原胎数据进行了比较，结果表明，不论是从胎面的磨耗速度还是从胎面磨耗的均匀性来说优化胎都要优于原始。     

高原汽车轮胎损坏的原因分析

以五十铃汽车为例，分析了在高原使用汽车轮胎易损坏的原因。认为：轮胎气压不符合要求、超载严重、前轮定位不合要求、前轮不平衡、道路条件差及驾驶员技术水平低是导致损坏的主要原因。在使用中应正确控制轮胎气压，谨慎驾驶，加强对轮胎的管理和保养，以提高轮胎的使用寿命。     

Real-time models for wheels and tyres in an object-oriented modelling framework

This article presents models for wheels and tyres in the application field of real-time multi-body systems. For this rather broad class of applications it is difficult to foresee the right level of model complexity that is affordable in a specific simulation. Therefore we developed a tyre model that is adjustable in its degree of complexity. It consists of a list of stepwise developed sub-models, each at a higher level of complexity. These models include semi-empirical equations. The stepwise development process is also reflected in the corresponding implementation with the modelling language Modelica. The final wheel model represents a supermodel and enables users to select the right level of complexity in an unambiguous way.     

A study of the relationship between Magic Formula coefficients and tyre design attributes through finite element analysis

Pacejka's Magic Formula Tyre Model is widely used to represent force and moment characteristics in vehicle simulation studies meant to improve handling behaviour during steady-state cornering. The experimental technique required to determine this tyre model parameters is fairly involved and highly sophisticated. Also, total test facilities are not available in most countries. As force and moment characteristics are affected by tyre design attributes and tread patterns, manufacturing of separate tyres for each design alternative affects tyre development cycle time and economics significantly. The objective of this work is to identify the interactions among various tyre design attributes-cum-operating conditions and the Magic Formula coefficients. This objective is achieved by eliminating actual prototyping of tyres for various design alternatives as well as total experimentation on each tyre through simulation using finite element analysis. Mixed Lagrangian–Eulerian finite element technique, a specialized technique in ABAQUS, is used to simulate the steady-state cornering behaviour; it is also efficient and cost-effective. Predicted force and moment characteristics are represented as Magic Formula Tyre Model parameters through non-linear least-squares fit using MATLAB. Issues involved in the Magic Formula Tyre Model representation are also discussed. A detailed analysis is made to understand the influence of various design attributes and operating conditions on the Magic Formula parameters. Tread pattern, tread material properties, belt angle, inflation pressure, frictional behaviour at the tyre–road contact interface and their interactions are found to significantly influence vehicle-handling characteristics.