轮边驱动系统对车辆垂向性能影响研究

构成电动轮模块的轮边驱动系统,是非簧载质量构成的主要部件,由于引入轮毂电机,整车非簧载质量显著增加。文中根据某型号轮边驱动电动车的参数,利用均方根值和频率域分析方法,定量计算该电动车的大质量电动轮对车辆垂向性能的影响,最后在综合考虑车辆垂向性能基础上给出了该类型电动车悬架阻尼比的确定方法。     

一种带新型内置悬置系统的电动轮结构研究EI北大核心CSCD

针对现有轮毂电机驱动电动轮车辆非簧载质量增加及路面激励引起的轮毂电机气隙不均匀带来的车辆平顺性和舒适性恶化的问题,提出了一种新型内置悬置系统的电动轮拓扑结构方案。此方案通过设置橡胶衬套将轮毂电机与簧下质量弹性隔离,将电机转化为与簧上质量并联的质量,同时,利用橡胶衬套吸收路面传递给电机的振动能量,减小路面激励对电机气隙的影响,改善车辆垂向动力学特性。在建立新型电动轮车辆模型和分析悬置系统参数对车辆垂向性能影响的基础上,对有、无悬置系统的两种电动轮驱动方案进行了垂向特性对比分析。结果表明:设置橡胶衬套后,簧上质量加速度、轮胎动载荷、悬架动行程和定、转子相对位移等方面均有不同程度的改善,尤其是对定、转子的相对位移量的改善最为显著。     

轮毂驱动电动汽车垂向特性与电机振动分析

鉴于轮毂电机驱动的电动车因非簧载质量增加导致车辆行驶平顺性恶化等问题,本文中应用1/4车辆动力学模型,基于响应均方根值和传递特性导出了车辆平顺性和电机垂向振动的若干评价指标。以某微型轮毂驱动电动车为对象,应用上述指标分析了车辆簧载与非簧载质量比、轮胎垂向刚度与悬架刚度比、悬架阻尼比和电机系统与车轮系统质量比等因素的影响,为匹配车辆参数提供了可选范围。     

抑制簧下质量负效应的轮边驱动系统研究

传统的轮毂电机轮边驱动方案因其簧下质量过大而导致车辆行驶平顺性和车轮接地性变差,针对此问题提出了电机集成式、电机摆动式两种抑制垂向振动负效应的轮边驱动电机布置方案和一种考虑到具体悬架形式和结构参数的1/4悬架垂向动力学模型。针对电机摆动式方案中电机的悬置参数进行了优化设计,并对这两种结构和轮毂电机结构的垂向动力学性能进行了仿真计算,基于Matlab和Adams软件的仿真结果,结合相关评价指标,分析了这3种系统的垂向动力学特性。结果表明,相比传统轮毂电机驱动系统,其余两种方案皆可起到抑制车辆的垂向加速度,改善车辆的平顺性和车轮接地性的作用,其中对车轮接地性的改善效果更明显,电机摆动式结构在改善垂向动力学性能上比集成式结构更有效。     

电动车辆轮毂电机减振系统设计与分析

为消除轮毂电机造成电动汽车非簧载质量增加而使车辆平顺性和安全性降低的影响,根据质量转移的方法,在电动轮内安装弹簧阻尼减振系统将轮毂电机质量变成吸振器,建立11自由度电动轮车辆整车动力学模型,并对模型进行仿真分析。结果表明,轮毂电机减振系统在满足轮毂电机垂向跳动要求的基础上,可以消除轮毂电机刚性与车轮连接给车辆带来的垂向负效应问题。     

四轮独立驱动电动汽车电动轮影响研究

为了分析轮毂电机驱动电动汽车簧下质量变大导致的垂向振动负效应问题,根据自主研发可以四轮独立驱动的轮毂电机电动汽车,建立集中电机和轮毂电机驱动汽车的1/4动力学模型,在相同路面输入下,对汽车平顺性评价指标进行对比分析,说明轮毂电机驱动下电动轮结构对车辆垂向性能的影响。研究结果证明,轮毂电机驱动汽车的车身垂向加速度和轮胎动载荷都有所增加,这种变化将对车辆的行驶平顺性造成一定程度的恶化。     

基于MATLAB的轮毂电机驱动电动汽车的平顺性研究

轮毂电机驱动技术是一种比较新颖的应用到电动汽车的驱动方式,作为新型能源汽车的一种,轮毂电机驱动车辆具有零尾气排放、传动结构简单高效、动力输出可控等诸多优点。但因轮毂电机的存在导致非簧载质量增加且电机激振力明显,导致电动车的舒适性差,操纵稳定性恶化。文章运用1/4电动车模型,应用频域分析法和时域分析法通过仿真分析振动系统在非簧载质量增加和电机运转时转矩波动引起的垂向激振力对车辆平顺性的影响。     

轮边驱动电机对电动汽车振动影响的分析与优化

本文采用频域分析方法,通过振动响应量的频率响应特性和统计特性表示。以B级路面和轮边电机作为双激励源,基于1/4汽车2自由度系统建立轮边电机驱动电动汽车的振动模型,仿真分析轮边驱动电机对电动汽车振动性能的影响。结果表明,相比非簧载质量的变化,车速的变化对电动汽车的振动影响较大。基于此提出了一种由轮内主动减振的电机充当吸振器的新型轮毂电机结构并进行了优化。     

电动轮轮内主动减振器的非线性最优滑模模糊控制

轮毂电机与车轮刚性连接会增加电动车辆的非簧载质量,影响车辆平顺性。为克服电动轮垂向振动负面影响,提出一种电动轮轮内主动减振器的非线性最优滑模模糊控制方法。建立了考虑悬架广义非线性特性的1/4车辆动力学模型,通过对非线性系统的线性化、构建最优滑模模糊调节器和逆线性化这3步实现轮内主动减振控制,并进行了对比仿真验证。结果表明:非线性最优滑模模糊控制的电动轮轮内主动减振器可有效减弱轮毂电机垂直振动负面效应,确保电动车辆具有更好的综合平顺性能。     

A Study on the Performance Simulation and Control Scheme for In-wheel Motor Driven Vehicles

为多域车辆的陆地行驶,设计了轮边电机驱动系统,构建了基于轮边驱动系统的车辆模型,并对驱动控制方法进行了研究.在转向动力学理论分析基础上,在ADAMS中建立了多体动力学模型;提出了车辆驱动与转向的控制策略,在Matlab/Simulink环境建立了控制模型,运用联合仿真方法对车辆在直线加速、转向和制动等典型工况下的行驶性能进行仿真验证.结果表明车辆的主要性能符合预期目标,驱动控制策略有效.     

考虑弹性支撑边界条件的电动汽车-路面系统机电耦合振动特性分析

轮毂电机驱动电动汽车的簧下质量大导致轮胎动载荷增加,并且电机电磁力和转矩波动对车轮造成电机激励,进一步加剧车轮振动引起垂向振动负效应的问题。鉴于此,考虑电机的电磁激励,建立了电动汽车-路面系统的机电耦合动力学模型,推导了弹性支撑边界条件下路面结构的模态频率和振型表达式,以及路面振动引起的二次激励。计算了简支与弹性支撑边界条件下的路面模态频率,根据频率分布进行了截断阶数选取,并分析了边界条件、电机激励和车速对路面响应的影响。在此基础上,研究了不同行驶速度、路基反应模量及路面不平顺幅值下,激励形式对汽车车身加速度、悬架动挠度和轮胎动载荷的影响。结果表明：路面不平顺幅值越小,弹性支撑对路面响应的影响越大,弹性支撑边界条件下的路面响应较小,电机激励会引起路面响应的增加;弹性支撑边界条件下,路面不平顺幅值和路基反应模量越小,考虑路面不平顺、路面二次激励和电机激励的三重综合激励对电动汽车响应的影响越大,激励形式对轮胎动载荷的影响最大,对车身加速度的影响次之,对悬架动挠度的影响最小;电机激励导致轮胎动载荷增加,对路面破坏和寿命产生的负效应不容忽视。所建电动汽车-路面系统机电耦合模型及研究思路可为电动汽车垂向动力学分析提供参考与理论支持。     

电动轮驱动-转向集成结构设计

目前最常用的电动轮--轮毂电机驱动型电动轮是在电动轮内安装轮毂电机,这将增加电动车的簧下质量,从而降低悬架响应的敏感度;汽车重心发生改变,汽车转向定位参数、制动滑移率的控制参数等都会发生改变,对车辆的平顺性和乘坐舒适性带来不利的影响。针对这些问题,文章设计出驱动-转向一体化的电动轮,将轮毂电机、轮内悬架、转向电机、电机悬挂装置和轮毂集成在车轮上,有效提高电动轮汽车的性能。     

基于闭环形式的车辆减振器热学特性研究

为了解决某车辆被动悬架系统中减振器由于温升过高而漏油失效的问题,提出了车辆悬架系统机械特性与其热学特性相互耦舍的模型。采用MATLAB／Simulink建立闭环正反馈系统的热一机耦合模型,并通过仿真计算得到某车辆在多种工况以及不同悬架参数条件下减振器的温升特性曲线。研究结果表明：随着路面等级的下降、车速的提高、簧上质量的增大以及悬架刚度的减小,减振器的温度升高;车轮刚度对减振器温升特性影响较小;簧下质量对减振器温升特性无影响。     

Road roughness estimation based on discrete Kalman filter with unknown input

ABSTRACT

The road roughness acts as a disturbance input to the vehicle dynamics, and causes undesirable vibrations associated with the ride and handing characteristics. Furthermore, the accurate measurement of road roughness plays a key role in better understanding a vehicle dynamic behaviour and active suspension control systems. However, the direct measurement by laser profilometer or other distance sensors are not trivial due to technical and economic issues. This study proposes a new road roughness estimation method by using the discrete Kalman filter with unknown input (DKF-UI). This algorithm is built on a quarter-car model and uses the measurements of the wheel stroke (suspension deflection), and the acceleration of the sprung mass and unsprung mass. The estimation results are compared to the measurements by laser profilometer in-vehicle test.     

Design of passive vehicle suspensions for maximal least damping ratio

This paper studies the use of the least damping ratio among system poles as a performance metric in passive vehicle suspensions. Methods are developed which allow optimal solutions to be computed in terms of non-dimensional quantities in a quarter-car vehicle model. Solutions are provided in graphical form for convenient use across vehicle types. Three suspension arrangements are studied: the standard suspension involving a parallel spring and damper and two further suspension arrangements involving an inerter. The key parameters for the optimal solutions are the ratios of unsprung mass to sprung mass and suspension static stiffness to tyre vertical stiffness. A discussion is provided of performance trends in terms of the key parameters. A comparison is made with the optimisation of ride comfort and tyre grip metrics for various vehicle types.     

Possibilities to improve the ride and handling performance of delivery trucks by modern mechatronic systems

The ride and handling qualities of conventional delivery trucks are wores compared to modern passenger cars. However this vehicles have the power to drive as fast as passenger cars. Vehicle comfort and driving safety are mostly influenced by vertical accelerations and vehicle movements caused by pitch and roll motions. In the paper “Vehicle Dynamics with Adaptive or Semi-Active Suspension Systems – Demands on Software and Hardware” Wallentowitz and Ridlich have shown at AVEC'94 in which way tyre stiffness, shock absorber characteristics, spring stiffness and unsprung mass have an influence on vehicle comfort and active safety. They achieved these results by the theoretical analysis of a quarter-vehicle-model. Their examinations are extended in this paper on the model of a complete delivery truck. By the use of the multibody-simulation tool SIMPACK the road performance of a delivery truck will be analysed. Therefore a complex model of the vehicle has been built up in SIMPACK. Several computer simulations have been carried out to analyse the vehicle comfort and handling characteristics in different standard driving manoeuvres.Furthermore, the potential of improvements is shown by simulating different driving manoeuvres with the complete vehicle model by varying some vehicle characteristics such as tyre stiffness, shock absorber characteristics, spring stiffness and unsprung mass.In addition to that, simulations with models of unconventional spring- and damper-systems have been carried out to demonstrate the potential of improvements by the use of these systems. Two different controller algorithms for a semiactive and an active suspension system have been used an will be compared in this paper.     

Kinematic and dynamic analysis of the McPherson suspension with a planar quarter-car model

McPherson suspension modelling poses a challenging problem due to its nonlinear asymmetric behaviour. The paper proposes a planar quarter-car analytical model that not only considers vertical motion of the sprung mass (chassis) but also: (i) rotation and translation for the unsprung mass (wheel assembly), (ii) wheel mass and its inertia moment about the longitudinal axis, and (iii) tyre damping and lateral deflection. This kinematic–dynamic model offers a solution to two important shortcomings of the conventional quarter-car model: it accounts for geometry and for tyre modelling. The paper offers a systematic development of the planar model as well as the complete set of mathematical equations. This analytical model can be suitable for fast computation in hardware-in-the-loop applications. Furthermore, a reproducible Simulink implementation is given. The model has been compared with a realistic Adams/View simulation to analyse dynamic behaviour for the jounce and rebound motion of the wheel and two relevant kinematic parameters: camber angle and track width variation.     

汽车悬架动载性能检测与理论分析

本文介绍了表征汽车路面附着性的车轮接地性指数的定义、测量方法和测量设备以及在欧洲通用的评价准则，给出了车轮接地性指数的解析表达式。利用汽车的1／4振动模型，通过计算机数字仿真，分析了汽车簧上质量与簧下质量的比值，减振器效能的损失、轮胎刚度和汽车载荷等对车轮接地性指数的影响。     

The Dynamic Effects of Conventional Freight Car Running over a Dipped-joint

Available experimental data of the dynamic force at a rail joint are used to validate the Discrete Support (DS) model of vehicle-track system. The validated DS model is employed to investigate the characteristics of dynamic forces due to a dipped rail joint. The results show that increasing axle load and rail equivalent mass significantly increases the first peak load. The wheel (unsprung) mass, stiffness of bearing rubber pad, and ballast stiffness mainly affect the second peak load. Properly designing a profile near the rail joint may reduce the dynamic load at the joint. The results obtained also indicate that the dynamic load generated at one wheel partially transmits to a neighboring wheel.     

Design of a signal transducer for direct conversion of wheel linear accelerations into tire lateral forces

This paper describes a design of a real-time conversion system of wheel linear accelerations into tire lateral forces. Though the tire lateral forces are important elements for analyzing vehicle dynamic control performances, they cannot be easily measured in real-time owing to the non-linearities of tire dynamics, friction, and slippage on road. In this paper, we propose a practical direct method using wheel linear accelerations in order to estimate tire lateral forces transmitted into the vehicle in real-time. A simplified vehicle model based on force-acceleration analysis is proposed to assure the real-time performance. The acceleration values are obtained using three-axis accelerometers attached on each wheel location. For conditioning and rectifying the acceleration signals, a signal transducer is designed using a digital filter. And in order to investigate the feasibility and real-time performance, a prototype of signal transducer is fabricated using a digital signal processor. The experimental results and performance are validated with the road test results using six-component wheel force transducers.