On Lateral Dynamics of Vehicles Based on Nonlinear Characteristics of Tires

The problems of vehicle lateral dynamics based on nonlinear characteristics of tires are discussed in this paper. A new nonlinear perturbation model on the cornering behavior of the tire is constructed. The nonlinear influences of tires on the steady-state steering behavior, dynamic response and handling stability of vehicle are discussed, applying the approximate analytical methods for nonlinear vibration. An analytical criterion of stability is obtained. Some numerical examples are given.     

Scaled vehicle tire characteristics: dimensionless analysis

This article demonstrates the use of dimensional analysis for scaled vehicle tires. The motivation for this approach is the understanding of realistic nonlinear tire behavior in scaled vehicle control studies. By examining the behavior of vehicle tires within a dimensionless framework, several key tire parameters are developed that allow for an appropriate relationship between full-sized tires and scaled tires. Introducing these scalings into vehicle dynamics studies allows for the development of scaled vehicles that have a high degree of dynamic similitude with full-sized vehicles, but are safer and more economical testbeds on which to develop experimental control strategies. Experimental data are used to compare the nonlinear characteristics for sets of scaled and full-sized tires. Finally, design of a scaled vehicle based on tire characteristics is demonstrated.     

客车轮胎建模和对侧倾稳定性的影响研究

客车轮胎与客车整车的侧倾稳定性有密切联系,ADAMS是典型的动力学虚拟样机仿真软件。介绍了在ADAMS中建立非线性轮胎的方法,在ADAMS中建立客车整车模型,通过改变整车模型中轮胎的刚度和阻尼,研究客车轮胎对整车侧倾稳定性的影响,从而为设计出符合性能要求的客车轮胎提供一定的理论依据。     

基于侧向稳定性的圆曲线路段设计指标研究

车辆在附着系数较小的圆曲线路段转向时,轮胎会处于非线性区内工作,此时基于线性理论的侧向稳定性分析方法会产生较大误差.建立6自由度非线性车辆系统模型,分析其处于非线性域与线性域下不同的特性状态,得到不同车速、路面附着系数下使车辆系统处于临界状态的圆曲线路段半径、超高设计指标.对线性域与非线性域内的车辆系统分别采用基于线性...     

Nonlinear Design Approach to Four-Wheel-Steering Systems Using Neural Networks

Four-wheel-steering (4WS) systems have been studied and developed with remarkable success from the viewpoint of vehicle dynamics. Most of the control methods require a linearized bicycle model of the actual vehicle system which is however strongly influenced by tire nonlinearity. This paper proposes a new method to design the 4WS system taking into account the nonlinear characteristics of tires and suspensions. For this purpose integration of artificial neural network and linear control theory is introduced for the identification and control of a nonlinear vehicle model structured using a software for multi-body dynamic analysis (ADAMS). This model takes into account the nonlinear characteristics of actual vehicles with tires modeled by “magic formula“. The results of computer simulations show that the proposed nonlinear approach is efficient in improving the handling and stability of vehicles.     

汽车变速器齿轮系统动力学行为分析

以单对渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮传动为例,对汽车变速器齿轮非线性动力学建模及其动力学行为分析方法进行了研究,分析了随着齿轮副激励频率、载荷比、阻尼比等参数变化系统周期解结构的变化情况,相关方法和结论对于更好地掌握变速器齿轮动态特性,以及更好地对变速器进行NVH控制有指导意义。     

A combined use of phase plane and handling diagram method to study the influence of tyre and vehicle characteristics on stability

This paper deals with in-curve vehicle lateral behaviour and is aimed to find out which vehicle physical characteristics affect significantly its stability. Two different analytical methods, one numerical (phase plane) and the other graphical (handling diagram) are discussed. The numerical model refers to the complete quadricycle, while the graphical one refers to a bicycle model. Both models take into account lateral load transfers and nonlinear Pacejka tyre–road interactions. The influence of centre of mass longitudinal position, tyre cornering stiffness and front/rear roll stiffness ratio on vehicle stability are analysed. The presented results are in good agreement with theoretical expectations about the above parameters influence, and show how some physical characteristics behave as saddle-node bifurcation parameters.     

基于车路系统的事故现场轮胎印迹强度参数化研究

为明确事故现场可视轮胎印迹强度与车辆动力学特性、轮胎橡胶磨损特征及道路表面灰度之间的关联特性,提出基于车路耦合的事故现场轮胎印迹强度参数化研究方法。通过结合动态滑动摩擦因数模型及轮胎非线性模型,建立车辆路面9 DOF非线性系统动力学模型,运用VBOX惯性测量技术验证模型的有效性。运用胎面磨损能量模型,从车路系统角度确定车辆、轮胎和路面特性对轮胎全局摩擦力及胎面磨损特性的影响。结合印迹强度特征模型提出轮胎印迹强度参数研究方法,选取不同制动、转向角工况及3组路面、胎面特性对轮胎路面接地力学特性、胎面橡胶磨损量、可视轮胎印迹特征进行仿真分析。结果表明：印迹强度仅与全局摩擦力大小有关,与轮胎路面滑移方向无关;滑移工况下胎面橡胶磨损量随着全局摩擦力和滑移速度的增大而增大,而印迹强度变化不明显;制动力矩和道路表面灰度对产生可视轮胎印迹起决定作用,转向角主要影响不规则可视轮胎印迹的产生;前轮轮胎最先出现可视印迹,且可视印迹长度和强度均高于后轮轮胎;采取可视印迹起点作为事故车辆速度判定具有一定的误差,应根据具体情况进行具体分析;研究成果能够为基于可视轮胎印迹的交通事故重建提供理论基础。     

Sideslip angle estimation based on input–output linearisation with tire–road friction adaptation

An adaptive sideslip angle observer considering tire–road friction adaptation is proposed in this paper. The single-track vehicle model with nonlinear tire characteristics is adopted. The tire parameters can be easily obtained through road test data without using special test rigs. Afterwards, this model is reconstructed and a high-gain observer (HGO) based on input–output linearisation is derived. The observer stability is analysed. Experimental results have confirmed that the HGO has a better computational efficiency with the same accuracy when compared with the extended Kalman filter and the Luenberger observer. Finally, a road friction adaptive algorithm based on vehicle lateral dynamics is proposed and validated through driving simulator data. As long as the tires work in the nonlinear region, the maximal friction coefficient could be estimated. This algorithm has excellent portability and is also suitable for other observers.     

大型车辆横向稳定性对公路设计极限平曲线半径取值的影响分析

针对目前公路设计研究采用的汽车横向稳定性计算模型仍然是刚性车辆的简化结构,未考虑汽车悬架及轮胎的弹性变形影响的问题,通过分析悬挂系统对车辆行驶的横向稳定性的影响以及大型车横向倾覆特点,推导出考虑车辆悬挂结构后的公路平面设计指标计算方法及公式;参考Bonneson等的研究成果,给出了为保证车辆横向行驶安全舒适条件下的横向力系数推荐取值及不同设计速度时的圆曲线极限最小半径值。结果表明:提出的设计指标的计算方法及取值为现有标准规范的修订提供了一定的参考。     

爆胎汽车整车运动分析及控制

通过轮胎试验得到GT175/60 R14轮胎在正常胎压及零胎压下的力学特性参数,以此为依据,运用CarS im软件对爆胎汽车进行整车动力学仿真,找出汽车偏航原因,分析驾驶员不同操作所引起的整车运动性能变化以及汽车稳定性控制系统对爆胎汽车的影响。仿真结果表明,稳定性控制系统对于减轻爆胎带来的后果具有积极的作用。     

家用汽车轮胎使用分析

汽车轮胎的状况对车辆的动力性、制动性、舒适性、驾驶稳定性、燃油经济性都有着直接影响,因此文章主要介绍了汽车轮胎的具体构造及其在日常使用中的常见问题,并共同探讨轮胎的正确使用方法及保养手段。     

Tire wear estimation based on nonlinear lateral dynamic of multi-axle steering vehicle

This paper presents a novel nonlinear dynamic model of a multi-axle steering vehicle to estimate the lateral wear amount of tires. Firstly, a 3DOF nonlinear vehicle dynamic model is developed, including dynamic models of the hydropneumatic suspension, tire, steering system and toe angle. The tire lateral wear model is then built and integrated into the developed vehicle model. Based on the comparison of experimental and simulation results, the nonlinear model is proved to be better than a linear model for the tire wear calculation. In addition, the effects of different initial toe angles on tire wear are analyzed. As simulation results shown, the impact of the dynamic toe angle on the tire wear is significant. The tire wear amount will be much larger than that caused by normal wear if the initial toe angle increases to 1° - 1.5°. The results also suggest that the proposed nonlinear model is of great importance in the design and optimazation of vehicle parameters in order to reduce the tire wear.     

Finite Disturbance Directional Stability of Vehicles with Human Pilot Considering Nonlinear Cornering Behavior

The driver of a vehicle has a significant influence on handling and stability of the vehicle. Due to the complex behavior of a human pilot, a driver model is usually neglected when dealing with the problem of vehicle stability. This work focuses on the interaction between the vehicle and the human pilot. A model characterizing human operator behavior in a regulation task is employed to study directional stability. Linear stability is analyzed by the application of the Routh-Hurwitz criterion and stability boundaries separating the stable domain of operation of the driver from the unstable one are constructed.

The linear analysis predicts that the only possible instability in a driver/vehicle system is an oscillatory instability with increasing amplitude. It is shown that the addition of kinematic as well as slip angle nonlinearities in the vehicle model can have a stabilizing effect on these oscillations of the combined driver/vehicle system. They may also be responsible for the opposite, namely a linearly stable motion may become unstable to finite size disturbances. These nonlinear motions are predicted by a bifurcation analysis and are verified by direct numerical simulation.     

轮胎侧偏力学的新发展

随着汽车行驶速度的提高，轮胎对车辆操纵性、平顺性的安全性的影响也越来越重要。因此，掌握轮胎的力学特性，提高车辆性能，已经成为汽车行业急需解决的问题之一。近几年来，国外对轮胎力学的研究已经成为车辆力学研究的热点，我国轮胎力学的研究还刚刚起步。本文摘要介绍了国内外轮胎侧偏力学的发展概况。     

轮胎侧偏刚度在线估算方法

对轮胎侧偏刚度进行估算能满足研发汽车稳定性控制系统的需要,文章探讨了3种在线估算轮胎侧偏刚度的方法,并进行了比较分析。结果表明,直接法和GPS/INS综合测量法原理清晰且求解高效,但这2种方法仅仅适用于轮胎线性范围内;加速度变化率法适应性好,但需要冲动传感器或通过信号高性能滤波,故成本较高。     

Vehicle modeling with nonlinear tires for vehicle stability analysis

The dynamic stability of a vehicle depends on various maneuvering features, such as traction, braking, and cornering. This study presents nonlinear vehicle models for estimating the stability region and simulating the dynamic behavior of a vehicle. Two types of vehicle models were found by considering the degrees of freedom and linearity. A simple model with nonlinear tire dynamics is useful for determining the stability region, while a complex model (a multi-body dynamic model in MSC.ADAMS) is appropriate for carrying out accurate simulations. Actual data for a mid-sized passenger car were used, and the models were validated by comparison with test results.     

极限工况下周期转向汽车侧向动力稳定性及分岔分析

将汽车在极限工况下的转向操作建模为周期转向激励的非线性振动系统的响应,结合打靶法和Floquet理论分析了周期转向的稳定性和分岔行为.应用Poincare映射分析了不同的质心位置和不同的车速对极限工况下汽车转向频率特性的影响.结果表明,汽车周期转向时可能发生鞍结分岔和倍周期分岔,发生鞍结分岔还常伴有跳跃现象;极限工况下汽车的转向频率特性与常规工况有很大的不同,转向频率对汽车的稳定性有显著影响,必须采用非线性分析方法.     

重卡提升桥控制系统对比及应用

提升桥的使用,可减轻车辆的自重,降低油耗,减少轮胎的磨损,能为用户带来良好的经济效益。由于通过气囊将提升桥提升,气囊具有良好的非线性弹性特性,用于车辆悬架装置中可以明显改善车辆的操纵稳定性和行驶平顺性,同时可以减轻重载车辆对路面的破坏,在重卡上得到广泛的应用。本文对提升桥悬架结构形式进行简述,对比分析了目前几种提升桥控制系统各自优缺点。     

基于驾驶人转向意图的双电机驱动电动汽车稳定性控制策略

为了使双电机驱动电动车在车辆稳定性控制过程中能够精确解读驾驶意图,使车辆实际行驶状态与驾驶意图期望的车辆行驶状态尽可能相符合,提出一种基于驾驶人意图辨识的稳定性控制策略.利用基于支持向量机递归特征消除(SVM-RFE)得到的特征参数构建基于长短期记忆(LSTM)模型的驾驶人转向意图辨识模型;基于转向意图识别结果,以方向...