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1.
Estimates of global aviation fuel burn and emissions are currently nearly 10 years out of date. Here, the development of the Aircraft Performance Model Implementation (APMI) software which is used to update global commercial aviation fuel burn and emissions estimates is described. The results from APMI are compared with published estimates obtained using the US Federal Aviation Administration’s System for Assessing Aviation’s Global Emissions (SAGE) for the year 2006. The number of global departures modelled with the APMI software is 8% lower compared with SAGE and reflects the difference between their commercial air traffic statistics data sources. The mission fuel burn, CO2 and H2O estimates from APMI are approximately 20% lower than those predicted by SAGE for 2006 while the estimate for the total global aircraft SOx emissions is approximately 40% lower. The estimates for the emissions of CO, HC and NOx are 10%, 140% and 30% higher than those predicted by SAGE respectively. The reasons for these differences are discussed in detail. 相似文献
2.
The airport planning and decision making process exhibits various trade‐offs and complications due to the large number of stakeholders having different, and sometimes conflicting, objectives regarding the assessment of airport performance. As a result, the airport performance assessment necessitates the use of advanced modelling capabilities and decision support systems or tools in order to capture the multifaceted aspects, interests and measures of airport performance like capacity, delays, safety, security, noise and cost‐effectiveness. Presently, airport decision makers lack decision support tools able to provide an integrated view of total airport (both airside and landside) operations and analyse at a reasonable effort and decision‐oriented manner the various trade‐offs involved among different airport performance measures. The objective of this paper is twofold: (i) to describe the decision‐oriented modelling framework and development process of a decision support system for total airport operations management and planning, and (ii) to demonstrate the decision support capabilities and basic modelling functionalities of the proposed system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
3.
The rapid growth in air traffic has resulted in increased emission and noise levels in terminal areas, which brings negative environmental impact to surrounding areas. This study aims to optimize terminal area operations by taking into account environmental constraints pertaining to emission and noise. A multi-objective terminal area resource allocation problem is formulated by employing the arrival fix allocation (AFA) problem, while minimizing aircraft holding time, emission, and noise. The NSGA-II algorithm is employed to find the optimal assignment of terminal fixes with given demand input and environmental considerations, by incorporating the continuous descent approach (CDA). A case study of the Shanghai terminal area yields the following results: (1) Compared with existing arrival fix locations and the first-come-first-serve (FCFS) strategy, the AFA reduces emissions by 19.6%, and the areas impacted by noise by 16.4%. AFA and CDA combined reduce the emissions by 28% and noise by 38.1%; (2) Flight delays caused by the imbalance of demand and supply can be reduced by 72% (AFA) and 81% (AFA and CDA) respectively, compared with the FCFS strategy. The study demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed optimization framework to reduce the environmental impact in terminal areas while improving the operational efficiency, as well as its potential to underpin sustainable air traffic management. 相似文献
4.
With the increasing trend of charging for externalities and the aim of encouraging the sustainable development of the air
transport industry, there is a need to evaluate the social costs of these undesirable side effects, mainly aircraft noise
and engine emissions, for different airports. The aircraft noise and engine emissions social costs are calculated in monetary
terms for five different sized airports, ranging from hub airports to small regional airports. The number of residences within
different levels of airport noise contours and the aircraft noise classifications are the main determinants for accessing
aircraft noise social costs. The environmental impacts of aircraft engine emissions include both aircraft landing and take-off
and 30-minute cruise. The social costs of aircraft emissions vary by engine type and aircraft category, depending on the damage
caused by different engine pollutants on the human health, vegetation, materials, aquatic ecosystem and climate. The results
indicate that the relationship appears to be curvilinear between environmental costs and the traffic volume of an airport.
The results and methodology of environmental cost calculation could be applied to the proposed European wide harmonised noise
charges as well as the social cost benefit analysis of airports. 相似文献
5.
B.M. Broderick R.T. O&#x;Donoghue 《Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment》2007,12(8):537-547
The CALINE4 model is widely used to predict the effect of vehicle emissions on ambient concentrations close to roadways. It requires an evaluation of the rate at which different air pollutants are emitted by vehicles, taking into account things such as vehicle flow, velocity, type and age. For Europe the databases of the COmputer Program to calculate Emissions from Road Transport (COPERT) are combined with local vehicle details to obtain site-specific emission factors for dispersion modelling. The ability of CALINE4 to predict the spatial variation of hydrocarbon concentrations downwind of a motorway is assessed, as is the accuracy of COPERT III composite emission factors for several hydrocarbon compounds. The concentrations of seven traffic-associated compounds is found at three locations downwind and upwind of a motorway. Modelled and measured background-corrected downwind concentrations are compared on three bases: daily peak hour concentrations, mean concentrations, and a set of model evaluation parameters. 相似文献
6.
This paper proposes a novel short/medium-term prediction method for aviation emissions distribution in en route airspace. An en route traffic demand model characterizing both the dynamics and the fluctuation of the actual traffic demand is developed, based on which the variation and the uncertainty of the short/medium-term traffic growth are predicted. Building on the demand forecast the Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2 is applied to estimate the fuel consumption and the resulting aviation emissions in the en route airspace. Based on the traffic demand prediction and the en route emissions estimation, an aviation emissions prediction model is built, which can be used to forecast the generation of en route emissions with uncertainty limits. The developed method is applied to a real data set from Hefei Area Control Center for the en route emission prediction in the next 5 years, with time granularities of both months and years. To validate the uncertainty limits associated with the emission prediction, this paper also presents the prediction results based on future traffic demand derived from the regression model widely adopted by FAA and Eurocontrol. The analysis of the case study shows that the proposed method can characterize well the dynamics and the fluctuation of the en route emissions, thereby providing satisfactory prediction results with appropriate uncertainty limits. The prediction results show a gradual growth at an average annual rate of 7.74%, and the monthly prediction results reveal distinct fluctuation patterns in the growth. 相似文献
7.
This paper designs emission charging schemes to ensure traffic emissions not exceeding the emission budgets in emission regulation areas. In a network where all links are tollable, we prove that, under mild conditions, there exists a non‐negative link‐based toll scheme that achieves the transportation conformity requirement while minimizing total emissions. We further consider only tolling in the emission regulation areas and formulate a model to determine optimal area‐based emission charges to ensure the conformity. The model is formulated as a mathematical program with complementarity constraints. A solution framework is developed to solve the model, leveraging on a derivative‐free pattern search algorithm and integrating MOVES to estimate vehicular emissions more accurately. The proposed models are demonstrated on two numerical examples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
8.
As the global sulphur limit implemented by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the further development of sulphur emission reduction technologies, the effects of Emission Control Areas (ECAs) on reducing the sulphur emissions from ships will be reduced gradually. To explore the necessity of ECAs in the near future, this paper introduces the fictitious sulphur emission permit allocated to shipping carriers for our considered region. We propose an ECA location problem, which determines the location of ECAs in order to minimize the impact of sulphur emissions on human health, while satisfying the constraint on the fictitious sulphur emission permit. A mixed-integer linear programming model is proposed for our investigated problem. Numerical experiments are carried out by using our proposed model applied to China and Africa, where the sulphur emissions at different sites are estimated via the fuel consumption calculated by collecting data from liner carriers. Results show that, for the case of China, the Bohai Rim, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta have a high probability for establishing ECAs. For the case of Africa, the Guinea Bay and South Africa have a high probability for establishing ECAs. 相似文献
9.
西安市机动车保有量的大量增长带来了交通尾气污染物和CO2的高强度、集中性排放,严重影响空气质量以及碳排放治理工作。因此,详细的机动车排放特征研究可以为减排措施的设定提供依据。本文研究了2007-2017年西安市不同车型、不同排放标准的车辆排放特征。研究发现:各种污染物中,CO2排放量增长最快,年均增长率为15.1%。大型客车和大型货车是NOx、PM2.5的主要来源,小型客车和大型货车是CO2的主要来源。随着排放标准的不断提高,2017年国0排放标准的车型对VOCS和CO的贡献率仅为2.7%和1.9%。对各种污染物进行归一化处理后发现,CO和NOx在机动车污染物中占比最高。 相似文献
10.
A novel methodology that provides more detailed estimates of vehicular polluting emissions is offered, in order to contribute to the improvement and the precision of emission inventories of vehicle sources through the consideration of instantaneous speed changes or acceleration instead of average vehicular speeds. This paper presents the construction and application of an instantaneous emissions model designated hereunder as “Transims’s Snapshots-Based Emissions”, which is set on a Geographic Information System that incorporates instantaneous fuel consumption factors and fuel-based emission factors to attain highest resolution of both, spatial and temporal distribution of vehicular polluting emissions based on traffic simulation through cellular automata with TRANSIMS. This work was applied to the road network of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area as case study. The development of this powerful tool led to obtaining 86,400 maps of the spatial and temporal distribution of vehicular emissions per vehicle circulating on the road network, including the following pollutants: carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, total hydrocarbons, sulfur oxides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, black carbon, particles PM10 and PM2.5. The said maps allowed identification with highest level of detail, of the emissions and Hot-spots of fuel consumption. Also, the model permitted to obtain the emissions’ longitudinal profiles of a given vehicle along its route. This study shows that the integration method of the polynomial regression models represents an opportunity for each city to develop more easily and openly its own regional emissions models without requiring deeper programming knowledge. 相似文献
11.
This study analyzes particle number and mass emission rates measured from the exhaust of a 2002 diesel transit bus in real-world driving conditions. The dynamics of the particle number and mass emission rates are examined at resolved temporal and spatial scales across an urban arterial, a rural arterial and a divided freeway. Time-based particle number and mass emission rates were highest on the freeway, but the distance-based particle emission rates of emission/km at “hot-spots” for exposure assessment for selected 50-m road segments occurred at intersections when the bus accelerated from a stop or traveled up high grades. Comparisons of particle mass and number emission rates between idling and acceleration indicate that unless the bus is extending idling for several minutes, public exposure to bus particle emissions near bus stops can be mainly attributed to accelerations. Generally, particle number and mass emissions rates are highly correlated both temporally and spatially. Some deviations occur because particle mass emissions are highly elevated during sustained fueling events such as traveling on high grades and during sustained accelerations, while particle number emissions are more sensitive to fuel and engine speed fluctuations. 相似文献
12.
On the basis of a joint economic and legal analysis, we evaluate the effects of a “regional” (European) emission trading scheme aiming at reducing emissions of international shipping. The focus lies on the question which share of emissions from maritime transport activities to and from the EU can and should be included in such a system. Our findings suggest that the attempt to implement an EU maritime ETS runs into a dilemma. It is not possible to design a system that achieves emission reductions in a cost efficient manner and is compatible with international law. 相似文献
13.
Τhis study demonstrates the combination of a microscopic traffic simulator (AIMSUN) with an instantaneous emissions model (AVL CRUISE) to investigate the impact of traffic congestion on fuel consumption on an urban arterial road. The micro traffic model was enhanced by an improved car-following law according to Morello et al. (2014) and was calibrated to replicate measured driving patterns over an urban corridor in Turin, Italy, operating under adaptive urban traffic control (UTC). The method was implemented to study the impact of congestion on fuel consumption for the category of Euro 5 diesel <1.4 l passenger cars. Free flow and congested conditions led to respective consumption differences of −25.8% and 20.9% over normal traffic. COPERT 5 rather well predicted the impact of congestion but resulted to a much lower relative reduction in free flow conditions. Start and stop system was estimated to reduce consumption by 6% and 11.9% under normal and congested conditions, respectively. Using the same modelling approach, UTC was found to have a positive impact on CO2 emissions of 8.1% and 4.5% for normal and congested conditions, respectively, considering the Turin vehicle fleet mix for the year 2013. Overall, the study demonstrates that the combination of detailed and validated micro traffic and emissions models offers a powerful combination to study traffic and powertrain impacts on greenhouse gas and fuel consumption of on road vehicles over a city network. 相似文献
14.
Prateek Sharma Mukesh Khare 《Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment》1999,4(6):1105
An Intervention Analysis Model (IAM) (Box and Tiao, 1975) was developed to study the impact of the ‘intervention' brought in by the Government of India (GoI), to control the CO pollution caused by the vehicular exhaust emissions, by the enforcement of the emission standards for the vehicles, on the mean level of the time-series of CO concentration. The study was conducted for an Air Quality Control Region (AQCR) comprising of an urban road intersection in Delhi, India, where almost 100% CO is contributed by vehicular traffic. Application of the model suggests that the ‘intervention' has not been effective in bringing down the desired change; some likely causes of which have also been mentioned. 相似文献
15.
The transport sector is growing fast in terms of energy use and accompanying greenhouse gas emissions. Integrated assessment models (IAMs) are used widely to analyze energy system transitions over a decadal time frame to help inform and evaluating international climate policy. As part of this, IAMs also explore pathways of decarbonizing the transport sector. This study quantifies the contribution of changes in activity growth, modal structure, energy intensity and fuel mix to the projected passenger transport carbon emission pathways. The Laspeyres index decomposition method is used to compare results across models and scenarios, and against historical transport trends. Broadly-speaking the models show similar trends, projecting continuous transport activity growth, reduced energy intensity and in some cases modal shift to carbon-intensive modes - similar to those observed historically in a business-as-usual scenario. In policy-induced mitigation scenarios further enhancements of energy efficiency and fuel switching is seen, showing a clear break with historical trends. Reduced activity growth and modal shift (towards less carbon-intensive modes) only have a limited contribution to emission reduction. Measures that could induce such changes could possibly complement the aggressive, technology switch required in the current scenarios to reach internationally agreed climate targets. 相似文献
16.
Vehicular emission models play a key role in the development of reliable air quality modeling systems. To minimize uncertainties associated with these models, it is essential to match the high-resolution requirements of emission models with up-to-date information. However, these models are usually based on average trip speed, not on environmental parameters like ambient temperature, and vehicle’s motion characteristics, such as speed, acceleration, load and power. This contributes to the degradation of its predictive performance. In this paper, we propose to use the non-parametric Classification and Regression Trees (CART), the Boosting Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (BMARS) algorithm and a combination of them in hybrid models to improve the accuracy of vehicular emission prediction using on-board measurements and the chassis dynamometer testing. The experimental comparison between the proposed CART-BMARS hybrid model with the BMARS and artificial neural networks (ANNs) algorithms demonstrates its effectiveness and efficiency in estimating vehicular emissions. 相似文献
17.
This study presents the characteristics of real world, real time, on-road vehicular exhaust emission namely, carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted under heterogeneous traffic conditions. Field experiments were performed on major category of vehicles in developing countries, i.e. two-wheelers, auto-rickshaws, cars and buses. The on-board monitoring was carried out on different corridors with varying road geometry. Results revealed that the driving cycle was dependent on the road geometry, with two lane mixed flow corridor having lot of short term events compared to that of arterial road. Vehicular emissions during idling and cruising were generally low compared to emissions during acceleration. It was also found that emissions were significantly dependent on short term events such as rapid acceleration and braking during a trip. Also, the standard emission models like COPERT and CMEM under predicted the real world emissions by 30–200% depending upon different driving modes. The on-road emissions measurements were able to capture the emission characteristics during the micro events of real world driving scenarios which were not represented by standard vehicle emission measured at laboratory conditions. 相似文献
18.
文章介绍了广西航空运输概况和机场快线开行情况,指出了广西开行市际机场快线的必要性,分析了广西开行市际机场快线存在的问题,提出了相应的发展对策,并从企业规模、车型等级、服务标准、经营方式、安全管理等方面阐述了开行市际机场快线应符合的规范与要求。 相似文献
19.
Increase in particle number emissions from motor vehicles due to interruption of steady traffic flow
E.R. Jayaratne L. Wang D. Heuff L. Morawska L. Ferreira 《Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment》2009,14(7):521-526
We assess the increase in particle number emissions from motor vehicles driving at steady speed when forced to stop and accelerate from rest. Considering the example of a signalized pedestrian crossing on a two-way single-lane urban road, we use a complex line source method to calculate the total emissions produced by a specific number and mix of light petrol cars and diesel passenger buses and show that the total emissions during a red light is significantly higher than during the time when the light remains green. Replacing two cars with one bus increased the emissions by over an order of magnitude. 相似文献
20.
道路交通是造成气候变化的主要碳排放来源之一。目前针对道路交通碳排放量测量和减排效果的定量评估方面仍然存在较大挑战。综述了道路交通碳排放测量方法,将道路交通碳减排措施分为经济、技术和行政三类,根据角色定位总结了影响交通碳排放的需求、供应和环境三方面的主要因素。发现不同测量方法得出的碳排放量差异较大,且各种方法的准确性和适用范围也存在较大差异。目前的碳减排措施目标针对性不够强,且缺乏对政策效果的定量研究。亟需在未来研究中规范道路交通碳排放量的统计口径和误差标准,明确各交通主体的减排责任,将更多研究工作集中在减排措施效果的量化上。 相似文献