轿车正面碰撞模拟计算的乘员伤害指标研究

利用PAM CRASH软件对某车型轿车在正面碰撞时的乘员约束系统(包括整车的有限元模型、50百分位的男性多刚体假人以及安全带模型)进行了建模，并参照相关碰撞实验法规进行了正面碰撞模拟计算。计算所得的乘员伤情指数与试验结果基本吻合，证明了该模型的有效性以及建模和计算方法的正确性。     

乘用车正面碰撞中假人膝部碰撞的研究与应用

在乘用车正面碰撞过程中,为了保护乘员避免受到下肢韧带断裂,瘫痪等严伤害,中国新车评价规程(C__NCAP)设定了评价假人大腿部位的损伤指标。为了提高C__NCAP汽车碰撞试验中的大腿部位得分,本文展开了假人腿部伤害机理、影响因素,分析方法的研究,并着重介绍了仪表板子系统膝碰评价方式,同时还以某车型膝碰问题改善为介绍了膝碰研究成果在实际中的应用。     

汽车正面碰撞中驾驶员侧约束系统的可靠性优化

采用MADYMO仿真分析软件建立了某车型正面碰撞的驾驶员侧约束系统仿真模型;针对原始模型因假人碰撞转向盘造成的计算结果的不连续性,通过修正模型提高了乘员损伤值响应面的精度;考虑了系统中存在的随机性,对安全气囊和安全带的主要参数进行了可靠性优化,有效减小了正面刚性墙碰撞中假人的损伤值,并使乘员约束系统满足可靠性的设计要求...     

高速公路汽车追尾碰撞乘员安全性研究

研究高速公路汽车追尾交通事故中前车乘员颈部运动及其损伤形态,即挥鞭效应。采用有限元动态仿真技术模拟汽车追尾碰撞过程,仿真与试验结果进行对比验证,对应的特征参数基本一致。利用仿真结果分析汽车追尾事故中前车假人颈部的运动损伤特性,并进行安全性评价。结果表明,前车假人颈部的最大前屈和后屈转矩都在评价标准的安全范围之内,但已经接近临界值。研究的结果主要应用于汽车的安全性设计、道路的安全设施配置和交通安全管理等领域。     

某车型正面18°斜角碰撞试验中前排乘员损伤分析

道路交通事故中车辆的碰撞方向通常呈一定角度。本文以某车型18°斜角滑台碰撞试验为例，分析了前排不同体位乘员各部位的损伤。结果显示：除大腿力外，50th假人其它部位的损伤指标均高于95th假人和5th假人，即前排乘员在相同斜角度碰撞工况条件下，中等身材乘员的上半身损伤较为严重，且95th假人各部位损伤指标曲线均迟于50th假人和5th假人；95th假人的大腿力损伤值高于50th假人和5th假人，即在相同斜角度碰撞工况条件下，较大身材乘员的下半身损伤风险较大。     

正面碰撞中的乘员约束系统仿真分析与验证

本文通过对某华晨汽车自主开发车型进行正面碰撞仿真分析,考察乘员在佩带三点式安全带条件下的运动响应和伤害情况。为减少车体变形对约束系统的影响,在车身结构试验与仿真对标的模型基础上进行乘员约束系统对标。从车身的变形形态、乘员的运动响应、假人伤害值等几个方面综合评价乘员保护的碰撞安全性能,通过约束系统良好的对标表现,分析出对正面碰撞乘员约束系统的影响因素。经过验证表明,采用有限元的乘员约束系统碰撞仿真分析方法能较真实地反映出试验碰撞的状况和结果,具有实际工程应用价值,可用于后期的优化工作。     

车辆斜角碰撞中不同百分位假人伤害对比研究

斜角碰撞是交通事故中最常见的碰撞类型之一。然而,目前针对斜角碰撞的研究和标准较少,且保护对象主要以50~(th)假人为主,对5~(th)假人和95~(th)假人的重视程度不足。为完善汽车碰撞安全标准,进一步减少斜角碰撞事故中乘员伤亡,搭建了18°斜角碰撞工况试验平台,建立了3种工况试验方法,并通过15个车型、69次试验数据对比,分析了斜角碰撞中5~(th) 假人、50~(th)假人和95~(th) 假人各部位的伤害情况。结果表明:50~(th)假人颈部、骨盆和右大腿伤害风险最大,而5~(th) 假人的头部和胸部损伤指标比50~(th)假人分别高了12.2%和34.1%,95~(th)假人的左大腿力比50~(th)假人高了456.8%,表明18°斜角碰撞中不同身材的驾驶员均会受到不同程度损伤;本研究为完善汽车安全相关标准提供了数据支撑和技术支持,也对车企优化车型设计具有指导意义。     

汽车碰撞模拟计算中假人下肢模型的研究改进

汽车碰撞模拟计算技术已在汽车行业中广泛应用ＭＡＤＹＭＯ软件的假人数据为中混合Ⅲ型标准假人模型已被工程技术人员广泛用地碰撞模拟中，以评估乘员保护系统的有效性。对该种假人头部，颈部，躯干，骨盆的大量验证工作已见诸文献，而假人下肢，特别是脚踝部的模型验证工作则开展很少，在实际汽车碰撞事故中，下肢保护已成为突出的问题，所以本文根据碰撞试验数据，对混合Ⅲ型假人肢数学模型进行了改进，对评估乘员保护系统，可提供     

某车型正碰后排假人伤害的仿真与试验分析

正面碰撞后排假人安全性是车型安全开发的重要指标之一。本文针对某车型在开发过程中存在的后排女性假人下潜及胸部伤害现象,首先分析后排女性假人运动机理;其次,分别提出"增加假人一侧座垫连接结构及防下潜支架"及"采用后排限力式安全带"的改进方案,并基于有限元方法建立正碰仿真分析模型开展正面碰撞分析;然后,设计台车碰撞试验方案,进行正面碰撞台车试验,分析方案的可行性;最终通过实车验证。研究表明,方案能够有效避免后排女性假人发生下潜现象及降低胸部伤害,使其满足车型安全开发要求。     

滑车模型在汽车碰撞仿真中的应用

按照CMVDR294中试验规定,制定模拟工况,建立某跑车整车碰撞仿真的滑车模型。应用碰撞模拟软件ESI/PAM-CRASH进行仿真计算,获得满足法规要求的跑车乘员约束系统的参数。将优化后的乘员约束系统和整车进行组合,进行“整车 乘员 乘员约束系统”碰撞过程仿真,证明用滑车模型进行假人伤害值分析、乘员约束系统分析的合理性。     

Human body modelling for traffic accident analysis

A traffic accident is a complex phenomenon with vehicles and human beings involved. During a collision, the vehicle occupant is exposed to substantial loads, which can cause the occupant injuries that depend on the level of passive safety, as well as on the occupant's individual characteristics. Correct estimation of injury severity demands a validated human body model and known impact conditions. A human body modelling procedure for the purpose of accident analysis is introduced. The occupant body has been modelled as a multibody system with rigid body segments connected. Geometrical and inertial properties of individual body segments were estimated using computed tomography. Frontal impact conditions were simulated on a sled test facility, while the human body dynamic response was measured. Comparison of experimental data and computer simulation revealed an influence of joint resistive properties on the occupant motion in collisions. The difference between measured and simulated response was minimised using optimisation method. Individualised human body modelling procedure enabled better prediction of the occupant motion during vehicle collision and thus more precise estimation of possible injuries in real-life traffic accidents.     

面向C-NCAP的轿车乘员约束系统性能改进研究

以C-NCAP评价为目标,利用MADYMO仿真技术对某乘用车乘员约束系统进行改进,并通过实车碰撞试验验证改进方案的效果.仿真与试验的结果表明,改进方案显著提高约束系统的性能,增强了其在碰撞过程中对乘员的保护效果.     

车辆与弯道混凝土护栏碰撞的动态数值模拟及试验

对车辆与弯道混凝土护栏碰撞动态数值模拟结果和实车足尺碰撞试验结果进行对比分析，从车辆行驶轨迹、乘员冲击加速度以及车辆损伤形态3个方面，验证了动态数值模拟的准确性，并分析了弯道混凝土护栏曲线半径对乘员碰撞过程中所承受冲击加速度的影响；得到乘员风险的最不利护栏半径。结果表明：有限元仿真是进行汽车护栏碰撞研究的有效方法；弯道处护栏的形式对碰撞时乘员的安全有很大影响。     

轿车改进车型的正面碰撞仿真模拟研究

汽车制造厂会根据市场需求对现有车型进行改进。改进车型的开发周期一般比较短,通过CAE模拟可以在短时间内完成。本文以奇瑞公司某款车型的改进为例,介绍了针对汽车正面碰撞性能的设计,建立LS-DYNA的有限元模型模拟车辆正面碰撞刚性墙,优化车辆前部结构,将LS-DYNA运算输出的车体加速度作为MADYMO的输入条件,分析对比乘员保护效果,保证了原有安全气囊与改进后车型的匹配性。     

Crash analysis and dynamical behaviour of light road and rail vehicles

The main goal of crashworthiness is to ensure that vehicles are safer for occupants, cargo and other road or rail users. The crash analysis of vehicles involves structural impact and occupant biomechanics. The traditional approaches to crashworthiness not only do not take into account the full vehicle dynamics, but also uncouple the structural impact and the occupant biomechanics in the crash study. The most common strategy is to obtain an acceleration pulse from a vehicle structural impact analysis or experimental test, very often without taking into account the effect of suspensions in its dynamics, and afterwards feed this pulse into a rigid occupant compartment that contains models of passengers. Multibody dynamics is the most common methodology to build and analyse vehicle models for occupant biomechanics, vehicle dynamics and, with ever increasing popularity, structural crash analysis. In this work, the aspects of multibody modelling relevant to road and rail vehicles and to occupant biomechanical modelling are revised. Afterwards, it is shown how multibody models of vehicles and occupants are used in crash analysis. The more traditional aspects of vehicle dynamics are then introduced in the vehicle models in order to appraise their importance in the treatment of certain types of impact scenarios for which the crash outcome is sensitive to the relative orientation and alignment between vehicles. Through applications to the crashworthiness of road and of rail vehicles, selected problems are discussed and the need for coupled models of vehicle structures, suspension subsystems and occupants is emphasized.     

Lumped mass-spring model construction for crash analysis using full frontal impact test data

Lumped Mass-Spring (LMS) model is simple but very effective for the design study of vehicle crashworthiness and occupant safety. To construct the LMS model, the SISAME software and the NHTSA test data were used. Using the SISAME, the weights of mass elements and the load-paths of spring elements were optimally and directly extracted from the test data. Among the various types of spring, the segmented inelastic type of spring was effective for the vehicle crash analysis. In this study, to obtain the occupant injuries such as HIC15 and 3 ms Chest g’s, the LMS model containing the occupant model consisted of the head, chest and pelvis was developed and validated. The modeling for the chest deflection and neck injuries was not considered in this study because of the modeling difficulties and the limitation of the SISAME software. The simulation results of occupants showed good agreements with the test results. The modeling idea for the occupant was simple but very effective.     

Investigation of active torsion bar actuator configurations to reduce vehicle body roll

The increasing popularity of sport utility/light-duty vehicles has prompted the investigation of active roll management systems to reduce vehicle body roll. To minimize vehicle body roll and improve passenger comfort, one emerging solution is an active torsion bar control system. The validation of automotive safety systems requires analytical evaluation and laboratory testing prior to implementation on an actual vehicle. In this article, a computer simulation tool and accompanying hardware-in-the-loop test environment are presented for active torsion bar systems to study component configurations and performance limits. The numerical simulation illustrates that the hydraulic cylinder extension limits the active torsion system’s ability to provide body roll angle reduction under various driving conditions. To compare the control system’s time constant and body roll minimization capabilities for different hydraulic valve assemblies and equivalent hose lengths, an experimental test stand was created. For a typical hydraulic pressure and hose diameter, the equivalent hose length was not a key design variable that impacted the system response time. However, the servo-valve offered a quicker transient response and smoother steady-state behavior than the solenoid poppet actuators that may increase occupant safety and comfort.     

Investigation of active torsion bar actuator configurations to reduce vehicle body roll

The increasing popularity of sport utility/light-duty vehicles has prompted the investigation of active roll management systems to reduce vehicle body roll. To minimize vehicle body roll and improve passenger comfort, one emerging solution is an active torsion bar control system. The validation of automotive safety systems requires analytical evaluation and laboratory testing prior to implementation on an actual vehicle. In this article, a computer simulation tool and accompanying hardware-in-the-loop test environment are presented for active torsion bar systems to study component configurations and performance limits. The numerical simulation illustrates that the hydraulic cylinder extension limits the active torsion system's ability to provide body roll angle reduction under various driving conditions. To compare the control system's time constant and body roll minimization capabilities for different hydraulic valve assemblies and equivalent hose lengths, an experimental test stand was created. For a typical hydraulic pressure and hose diameter, the equivalent hose length was not a key design variable that impacted the system response time. However, the servo-valve offered a quicker transient response and smoother steady-state behavior than the solenoid poppet actuators that may increase occupant safety and comfort.     

道路分隔栏的安全性能评价研究

通过对道路分隔栏的实际应用情况与车辆碰撞事故特征分析,在借鉴国内外相关规范的基础上,从碰撞车型、碰撞质量、碰撞速度、碰撞角度、碰撞点位置等因素出发,结合分隔栏事故特征和车辆乘员安全指标,研究确定了道路分隔栏的碰撞试验参数与安全性能评价标准,并利用该试验参数和评价标准,通过有限元仿真技术手段对目前常见的道路分隔栏结构进行了安全性能评价。研究表明：在车辆碰撞分隔栏的事故中,事故车辆主要为小型客车,且分隔栏杆侵入乘员舱造成人员伤害的案例较多,而其他类型伤害较少,因此分隔栏在实际使用中应主要考察车辆碰撞时分隔栏及其构件因为刺入乘员舱对乘员伤害的可能;在1.5 t小客车以60 km/h速度正碰条件下,某常用道路分隔栏的横向杆件侵入了车辆乘员舱,其安全性能不满足评价标准要求。研究成果为道路分隔栏安全性能评价标准的制定提供了一定借鉴作用。     

Brazil’s new vehicle front impact safety standards — ABNT NBR 15300-1 & ABNT NBR 15300-2 or ABNT NBR 15300-3: Is the manufacturerer choice the safest for the passenger?

To increase car passenger safety, the Brazilian National Traffic Council (CONTRAN) released Resolution 221, which defines the maximum passenger and driver biomechanical criteria in the event of a vehicle frontal impact. The vehicle maximum allowed biomechanical injury criteria will be enforced from January 2012 for new vehicles and in January 2014 for vehicles in production before January 2014. To standardize the test method to measure the driver and front passenger injury values in a frontal crash, Resolution 221 states that the tests must be performed according to the ABNT NBR 15300-1 standard, followed by the ABNT NBR 15300-2 standard or the ABNT NBR 15300-3 standard. The use of ABNT NBR 15300-2 or ABNT NBR 15300-3 standards is a free choice for the manufacturer of the vehicle. The ABNT NBR 15300-1 + 15300-2 test is similar to the FMVSS 208 standard in the United States in terms of its vehicle frontal impact test perpendicular to a rigid barrier with the use of seat belts by male model dummies. The test according to ABNT NBR 15300-1 + 15300-3 follows the European ECE R94 and 96/79/EC standards. However, ABNT NBR 15300-2 focuses on occupant protection during vehicle deceleration rather than occupant protection during vehicle deformation in a crash test. ABNT NBR 15300-3 tests occupant protection during vehicle deformation more than it tests occupant protection during vehicle deceleration. Therefore, this paper aims to show the types of test results produced by the ABNT NBR 15300-2 and ABNT NBR 15300-3 standards and their differences concerning occupant protection verification and discuss the manufacturer??s freedom of choice.