天然气发动机稀燃工况燃烧循环变动特性研究

对一台点燃式多点电喷天然气发动机在稀燃工况下进行试验,获得了各工况下的连续循环缸内压力数据,并计算了每循环与压力相关的燃烧循环变动特征参数及循环变动系数,进而研究了稀燃工况下天然气发动机的燃烧循环变动特性。结果表明,在稀燃条件下,每循环缸内峰值压力与平均指示压力有稳定的线性相关关系,每循环缸内峰值压力出现时刻与峰值压力和平均指示压力的线性相关关系随当量比的减小,均出现了由负相关到正相关的转变,并且混合气当量比越小,天然气发动机的燃烧循环变动越明显,在当量比为0.60~0.65时,平均指示压力变动系数有加速增长的趋势。     

添加剂对乙醇汽油发动机性能影响的试验研究

以市售93号乙醇汽油作为试验用油,将一种含有过氧化物的助燃剂M以体积分数1‰添加到乙醇汽油中,在发动机试验台架上考察了该添加剂对乙醇汽油发动机燃油消耗率、缸压和瞬时已燃质量分数(mf)的影响。试验结果表明,在发动机未作任何调整情况下燃用乙醇汽油后,发动机燃油消耗率较原汽油机平均升高4.9%,向乙醇汽油中加入1‰体积分数的添加剂M后发动机燃油消耗率较乙醇汽油机平均下降3.1%。同时,加入该添加剂后发动机缸压峰值较乙醇汽油机有所升高,缸压和mf峰值所对应的发动机曲轴转角提前。     

Development of an on-line model to predict the in-cylinder residual gas fraction by using the measured intake/exhaust and cylinder pressures

The in-cylinder RGF (residual gas fraction) of internal combustion engines for new combustion concepts, such as CAI (controlled auto ignition) or HCCI (homogenous charged compression ignition), is a major parameter that affects the combustion characteristics. Thus, measurement or prediction of the cycle-by-cycle RGF and investigation into the relation between the RGF and the combustion phenomena are critical issues. However, on-line prediction of the cycle-by-cycle RGF during engine testing is not always practical due to the requirement of expensive, fast response exhaust-gas analyzers and/or theoretical models that are just too slow for application. In this study, an on-line model that can predict the RGF of each engine cycle and cylinder during the experiment in the test cell has been developed. This enhanced model can predict the in-cylinder charge conditions of each engine cycle during the test in three seconds by using the measured dynamic pressures of the intake, exhaust, and cylinder as the boundary conditions. A Fortran77 code was generated to solve the 1-D MOC (method of characteristics). This code was linked to Labview DAQ as a form of DLL (dynamic link library) to obtain three boundary pressures for each cycle. The model was verified at various speeds and valve timings under the CAI mode by comparing the results with those of the commercial code, GT-Power.     

Experimental studies on low pressure semi-direct fuel injection in a two stroke spark ignition engine

In this work a two-stroke scooter engine was modified to work with semi-direct injection of gasoline at a pressure of 8 bar from an injector in the cylinder barrel pointed toward the cylinder head. The influence of injection timing, injection pressure, spark plug location and air-fuel ratio, on performance, emissions and combustion characteristics has been investigated. In addition, a comparison has been made with manifold injection of gasoline on the same engine at a given speed and various outputs. A significant reduction in HC emissions and fuel consumption with no adverse effects on NOx emissions and combustion stability was observed. A small drop in power and increase in CO emission were observed disadvantages of the new injection system. Injection timing was found to be the most important factor and a balance between reduction in shortcircuited fuel by late injection, and time for mixture preparation by advancing the injection, was found to be essential.     

Combustion and emission characteristics of a lean burn natural gas engine

Lean burn is an effective way to improve spark ignition engine fuel economy. In this paper, the combustion and emission characteristics of a lean burn natural gas fuelled spark ignition engine were investigated at various throttle positions, fuel injection timings, spark timings and air fuel ratios. The results show that ignition timings, the combustion duration, the coefficient of variation (COV) of the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and engine-out emissions are dependent on the overall air fuel ratio, spark timings, throttle positions and fuel injection timings. With the increase of the air fuel ratio, the ignition delays and combustion duration increases. Fuel injection timings affect ignition timings, combustion duration, IMEP, and the COV of the IMEP. Late fuel injection timings can decrease the COV of the IMEP. Moreover, the change in the fuel injection timings reduces the engine-out CO, total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions. Lean burn can significantly reduce NOx emissions, but it results in high cyclic variations.     

甲醇汽油机怠速稀燃特性的试验研究

为改善传统汽油机怠速稀燃的燃烧与排放特性,在1台加装了电控甲醇喷射系统的汽油机上对燃用汽油(M0)、50%质量比例甲醇汽油(M50)和纯甲醇(M100)3种燃料的发动机的怠速稀燃特性进行了试验研究。试验先后在过量空气系数a=1.1和a=1.3两组稀燃工况下进行,怠速转速稳定在800r/min左右。试验结果表明:添加甲醇后,两组稀燃工况下指示热效率均有所提升;发动机的火焰发展期、快速燃烧期和平均指示压力的循环变动系数随着甲醇比例的增加而降低;甲醇能够显著降低发动机怠速稀燃工况下的HC和NOx排放,CO2排放随着甲醇含量的增加也略有降低。     

喷嘴开启压力对DISI甲醇发动机燃烧和排放的影响

在1台经过改装的1.99L自然吸气缸内直喷点燃式甲醇发动机上,进行了喷嘴开启压力对发动机有效热效率、燃烧及排放影响的试验研究。在发动机转速为2 000r/min的各负荷工况下,选取7.5 MPa,12.5 MPa和17.5 MPa 3个喷嘴开启压力进行试验分析。结果表明:随着喷嘴开启压力的降低,发动机有效热效率、最大缸内压力和放热率略微增加,但是在小负荷工况下降低喷嘴开启压力,HC排放和CO排放显著增加,在大负荷工况下提高喷嘴开启压力会使NOx排放显著增加。     

Combustion stability analysis during engine stop and restart in a hybrid powertrain

A cycle-resolved analysis system was designed with the specified measurement instruments to investigate the characteristics of combustion stability in a mild gasoline hybrid powertrain. A Fast Response Flame Ionization Detector (FFID), cylinder pressure transducer and engine torque transducer were used to observe both the engine-out THC emissions and engine performance during a brief moment of engine restart. This research aimed to improve combustion stability and was performed by varying the battery State Of Charge (SOC), injection duration and ignition timing. The results indicate that engine combustion tends to be more stable with longer fuel injection durations and advanced ignition timing, while the effect of the battery SOC is negligible. Also, peculiar differences in the catalyst conversion efficiency at the front and rear of the catalyst during engine restart and deceleration were revealed, with the degree of HC oxidation being the suspected cause. This study not only analyzed the engine control and engine-out total hydrocarbon (THC) emission characteristics, but also implemented control strategies that allowed for combustion stability during engine stop and restart operation.     

Combined effect of boost pressure and injection timing on the performance and combustion of CNG in a DI spark ignition engine

There is an increasing interest in supercharging spark ignition engines operating on CNG (compressed natural gas) mainly due to its superior knock resisting properties. However, there is a penalty in volumetric efficiency when directly injecting the gaseous fuel at early and partial injection timings. The present work reports the combined effects of a small boost pressure and injection timing on performance and combustion of CNG fueled DI (direct injection) engine. The experimental tests were carried out on a 4-stroke DI spark ignition engine with a compression ratio of 14. Early injection timing, when inlet valves are still open (at 300°BTDC), and partial injection timing, in which part of the injection occurs after the inlet valves are closed (at 180°BTDC), were varied at each operating speed with variation of the boost pressure from 2.5 to 10 kPa. A narrow angle injector (NAI) was used to increase the mixing rate at engine speeds between 2000 and 5000 rpm. Similar experiments were conducted on a naturally aspirated engine and the results were then compared with that of the boosting system to examine the combined effects of boost pressure and injection timing. It was observed that boost pressure above 7.5 kPa resulted in an improvement of performance and combustion of CNG DI engine at all operating speeds. This was manifested in the faster heat release rates and mass fraction burned that in turn improved combustion efficiency of the boosting system. An increased in cylinder pressure and temperature was also observed with boost pressure compared to naturally aspirated engine. Moreover, the combustion duration was reduced due to concentration of the heat release near to the top dead center as the result of the boost pressure. Supercharging was also found to reduce the penalty of volumetric efficiency at both the simulated port and partial injection timings.     

轿车柴油机燃用生物柴油的循环变动特性

对轿车柴油机燃用柴油、柴油-生物柴油混合燃料及生物柴油的循环变动特性进行了研究,考察了生物柴油对轿车柴油机的平均指示压力、压力峰值、压力峰值相位、压力升高率峰值等缸内压力特征参数及燃烧始点、燃烧持续期等燃烧特征参数的循环变动特性的影响.结果表明:随着生物柴油混合比例的增加,该机的平均指示压力、压力峰值,压力升高率峰值、...     

Effect of the fuel injection strategy on first-cycle firing and combustion characteristics during cold start in a TSDI gasoline engine

The first firing cycle is very important during cold-start for all types of spark ignition engines. In addition, the combustion characteristics of the first firing cycle affect combustion and emissions in the following cycles. However, the first-cycle fuel-air mixing, combustion and emissions generation within the cylinder of a two-stage direct-injection (TSDI) engine during cold start is not completely understood. Based on the total stoichiometric air-fuel ratio and local richer mixture startup strategy, the first-cycle firing and combustion characteristic at cold start were investigated in a two-stage direct injection (TSDI) gasoline engine. In addition, the effects of the first injection timing, second injection timing, 1st and 2nd fuel injection proportion and total excess air ratio on the in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate and accumulated heat release were analyzed on the basis of a cycle-by-cycle analysis. It is shown that a larger 2nd fuel injection amount and later 2nd injection timing are more beneficial to the firing of the first cycle in the case of a total excess air ratio of 1.0. The optimum 1st and 2nd injection timing fuel injection proportions are 120°CA ATDC during the intake stroke, 60°CA BTDC during the compression stroke and 1:1. In addition, the firing boundary is a 2nd injection timing later than 90°CA BTDC during the compression stroke in the case of the 1st injection timing from 60°CA to 180°CA ATDC during an intake stroke and involves a 1st and 2nd fuel injection proportion of 1:1 and an excess air ratio of 1.0. The study provides a detailed understanding of cold-start combustion characteristics and a guide for optimizing the reliable first-cycle firing at cold start.     

车用汽油机稀薄燃烧的实现及排放特征分析

研究了车用465汽油机稀薄燃烧的实现与机内净化策略,借助于缸内存在的滚流运动,采用适当的气道内喷射方式,实现了均质稀薄燃烧,不同负荷时的稀燃极限可达21~22,分析了汽油机稀燃排放的特征,NOx排放先升高后降低,HC和CO排放明显降低,合理控制稀燃空燃比,可降低NOx排放。     

Study on combustion characteristics of lean mixture ignited by diesel fuel injection

We have investigated combustion characteristics of lean gasoline–air pre-mixture ignited by diesel fuel injection using a high compression direct injection diesel engine. Gasoline was supplied as a uniform lean mixture by using carburetors, and diesel fuel was directly injected into the cylinder. It was confirmed that the lean mixture of air–fuel ratio between 150 and 35 could be ignited and burned by this ignition method. As the diesel fuel injection increased, HC concentration decreased, and NO and CO concentration increased. The exhaust gas emission of pollutants could be reduced when lean mixture was ignited by an optimum diesel fuel injection.     

火花点火发动机燃烧研究新进展

评述了火花点火发动机燃烧研究的新进展。着重讨论了油束引导直喷式汽油机和HCCI汽油机研究取得的成果和存在的问题。为使上述直喷式汽油机得以实用,必须重视对可变气门机构、低射程喷油器(如压电晶体式)及基于气缸压力的控制系统等关键部件的研究。     

符号时间序列方法在汽油机燃烧循环变动特征分析中的应用

应用一种新的分析方法———符号时间序列方法对汽油机燃烧循环变动进行了研究。测量得到了某汽油机16种不同工况下的示功图,从提高精度与有利于数据的符号化观点出发,确定以缸内峰值压力作为汽油机燃烧循环变动的表征参数,把符号时间序列分析的具体技术和实施途径应用于试验数据,获得了汽油机燃烧循环变动随转速与负荷的变化规律,提出了利用改进的SHAN NON熵作为汽油机燃烧循环变动的评价指标的新观点。研究结果表明:该方法能较好地应用于汽油机燃烧循环变动特征分析。     

车用增压直喷汽油机燃烧噪声试验研究

利用倒拖法对某车用涡轮增压缸内直喷汽油机空载加速和半载加速工况进行了燃烧噪声试验研究。联合发动机缸内燃气压力测试结果,通过分析气体动力载荷对其燃烧噪声的影响,进一步探讨燃烧噪声产生的根本原因。试验结果表明,在中低转速时,燃烧噪声随着发动机负荷的增加而增加,同时燃烧噪声对整机总声功率的贡献值也在随之增加。在较高转速时,燃烧噪声对整机总声功率的贡献值随着发动机负荷的增加变化不显著。就半载加速和空载加速工况时燃烧噪声的平均贡献值来看,空载加速时燃烧噪声对整机噪声的平均贡献值为22.2%,明显小于半载加速时的43.6%。随着发动机转速的提高,最大气缸压力及最大压力升高率总体变化趋势和燃烧噪声变化趋势一致,同时加速时最大气缸压力变化对燃烧噪声的影响更明显。     

LPG电控喷射冷起动循环的着火及HC排放影响因素分析

分析了电喷LPG发动机冷起动过程中影响着火及HC排放的主要因素。试验在一台四冲程、水冷125mL单缸电喷发动机上进行。试验结果表明：LPG发动机冷起动混合气的浓度相当于稳定燃烧混合气浓度的1．5倍左右，比汽油机稀，HC排放也低；随着混合气变稀，首次着火循环逐渐推迟；高起动转速是发动机冷起动可靠的一个主要保障因素；适当提前点火和增大火花塞间隙有利于降低冷起动循环的首次着火循环数；环境温度是影响冷起动过程的一个主要参数。     

Development of engine control using the in-cylinder pressure signal in a high speed direct injection diesel engine

Emission regulations are becoming more stringent and remain a principal issue for vehicle manufacturers. Many engine subsystems and control technologies have been introduced to meet the demands of these regulations. For diesel engines, combustion control is one of the most effective approaches for reducing not only engine exhaust emissions but also cylinder-by-cylinder variation. However, the high cost of pressure sensors and the complex engine head design for additional equipment present difficulties for manufacturers. In this paper, cylinder pressure-based engine control logic is introduced for a multi-cylinder high speed direct injection (HSDI) diesel engine. The time for 50% of the mass fraction to be burned (MFB50) and the IMEP are valuable for determining the combustion status. These two in-cylinder quantities are measured and applied to the engine control logic. Fuel injection timing is controlled to adjust the operating MFB50 to the target MFB50 using PID control logic, and the fuel injection quantity is controlled to adjust the measured IMEP to the desired IMEP. The control logic is demonstrated at steady state and during transient conditions and is applied to an NEDC mode test.     

稀燃CNG发动机燃烧稳定性的数值模拟研究

利用三维燃烧模型对稀燃CNG发动机的燃烧过程进行数值模拟,研究在引入过量空气系数的循环变动情况下,发动机转速对稀燃CNG发动机燃烧循环变动程度的影响。通过对比计算和试验结果,验证了模型的可靠性,并且分析了燃烧过程中不同时刻下的缸内温度分布情况。根据多个循环的计算结果,定量分析了发动机转速对燃烧循环变动的影响,转速的提高将使燃烧循环变动减弱。计算还得出,转速的改变对燃烧循环变动的影响程度大于对燃烧峰值压力均值的影响。     

Mixture formation of direct gasoline injection engine:: in-cylinder gas sampling using fast flame ionization detector

Local mixture concentration near the spark plug of a direct gasoline injection engine was observed by a fast flame ionization detector. To ensure combustion stability in DISC (Direct Injection Stratified Charge) operation using conventional lean burn intake ports, the swirl ratio and the piston configuration were optimized. Swirl is needed to retain well-vaporized and stable mixture near the spark plug, especially under light load. Also, adequate volume in the piston cavity is required for trapping curved fuel spray. Measurement with a fast flame ionization detector was very effective for understanding the mixture features on DISC operation.