缸内直喷汽油机技术发展趋势分析

介绍了缸内直喷(GDI)发动机技术发展过程及现状。对比分析了GDI发动机与气门口喷射(PFI)发动机的性能特点,GDI发动机相对于成熟的PFI发动机仍具有较多优势。分析了GDI发动机技术发展面临的主要问题,可以看出,排放、燃烧稳定性等方面的问题限制了分层稀燃GDI发动机普遍应用。探讨了GDI发动机燃烧系统特点及发展趋势,阐述了过量空气系数a=1的GDI均质混合燃烧方式、分层充气或均质(a=1)充气的涡轮增压技术、优化燃烧系统扩大分层稀燃区域、实现GDI发动机的HCCI燃烧等4个GDI发动机技术发展方向。     

面向缸内直喷汽油机燃烧调控中若干基础问题研究综述

汽油机缸内直喷技术可比进气道喷射自然吸气均质混合气汽油机热效率提高20-25%。然而稀燃时火焰传播速率低,火核生成困难,因此采用分层混合气燃烧组织方式用于提高点火性能和燃烧速率,采用提高缸内充量运动强度和废气再循环在保证燃烧速率的同时降低NOx排放。因此对缸内直喷汽油机燃烧调控进行研究具有提高内燃机利用效率的意义。     

汽油机缸内直喷稀薄燃烧技术(GDI)

在对GDI燃油喷射系统和燃烧系统等关键技术的介绍基础上,通过对GDI缸内流场的结构、在不同负荷下混合气分区域控制模式分析,阐明缸内直喷汽油机的工作过程、燃油经济性及排放特点。     

GDI发动机二次喷射策略对油耗和排放影响的试验研究

通过改变某款GDI汽油发动机二次喷射策略,在2800rpm,13.5bar工况下研究了二次喷射比例和喷油时刻对油耗、排放的影响。试验结果表明:适当的二次喷射策略有利于优化发动机经济性和排放;二次喷射的比例和喷油时刻影响混合气的形成,可燃混合气形成的优劣程度直接影响燃烧和排放中炭烟生成,可通过优化策略控制CO和HC排放;二次喷射影响缸内温度,温度升高NOx排放增大。     

缸内直喷式汽油机的开发

最近日本采用新型燃烧技术开发了缸内直喷式汽油机。这种新技术包括产生气体滚动的直立进气道、实现最佳喷雾扩散和雾化的电磁涡流喷射器、维持充量分层的紧凑活塞凹坑，还有其它能够理想控制发动机的高新技术。这种新型ＧＤＩ（缸内直接喷射汽油）发动机采用超稀薄分层燃烧方法，在部分负荷时实现了较高热效率，要满负荷时通过均匀燃烧实现了发动机的高性能。     

新型汽油机缸内直喷燃烧系统的研究

所开发的汽油机缸内直喷燃烧系统基于射流燃烧系统，由燃烧系统、燃油供给系统和相应的电控系统3部分组成。根据喷油器不同布置方案，设计了2种燃烧室。所开发的汽油机缸内直喷燃烧系统的高压供油系统能基本满足系统喷油要求，研制的电控系统基于PC机，可在线调整控制参数和采集数据。通过一台改装的单缸试验机，研究了喷油正时对发动机运转性能的影响。     

两段喷射GDI发动机分层混合气控制策略研究

研究了用两段喷射控制分层混合气形成的基本规律，经调节确定了最佳喷油时间和喷油比例，经初步匹配优化使这种GDI燃烧系统的燃油消耗率比常规进气道喷射汽油机降低15％～24％。     

汽油机缸内直喷的关键技术和发展现状

讨论了缸内直喷发动机的优缺点和当前对该种发动机出了要求，认为缸内直喷技术的关键是掌握和控制好混合气浓度在空间的分布和随时间的变化，其控制是在一定的喷油，点火控制策略下靠燃油射系统与缸内流场的合理匹配实现的，阐述了缸内直喷对上述两个方面提出的要求，并讨论了发动机排放及其解决方法。     

21世纪轿车理想的动力装置——GDI发动机

汽油直接喷射(Gasoline Di-rect Iniection)发动机简称GDI发动机,是近年来国外内燃机研究与开发的热点。专家认为,汽油机直喷技术的出现,使汽车发动机技术进入了一个崭新的时代,它在21世纪有取代传统的汽油机和柴油机的趋势,成为轿车最理想的动力装置。传统的汽油发动机是将汽油喷射到进气管中,与空气混合后再进入气缸内燃烧,而GDI发动机是将汽油直接喷入气缸,利用缸内气流和活塞表面的燃料雾化与空气形成混合气进行燃烧。 GDI发动机具有很好的工作稳定性和负荷性能,同时低温起动性能得到了明显改善,能实现分     

二次喷射对直喷增压小排量汽油机影响的数值模拟

采用经试验验证的喷雾和燃烧模型,对一款小排量增压直喷汽油机进行数值模拟,研究二次喷射(不同喷油时刻和喷油比例)对发动机的油膜形成和混合气均匀性的影响。结果表明,在低速全负荷工况下,该款发动机存在一组最佳喷油参数:第一次喷射开始时刻为60°CA ATDC,第二次喷射结束时刻为170°CA ATDC,第二次喷射燃油比例为30%。     

过氧化物添加剂改善HCCI发动机低负荷失火的研究

为了改善汽油HCCI发动机在低负荷的失火,通过在90号汽油中添加不同种类和不同质量的过氧化物,在一台改造过的4缸柴油机的第4缸进行HCCI燃烧试验,研究了添加剂对HCCI燃烧过程的影响。试验结果表明,在发动机转速为1 400 r/min时,使用90号汽油的HCCI发动机只能在高负荷下运行;加入过氧化物添加剂后,着火时刻提前、缸压和放热率峰值升高,燃烧向低负荷区域大幅度拓展;添加相同质量分数的不同种类过氧化物,二叔丁基过氧化物(DTBP)作用最明显。相同当量比的稳态工况下,随二叔丁基过氧化物质量分数增加,着火和燃烧放热提前、燃烧持续期缩短,失火得到有效改善,负荷范围得到拓宽。但过高的添加剂质量分数会使发动机高负荷爆震可能性增加,发动机转速为1 400 r/min下,二叔丁基过氧化物的质量分数2%左右为最佳值。     

Effect of the fuel injection strategy on first-cycle firing and combustion characteristics during cold start in a TSDI gasoline engine

The first firing cycle is very important during cold-start for all types of spark ignition engines. In addition, the combustion characteristics of the first firing cycle affect combustion and emissions in the following cycles. However, the first-cycle fuel-air mixing, combustion and emissions generation within the cylinder of a two-stage direct-injection (TSDI) engine during cold start is not completely understood. Based on the total stoichiometric air-fuel ratio and local richer mixture startup strategy, the first-cycle firing and combustion characteristic at cold start were investigated in a two-stage direct injection (TSDI) gasoline engine. In addition, the effects of the first injection timing, second injection timing, 1st and 2nd fuel injection proportion and total excess air ratio on the in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate and accumulated heat release were analyzed on the basis of a cycle-by-cycle analysis. It is shown that a larger 2nd fuel injection amount and later 2nd injection timing are more beneficial to the firing of the first cycle in the case of a total excess air ratio of 1.0. The optimum 1st and 2nd injection timing fuel injection proportions are 120°CA ATDC during the intake stroke, 60°CA BTDC during the compression stroke and 1:1. In addition, the firing boundary is a 2nd injection timing later than 90°CA BTDC during the compression stroke in the case of the 1st injection timing from 60°CA to 180°CA ATDC during an intake stroke and involves a 1st and 2nd fuel injection proportion of 1:1 and an excess air ratio of 1.0. The study provides a detailed understanding of cold-start combustion characteristics and a guide for optimizing the reliable first-cycle firing at cold start.     

均质压燃发动机研究开发新进展

介绍了HCCI燃烧节能和降排放的潜力及其产业化关键技术问题;阐述了HCCI发动机稳态工况下的着火燃烧控制方法、瞬态运行控制方法和数值模拟等方面的最新研究进展。可以看出,目前国际上HCCI产业化研究主要集中在汽油机和柴油机HCCI燃烧控制方面,包括燃烧诊断、燃烧模式切换和瞬态工况过渡。缸内直喷多段喷射是HCCI燃烧在车用发动机上应用更有前途和更具可行性的方式。HCCI发动机产业化进程将取决于快速可变配气系统和高质量燃油喷射系统等技术的进一步成熟和产业化成本。     

外部热EGR对基于优化动力技术的汽油HCCI燃烧的影响

考察了外部热EGR对基于优化动力技术的汽油HCCI发动机燃烧的影响。试验结果表明:外部热EGR可以推迟HCCI燃烧的着火时刻,减缓放热速率,但对于高辛烷值燃料的HCCI燃烧,它对更高EGR率的兼容能力不强,需要提高进气温度来提高燃烧的稳定性;随着EGR率的增加,燃烧持续期延长,缸内温度和压力峰值均减小,指示热效率也随着减小;NOx排放随着EGR率的增加在经过一个"拐点"后始终维持在一个较低的水平,而CO和HC的排放随着EGR率的增加显著增加,燃烧恶化。     

HCCI combustion characteristics during operation on DME and methane fuels

The Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine has attracted much interest because it can simultaneously achieve high efficiency and low emissions. However, the ignition timing is difficult to control because this engine has no physical ignition mechanism. In addition, combustion proceeds very rapidly because the premixed mixture ignites simultaneously at multiple locations in the cylinder, making it difficult to increase the operating load. In this study, an HCCI engine was operated using blended test fuels comprised of dimethyl ether (DME) and methane, each of which have different ignition characteristics. The effects of mixing ratios and absolute quantities of the two types of fuel on the ignition timing and rapidity of combustion were investigated. Cool flame reaction behavior, which significantly influences the ignition, was also analyzed in detail on the basis of in-cylinder spectroscopic measurements. The experimental results revealed that within the range of the experimental conditions used in this study, the quantity of DME supplied substantially influenced the ignition timing, whereas there was little observed effect from the quantity of methane supplied. Spectroscopic measurements of the behavior of a substance corresponding to HCHO also indicated that the quantity of DME supplied significantly influenced the cool flame behavior. However, the rapidity of combustion could not be controlled even by varying the mixing ratios of DME and methane. It was made clear that changes in the ignition timing substantially influence the rapidity of combustion.     

Predicting auto-ignition characteristics of RCCI combustion using a multi-zone model

The objective of new combustion concepts is to meet emission standards by improving fuel air mixing prior to ignition. Since there is no overlap between injection and ignition, combustion is governed mainly by chemical kinetics and it is challenging to control the phasing of ignition. Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) combustion aims to control combustion phasing by altering the fuel ratios of the high- and low octane fuel and injection timings. In this study the dual fuel blend is prepared with gasoline and diesel fuels. The applied injection timings of the diesel are very early (90 to 60° CA bTDC). In the detailed reaction mechanism, n-heptane and iso-octane represent diesel and gasoline fuel, respectively. A multi-zone model approach is implemented to perform RCCI combustion simulation. Ignition characteristics are analyzed by using CA50 as the main parameter. In the experiments for the early direct injection (DI) timing advancing the injection time results in a later ignition. Qualitatively, the trend effect of the diesel injection timing and the effect of the ratio gasoline/diesel are captured accurately by the multi-zone model.     

混合气分层对HCCI汽油机极限负荷和燃烧特性的影响

对比研究HCCI汽油机在不同空燃比下采用混合气分层策略时的极限负荷、NOx排放量和燃油经济性,考察了在此策略下过量空气系数λ和EGR率对HCCI发动机燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,混合气分层压缩燃烧模式能有效降低HCCI燃烧的压力升高率,具有拓展负荷范围的潜力,但同时也使NOx排放增加;适当的过量空气系数能在一定程度上改善HCCI发动机的燃烧特性,采用9%的EGR率时发动机油耗率最低,具有明显节油效果。     

Effect of direct in-cylinder CO2 injection on HCCI combustion and emission characteristics

Fuel injection during negative valve overlap period was used to realize diesel homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion. In order to control the combustion, CO₂ in-cylinder injection was used to simulate external EGR. Effects of CO₂ injection parameters (injection timing, quantity, pressure) on HCCI combustion and emission characteristics were investigated. Experimental results revealed that CO₂ in-cylinder injection can control the start of combustion and effectively reduce NO_x emission. Either advancing CO₂ injection timing or increasing CO₂ injection quantity can reduce peak cylinder pressure and mean gas temperature, delay the starts of low temperature reaction (LTR) and high temperature reaction (HTR), and lower pressure rise rate; NO_x emission was reduced, while smoke, HC, and CO emissions increased. Since the combustion phase was improved, the indicated thermal efficiency was also improved. Injection pressure determines the amount of disturbance introduced into the cylinder. Generally, with the same injection quantity, higher injection pressure results in higher momentum flux and total momentum. Larger momentum flux and momentum has a stronger disturbance to air-fuel mixture, resulting in a more homogeneous mixture; therefore, larger injection pressure leads to lower NO_x and smoke emissions.     

Effects of the fuel injection ratio on the emission and combustion performances of the partially premixed charge compression ignition combustion engine applied with the split injection method

Currently, due to the severity of world-wide air pollution by substances emitted from vehicles, emission control is being enforced more strictly, and it is expected that the regulation requirements for emission will become even more severe. A new concept combustion technology that can reduce the Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and PM in relation to combustion is urgently required. As a core combustion technology among new combustion technologies for the next generation engine, the homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is expanding its application range by adopting a multiple combustion mode, a catalyst, direct fuel injection and partially premixed charge compression ignition combustion using the split injection method. This paper used a split injection method in order to apply the partially premixed charge compression ignition combustion method without significantly altering engine specifications of the multiple combustion mode and practicality by referring to the results of studies on the HCCI engine. Furthermore, the effects of the ratio of the fuel injection amount on split injection are investigated. From the test results, the adequate combination of the ratio of the fuel injection amount for the split injection method has some benefit on exhaust and fuel economy performance in a naturally aspirated single cylinder diesel engine.     

汽油缸内二阶段喷雾参数的优化

用三维计算流体力学(CFD)软件模拟了点火时刻、喷雾方向和喷雾锥角等参数对汽油缸内二阶段喷射发动机缸内压力、放热规律和排放特性的影响。研究表明,点火时刻和喷雾方向对发动机性能有较大影响,而喷雾锥角对发动机性能影响不大。