Dynamic modeling of the electro-mechanical configuration of the Toyota Hybrid System series/parallel power train

The hybridization of the conventional thermal vehicles nowadays constitutes a paramount importance for car manufacturers, facing the challenge of minimizing the consumption of the road transport. Although hybrid power train technologies did not converge towards a single solution, series/parallel power trains with power-split electromechanical transmissions prove to be the most promising hybrid technology. In fact, these power trains show maximum power train overall efficiency and maximum fuel reduction in almost all driving conditions compared to the conventional and other hybrid power trains. This paper addresses the model and design of the electro-mechanical configuration of one of the most effective HEV power trains: case study of the 2nd generation Prius. It presents the simulation work of the overall operation of the Toyota Hybrid System (THS-II) of the Prius, and explores not only its power-split eCVT innovative transmission system but also its overall supervision controller for energy management. The kinematic and dynamic behaviors of the THS-II power train are explained based on the power-split aspect of its transmission through a planetary gear train. Then, the possible regular driving functionalities that result from its eCVT operation and the energy flow within its power train are outlined. A feed-forward dynamic model of the studied power train is next proposed, supervised by a rule-based engineering intuition controller. The energy consumption of the THS-II proposed model has been validated by comparing simulation results to published results on European, American and Japanese regulatory driving cycles.     

Design of a compact 18-speed epicyclic transmission for a personal mobility vehicle

This paper describes the design and shifting dynamics of a novel and small-sized transmission which composed of three epicyclic gear modules and a hub shaft in conjunction with several clutches. The proposed epicyclic gear train can be used in a personal mobility vehicle such as an electric utility vehicle and small car, etc. And it is distinguished from others for its small size, light weight, high efficiency, and wide speed range up to 18 gear steps. In this paper, its dynamic behavior is dealt with in order to ensure the automatic and robust shifts according to the shift commands, focused on the shift mechanism design. First the overall structure and operating principles of the transmission are described in detail. Based on the CAD data of whole components, a detailed multibody dynamic model is built using ADAMS software which can analyze the dynamic behavior of a mechanical system. Then numerical simulations are performed during the shift and whole operating period. From the simulation and experiment results, the overall performance and operating principles of the 18 speed epicyclic transmission are discussed and the design of shift device is optimized to ensure the robust shift finally.     

基于行星轮的8速自动变速器传动比计算

基于行星齿轮运动分析,本质反映了共用行星轮组合式行星齿轮变速机构的传动特性,并对某8速自动变速器的传动原理进行分析,提供了各挡传动比的计算方法。基于行星轮的分析方法,为研究复杂行星齿轮机构传动问题和设计汽车自动变速器提供了具体的解决途径。     

Conceptual design of economic hybrid vehicle system using clutchless geared smart transmission

Most hybrid vehicles employ the continuously variable transmission (CVT or eCVT) currently as their choice of the transmissions. Recently, an automated geared transmission (AGT) or dual clutch transmission (DCT) is being tried for some hybrid vehicles for the better fuel economy than the CVT hybrid. However, this AGT or DCT is using automated clutches which require the hydraulic power in addition to the slippage in the clutch plate invoking some energy loss as well as wear. Also, they require a motor with significant power to match to the engine power. The clutchless geared smart transmission (CGST) has no clutch and the clutch function is performed by a planetary gear system controlled by a motor-generator. The hybrid vehicles proposed here using CGST may have some merits in durability, fuel efficiency, and cost since they do not have clutches. The motor used for the clutch function can be also working for power merge with the engine in propelling the vehicle. The proposed hybrid system can be either mild hybrid or full hybrid by adopting a different capacity of battery with much smaller motor-generator due to the planetary gear system compared to the other type hybrid vehicles. In this study, the prospects of newly proposed CGST hybrid system are examined in practical aspects compared with AGT hybrid or DCT hybrid systems.     

现代汽车的自动变速器技术及应用

自动变速器是现代汽车上一个重要的动力传递总成,对提高汽车的动力性和驾驶舒适性具有重要作用。文章介绍了目前汽车上应用的电控机械式自动变速器（AMT）、液力机械自动变速器（AT）、无级自动变速器（CVT）及双离合自动变速器（DCT）,指出AMT适用于商用车和公交车,AT将大量应用于6挡以上的中高级车,CVT适用于排量在3L以下及混合动力车,DCT可广泛应用于各种车型.     

自动变速器电子换挡系统挡位位置自学习控制算法设计

电子换挡系统 （Electronic Transmission Range Select System，ETRS） 的控制精度受自动变速器、换挡执行机构的零件自身误差及装配误差的影响，驻车挡、倒车挡、空挡、前进挡各挡位的理论位置与实际装配结果不可能完全匹配，这不仅会影响电子换挡系统的控制精度，而且长期使用后可能存在换挡功能失效的潜在风险。针对上述问题，研究设计了电子换挡系统相关硬件架构、挡位位置识别方法及关键自学习控制算法。控制算法集成直流电机匀速控制、H桥驱动电流数据读取、槽底挡位位置识别、多轮次槽底扫描迭代及挡位位置校验。仿真及实车试验表明，设计的挡位位置识别方法能够实现误差不大于0.15°，自学习控制算法能够实现实车试验大数据下均值与理论角度位置差距不大于0.3°，同时保证100%成功率，满足电控换挡系统长期工作的准确性及耐久性要求。 .     

Development of a new traction control system for vehicles with automatic transmissions

A traction control system (TCS) is used to improve the acceleration performance on slippery roads by preventing excessive wheel slip. In this paper, a new traction control system using the integrated control of gear shifting and throttle actuation is developed for vehicles with automatic transmissions. In the design of the slip controller, by means of a differential manifold transformation, a slip control system with nonlinearities and uncertainties is transformed into a linear system, and a sliding mode controller is applied for the purpose of increasing the robustness of the system. Next, to achieve the required driving torque, the optimal throttle and gear position, maps are constructed based on dynamic programming. The simulation results indicate that the present traction control system can improve the acceleration performance of an automatic transmission vehicle for various types of road conditions.     

Design of an energy management strategy for parallel hybrid electric vehicles using a logic threshold and instantaneous optimization method

A novel parallel hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) configuration consisting of an extra one-way clutch and an automatic mechanical transmission (AMT) is taken as the study subject of this paper. An energy management strategy (EMS) combining a logic threshold approach and an instantaneous optimization algorithm is developed for the investigated PHEV. The objective of this EMS is to achieve acceptable vehicle performance and drivability requirements while simultaneously maximizing engine fuel economy and maintaining the battery state of charge (SOC) in its rational operation range at all times. Under the MATLAB/Simulink environment, a computer simulation model of the studied PHEV is established using the bench test results. Simulation results for the behavior of the engine, motor, and battery illustrate the potential of the proposed control strategy in terms of fuel economy and in keeping the deviations of SOC at a low level.     

混合动力变速器试验台搭建

对试验台架测功机的选择、电子负载、数据采集和通信、辅助系统等的设计和实施过程进行了较为详细的阐述。文章阐述的试验台架可以用于不同类型的混合动力变速器试验,并兼容手动、自动、AMT和DCT变速器,其思路及方案可以为混合动力车辆变速器试验台架搭建提供参考。     

上海通用别克4T65-E型自动变速器维修要点

上海通用在别克GL、GLX和新世纪3种车型上均采用4T65-E型电控自动变速器，该电控自动变速器有4个前进挡和1个倒挡。介绍了该自动变速器的故障代码，要提取故障代码和故障数据，必须使用SCAN诊断仪。     

Analysis of planetary gear hybrid powertrain system part 2: Output split system

In recent studies, various types of multi-mode electric variable transmissions for hybrid electric vehicles have been proposed. A multi-mode electric variable transmission consists of two or more different types of a planetary gear hybrid powertrain system (PGHP), which can change power flow type using clutches to improve transmission efficiency. Input split systems are generally used for the single-mode powertrain because of their overall superiority, but other power split systems such as output split and compound split systems can be used in the dual-mode powertrain. In this study, we analyze the power transmission characteristics of output split systems, and evaluate their fuel economies in the FTP72 cycle, acceleration performance, and constant vehicle speeds. These results enable the selection of appropriate systems for a dual-mode powertrain.     

自动变速器故障的系统分析诊断法

介绍了一种汽车电控自动变速器故障的系统分析诊断方法。包括基本检查、手动档试验、电控系统检测、失速试验、动力传动分析、液压控制系统分析和电控系统检测等。结合一辆装备4T60-E电控自动变速器的GM LUMINA车辆，冷车时前进档、R档均不能起步，以及一辆装备A650E电控5速自动变速器的LEXUSLS400车辆，D、4、3、2挡不能起步等故障实例，论述了系统分析诊断方法的应用。     

Design of power split transmission: Design of dual mode power split transmission

The power split type hybrid system transmits engine power by dividing it into the electrical unit and the mechanical unit. Its power transmission efficiency is highest at the mechanical point (MP), where the full power is transmitted to the mechanical unit. In this study, the equation for the MP was derived for the gear ratios of a general 4-node lever model. The MP characteristics for the transmission ratio (TR) of the input split and compound split structures were examined using the equation derived. Using the examined input split and compound split structures, a systematic design method for the dual mode power split transmission was proposed. In the dual mode power split transmission, the MP could be positioned at the desired TR, and the input split and compound split modes could be selectively used according to the clutch combination, which leads to the operation of the vehicle within a high system efficiency range.     

AL4自动变速器的特点分析

由ＰＳＡ集团和雷诺公司共同设计的ＡＬ４自动变速器,装备于雪铁龙Ｘａｎｔｉａ中档轿车上。该变速器具有智能化程度高、换挡品质好、扭矩覆盖面大及结构紧凑等特点。该变速器采用带锁止离合器的扁平型三元件液力变矩器,行星齿轮变速机构采用的是ＣＲ－ＣＲ(辛普森２型)机构,换挡操纵机构采用推拉软轴式操纵机构。     

Dynamics Analysis of Torsional Vibration Induced by Clutch and Gear Set in Automatic Transmission

The torsional vibration generated during clutch engagement directly affects the shifting quality of automatic transmissions, where the noise source stems from both the clutch and the gear set. To predict the dynamical response and driveline oscillation, a comprehensive mathematical model of the vehicle powertrain equipped with automatic transmission is developed with consideration of nonlinearities in the clutch and the planetary gear set. For the clutch, the dynamics of stickslip is described for the transition between the slipping to locked states. The gear backlash model is used to analyze the rattle noise of the planetary gear set. Based on extensive powertrain simulations for the clutch engagement process, the magnitude of vibration propagation in the driveline are predicted to identify the primary factors of noise generation.     

行星齿轮传动系中啮合相位关系

以前对行星齿轮传动机构的分析主要集中在各种制造和装配误差对齿轮系的影响，很少考虑相位差的影响因素。文中通过行星齿轮系简化模型，结合行星齿轮传动系的结构特点，详细说明了行星齿轮中啮合相位差的关系特性，建立了能适应于行星齿轮系分析模型的参数描述，并分析了直齿轮和斜齿轮的行星齿轮传动系相位关系及啮合刚度影响系数的异同。     

轿车变速器可靠性分析和验证

以某六速电控液力传动自动变速器为例,介绍了轿车用变速器的可靠性分析和验证方法。根据齿轮疲劳强度的应力-寿命曲线,编制了计算机辅助分析程序,得到了设计目标寿命与实际积累损伤之间可等同比较的威布尔分布的时间尺度参数。提出了客户应力数据的采集方法和威布尔分布参数生成方法。根据应力强度干涉理论,求出在可靠性目标下的齿轮强度期望特征寿命,确定了试验的目标应力、样本量和试验循环。阐述了验证试验过程中故障处理原则。     

软件总线在AMT电控单元中的应用研究

针对复杂分布汽车电控系统开发中柔性设计和软件复用等问题,提出了基于量子框架的轻量级软件总线体系结构.以重型载货车机械式自动变速器系统为例研究了可复用构件配置的关键技术,并具体介绍了AMT系统执行驱动模块的接口配置过程,实现了模块的可重用和系统的开放,缩短了汽车电控系统的开发周期,提高了系统软件质量.     

丰田A140E和A340E自动变速器液压油路

丰田车系的自动变速器大同小异,本文在A43D和A46DE自动变速器油路的基础上介绍A140E、A340E自动变速器的油路,列出其执行元件动作表以及各档位动力传动路线图。     

双离合器自动变速器仿真研究

建立了双离合器自动变速器系统仿真模型,对双离合器自动变速器的动态特性进行了分析,并开发了换挡控制器。应用仿真软件对装有双离合器自动变速器的车辆进行了整车动态性能仿真。仿真结果表明,双离合器自动变速器具有和传统自动变速器相近的换挡品质。