水下气体释放源附近的流型建模（英文）

Recent progress in calculating gas bubble sizes in a plume, based on phenomenological approaches using the release conditions is a significant improvement to make the gas plume models self-reliant. Such calculations require details of conditions Near the Source of Plume(NSP);(i.e. the plume/jet velocity and radius near the source), which inspired the present work. Determining NSP conditions for gas plumes are far more complex than that for oil plumes due to the substantial density difference between gas and water. To calculate NSP conditions, modeling the early stage of the plume is important. A novel method of modeling the early stage of an underwater gas release is presented here. Major impact of the present work is to define the correct NSP conditions for underwater gas releases, which is not possible with available methods as those techniques are not based on the physics of flow region near the source of the plume/jet. We introduce super Gaussian profiles to model the density and velocity variations of the early stages of plume, coupled with the laws of fluid mechanics to define profile parameters. This new approach, models the velocity profile variation from near uniform, across the section at the release point to Gaussian some distance away. The comparisons show that experimental data agrees well with the computations.     

Modeling gas dissolution in deepwater oil/gas spills

Gases in deepwater oil/gas spills can lose considerable amounts of the gas phase due to dissolution in water. Gas dissolution has a significant impact on the behavior of the oil/gas jet/plume because of its impact on the buoyancy. A method is presented in this paper for computing gas dissolution that covers a broad range of water depth, from shallow water where gases behave as ideal ones under low pressure to deepwater where gases behave as non-ideal ones under high pressures. The method presented also accounts for the spherical and non-spherical shapes of gas bubbles. The gas dissolution computations are validated by comparing the computed results with observed data from previously conducted laboratory experiments. The gas dissolution computation module is then integrated with a model for underwater oil/gas jets/plumes by Yapa and Zheng [J. Hydraul. Res. 35 (5) (1997) 673]. Scenario simulations are presented to show the impacts of gas dissolution on the behavior of jets/plumes. These scenarios show the impact of dissolution on the behavior of the jet/plume. The comparison of results using ideal gas conditions and non-ideal gas conditions is also shown.     

A conceptual model of the strongly tidal Columbia River plume

The Columbia River plume is typical of large-scale, high discharge, mid-latitude plumes. In the absence of strong upwelling winds, freshwater from the river executes a rightward turn and forms an anticyclonic bulge before moving north along the Washington coast. In addition to the above dynamics, however, the river plume outflow is subject to large tides, which modify the structure of the plume in the region near the river mouth. Observations based on data acquired during a summer 2005 cruise indicate that the plume consists of four distinct water masses; source water at the lift-off point, and the tidal, re-circulating and far-field plumes. In contrast to most plume models that describe the discharge of low-salinity estuary water into ambient high-salinity coastal water, we describe the Columbia plume as the superposition of these four plume types.We focus primarily on a conceptual summary of the dynamics and mutual interaction of the tidal and re-circulating plumes. The new tidal plume flows over top of the re-circulating plume and is typically bounded by strong fronts. Soon after the end of ebb tide, it covers roughly 50–100% of the re-circulating plume surface area. The fronts may penetrate well below the re-circulating plume water and eventually spawn internal waves that mix the re-circulating plume further. The re-circulating plume persists throughout the tidal cycle and corresponds to a freshwater volume equivalent to 3–4 days of river discharge. Finally, the plume water masses are distinguished from one another in term of surface chlorophyll concentration, suggesting that the above classification may also describe different biological growth regimes. The low-salinity re-circulating plume serves as an extension of the estuary into the coastal ocean, or an “estuary at sea”, because residence times during periods of high river flow are greater than those in the estuary.     

基于AUTODYN的气泡与固定壁面相互作用数值模拟

阐述了AUTODYN软件模拟水下爆炸气泡的原理及过程,通过球对称模型以及重力场中气泡的实验数据与AUTODYN计算结果的对比,验证其在计算气泡脉动时间和压力等方面的计算精度,并以此为基础研究近壁面水下爆炸气泡的动力学特征以及影响因素,包括无量纲距离对气泡形状的影响,固壁面对气泡最大半径、脉动周期和射流时间的影响,以及近固壁面气泡射流速度及压力的变化等,总结相关规律,为气泡的数值模拟研究提供参考。     

无人水下航行器外热源热机用无气体产生燃料

无人水下航行器(UUV)在军事领域正得到愈发广泛的应用,动力装置是其技术难点之一。无人水下航行器采用外热源热机,在续航力和航速上,都优于其他类型动力装置,且使用无气体产生燃料,可从根本上解决水下气体排放问题,提高航行隐蔽性,具有良好的军事应用前景。本文根据无人水下航行器的使用条件和技术要求,对适用于无人水下航行器外热源热机的无气体产生燃料进行了广泛考察,给出了可用于无人水下航行器外热源热机的无气体产生燃料和氧化剂的组合。     

排气角度对航行体表面等压气膜演化机制及流动特性影响研究

等压排气是一种可有效改善航行体绕流流场特性、抑制纵向偏转的流动控制技术。文章数值模拟了带等压排气的航行体水下垂直运动过程,给出了不同排气角度时的排气流量及速度、气膜长度等参数变化规律,分析了排气角度对等压气膜非定常发展过程及航行体绕流流场特性的影响,建立了排气孔附近及其下游流场、气膜尾部回射流场的拓扑结构,探讨了等压气膜的形态特征、演化规律及其降低航行体表面压力的机制,研究结果有助于深入理解等压排气技术改善航行体流体动力学特性的物理本质。     

水面舰船附近气泡运动数值模拟

当气泡在自由面和水面舰船附近运动时,两者的存在均会对气泡脉动产生影响。基于不可压缩势流理论,采用边界元方法对边界积分方程进行求解。针对建立自由面需要大量的网格,且处理自由面与水面结构交界面时数值不稳定,采用考虑自由面效应的格林函数取代基本格林函数,通过与自由面附近气泡轴对称模型的计算结果进行对比,验证了该方法的有效性。通过对舰船结构附近的气泡运动射流特性进行模拟,发现当药包在舷侧和自由面附近爆炸时,气泡射流可能不会完全作用在舰船上,自由面效应的存在削弱了气泡的打击能力。     

水下电磁传感器高压气防海生物技术研究

提出一种采用高压气间歇性对电磁传感器表面进行冲洗的方法，实现对海生物附着的防治。设计了高压气喷嘴，建立了高压气液两相流动力学模型，采用Fluent仿真软件对其水下喷气过程进行数值模拟计算分析，仿真结果显示，高压气可实现传感器表面全覆盖。设计了高压气自动冲洗装置海洋试验，试验结果表明该装置对于水下电磁传感器海生物防治效果良好     

深海矢量噪声场声传播特性研究

矢量声压振速联合处理是建立在信号的声压和质点振速相位基础上,海洋环境边界对声传播的影响将改变矢量声场声压和质点振速的幅度和相位特性。文章根据南海环境条件和水下目标辐射噪声测量采用矢量简正波理论估算海面非相干偶极子噪声源和水下点声源矢量场的幅度和相位随深度的变化,并对矢量水听器测量系统获取的南海典型深度上的背景噪声数据进行了分析。结果表明:深海背景噪声声压谱级在500 Hz以下基本上不随深度变化,在500 Hz-3 kHz频段浅深度背景噪声声压谱级略高于较深深度的背景噪声声压谱级;背景噪声的垂直质点振速谱级要小于声压和水平质点振速谱级。     

潜射模拟弹弹射后效分析

基于Mixture多相流模型和动网格技术构建了二维轴对称弹射后效仿真模型,模型中可同时考虑空化和汽化效应;仿真获得了模拟弹弹射入水后的速度变化特性,同时还分离了均压气体和汽化作用等因素对弹射后效具体量值的影响.仿真结果表明,均压气体对弹射后效影响显著,而汽化作用影响较小.文中研究方法及其结论可为潜射导弹筒口压力场分析以及水弹道设计提供有益的指导.     

Seasonal variation of riverine nutrient inputs in the northern Bay of Biscay (France), and patterns of marine phytoplankton response

Seasonal variations in nutrient inputs are described for the main rivers (Loire and Vilaine) flowing into the northern Bay of Biscay. The river plumes are high in N/P ratio in late winter and spring, but not in the inner plume during the summer. Conservative behavior results in most nutrients entering the estuary and eventually reaching the coastal zone. Temporal and spatial aspects of phytoplankton growth and nutrient uptake in the northern Bay of Biscay distinguish the central area of salinity 34 from the plume area. The first diatom bloom appears offshore in late winter, at the edge of the river plumes, taking advantage of haline stratification and anticyclonic “weather windows.” In spring, when the central area of the northern shelf is phosphorus-limited, small cells predominate in the phytoplankton community and compete with bacteria for both mineral and organic phosphorus. At that period, river plumes are less extensive than in winter, but local nutrient enrichment at the river mouth allows diatom growth. In summer, phytoplankton become nitrogen-limited in the river plumes; the central area of the shelf is occupied by small forms of phytoplankton, which are located on the thermocline and use predominantly regenerated nutrients.     

水下爆炸作用下船舶结构与燃气轮机动态响应的数值研究

本文对水下爆炸作用下舰船结构及燃气轮机结构冲击响应进行了数值研究.首先,基于CEL方法建立了近自由面水下爆炸流固耦合动力学模型.然后结合燃气轮机-船体一体化仿真分析方法,对不同水下爆炸工况下的舰船结构冲击环境,以及燃气轮机冲击损伤特性进行了评估分析,总结了工况参数对燃气轮机冲击响应特征的影响规律,旨在为舰用燃气轮机抗冲击设计提供技术参考.     

淹没条件下水射流喷嘴内外流场特性

基于水射流技术环保、取材方便和切割能力强的特点,提出一种应用水射流切割礁石的方法。通过建立二维平面数学模型,对淹没条件下高压水射流运动特性进行模拟计算。结果表明,射流初始段为冲击速度最大、动压最大且能量最为集中的区域。淹没水深0～30 m内,伴随着水深围压的增加,初始段速度衰减不足5 m/s,衰减程度仅约1. 5%。在水流流速0～5 m/s的淹没环境中,射流初始段受水流冲击作用影响较小,水平方向速度分量变化仅在8. 5 m/s内,射流未发生明显偏离,仍具备较好的冲击流态。     

水下航行器近海底铺缆运动仿真研究

使用水下航行器进行铺缆较水面船铺缆有众多优势。为了快速有效地完成铺缆任务,该文对水下航行器近海底铺缆运动进行了仿真研究,分析了放缆速度、相对海流速度和航行高度等参数对铺缆运动的影响。在此基础上,为一台载人潜水试验艇拟定了近海底铺缆试验方案,并成功完成了试验任务。     

Asymmetry of Columbia River tidal plume fronts

Columbia River tidal plume dynamics can be explained in terms of two asymmetries related to plume-front depth and internal wave generation. These asymmetries may be an important factor contributing to the observed greater primary productivity and phytoplankton standing crop on the Washington shelf. The tidal plume (the most recent ebb outflow from the estuary) is initially supercritical with respect to the frontal internal Froude number F_R on strong ebbs. It is separated from the rotating plume bulge by a front, whose properties are very different under upwelling vs. downwelling conditions. Under summer upwelling conditions, tidal plume fronts are sharp and narrow (< 20–50 m wide) on their upwind or northern side and mark a transition from supercritical to subcritical flow for up to 12 h after high water. Such sharp fronts are a source of turbulent mixing, despite the strong stratification. Because the tidal plume may overlie newly upwelled waters, these fronts can mix nutrients into the plume. Symmetry would suggest that there should be a sharp front south of the estuary mouth under summer downwelling conditions. Instead, the downwelling tidal plume front is usually diffuse on its upstream side. Mixing is weaker, and the water masses immediately below are low in nutrients. There is also an upwelling–downwelling asymmetry in internal wave generation. During upwelling and weak wind conditions, plume fronts often generate trains of non-linear internal waves as they transition from a supercritical to a subcritical state. Under downwelling conditions, internal wave release is less common and the waves are less energetic. Furthermore, regardless of wind conditions, solition formation almost always begins on the south side of the plume so that the front “unzips” from south to north. This distinction is important, because these internal waves contribute to vertical mixing in the plume bulge and transport low-salinity water across the tidal plume into the plume bulge.F_R and plume depth are key parameters in distinguishing the upwelling and downwelling situations, and these two asymmetries can be explained in terms of potential vorticity conservation. The divergence of the tidal outflow after it leaves the estuary embeds relative vorticity in the emerging tidal plume water mass. This vorticity controls the transition of the tidal plume front to a subcritical state and consequently the timing and location of internal wave generation by plume fronts.     

模糊-PID控制在绞吸船水下泥泵自动调速中的应用

绞吸挖泥船装驳施工中,操作人员频繁调节水下泥泵电机转速以稳定管路内泥浆流速。针对这一问题,采用模糊-PID技术设计水下泥泵电机自动调速控制系统。该控制方法以流速作为自变量,以泥泵转速作为因变量,并将吸入真空、泥泵机功率及泥浆浓度作为安保条件,可以保证在装驳施工过程中泥浆流速持续维持在设定区间内。实际应用表明,模糊-PID控制在水下泥泵调速过程中具有反应快速、控制精准、鲁棒性好等特点,具有较好的推广价值。     

深海会聚区目标强度特性分析

深海中当声源位于海表面附近时,在远离声源处会形成高声强焦散的会聚区。在现代水声技术应用中,可以利用水下声道中的会聚区来实现深海目标的远程探测。本文对会聚区的形成条件和会聚区目标相对声强的特性进行分析,结果表明：只有当声速极小值存在并且声线出射角满足一定条件时才会形成会聚区效应;会聚区中相对声强水平分布具有双峰结构;当接收深度与目标深度相同时相对声强会出现峰值,这为深海目标的深度判定提供了一种方法。     

挑流石梁作用下丁坝坝根周围流速分布规律

通过概化模型试验对挑流石梁作用下的丁坝坝根周围流速进行测量,并对不同工况下坝根周围的流速值进行分析,得出坝根处流速随来流量及水深变化的分布规律。结果表明:受挑流石梁的影响,坝根附近的流速比正常河段大很多,且坝根附近的横、纵断面流速值随来流量的增大而增大,随水深的增加而逐渐减小。     

湍流模型对大口径射流冲击数值模拟适用性分析

采用数值算法要完全有效地模拟射流冲击换热,合适的湍流模型是十分重要的。本文采用标准k-ε模型、RNG k-ε模型及Realizable k-ε模型对大口径高温高速气体射流冲击换热进行了数值模拟,并将计算结果与试验结果进行比较,分析湍流模型在大口径射流冲击换热数值模拟中的适用性。研究结果对大口径射流冲击换热的数值研究提供参考。