Comment

We welcome the opportunity to respond to the issues raised in your critique to our paper. We take the comments as an indication of the interest the paper has sparked. Not often is shipping in the Caribbean a subject of academic concern and we are pleased to keep it in the spotlight. Let us deal with the issues in the order that they are raised.     

State vs. national interests in an expanded territorial sea

Abstract

The recently adopted Law of the Sea (LOS) Convention contains a provision allowing coastal nations to adopt 12‐mile territorial seas. Already 104 nations (of a total of 137 coastal nations) have claimed territorial seas of 12 miles or wider. The paper discusses the factors which, in the opinion of the authors, could cause the United States to broaden its territorial sea from the present 3 miles to 12 miles within the next half‐dozen years or so. The state‐federal ocean use and resource management issues that will be raised by such a move are reviewed and options for dealing with the jurisdictional issues are developed. Given the political and economic volatility of these issues and their complexity, the use of a broadly representative and well‐staffed study commission to formulate a course of action is suggested.     

地基承载力的常用提法及其工程应用

地基承载力有多种提法,如容许承载力、极限承载力、承载力特征值、根据地基的荷载条件与土性指标计算的承载力、勘察单位在工程设计前提供的承载力等;明确各种地基承载力的工程意义,对应用是重要的.文章分析了获得各种常用承载力计算方法的前提条件,提出工程应用中应当注意的问题.对地基在垂直、水平荷载共同作用下的情况,给出了地基承载力的计算公式.为正确的应用各种提法的地基承载力提出了建议.     

Legal battles on the California coast: A review of the rules

Abstract

Notions of private property have both legal and political importance. In California, as elsewhere in the United States, these ideas are changing. The rate and direction of this evolution is not different on the coast. But the intense heat generated by competing coastal interests does tend to illuminate these issues more clearly on the coast. The full range of these issues has been raised in California, where an historic attempt is now being made to plan and manage the use of coastal resources. In January 1976 the California Legislature will be presented with a coastal plan which promises to inflame the passions of traditional property rights advocates and environmental zealots alike. Much of the rhetoric surrounding this political struggle is already being couched in legal terms. In an effort to delineate a few of the genuine legal issues raised in this planning process, this article summarizes the law of California which is relevant in defining the permitted scope of public regulatory power over private land use.     

Emergence of ‘new professionalism’ among Chinese seafarers: empirical evidence and policy implications

In this paper some of the factors that were influential in establishing a Canadian shipping policy position à proposissues raised by the UNCTAD V meeting are examined. The first of these issues was the question of early ratification and entry in force of the Conventin on a Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences. The second involved the relationship between flages of convenience and fleet expansion in the developing countries (LDCs). The third concerned LDC participation in the carriage of bulk cargoes. The author concludes that Canada's stance was determined by the fact that she was a major user of shipping withouta significant fleet of her own, and shows how she attempted to balance her sympathy with Third World aspirations with the demands of her own national interests.     

PHC桩在天津港码头工程中的应用

通过具体工程实例从桩基施工、单桩承载力、单桩完整性、打桩应力诸方面介绍了PHC桩（预应力高强混凝土管桩）在天津港码头工程中的应用，着重从单桩承载力方面进行介绍，并对经济成本方面与钢管桩进行了对比，并提出了PHC桩在天津港地区应用还需解决的某些问题。     

Liability for oil spill damages: Issues,methods, and examples

Liability is an important incentive‐based instrument for preventing oil spills and provides a sustainable approach for restoring coastal resources injured by spills. However, the use of liability for environmental damages raises many challenges, including quantification of money measures of damages. In this article, case studies are used to illustrate the issues, methods, and challenges associated with assessing a range of damages, from those that can be measured relatively easily using market information to more “esoteric,”; and much more difficult, cases involving non‐market‐valued losses. Also discussed are issues raised by the new national and international regulatory focus on restoration and by the simplified, compensatory formula used by some states.     

桥梁混凝土裂缝成因浅析

在桥梁建造和使用过程中,桥梁混凝土的裂缝问题可以说是“常发病”和“多发病”,经常困扰着桥梁工程技术人员。文章中通过总结近几年的桥梁施工经验和体会以及对相关技术资料的查询,从桥梁工程的设计、施工、监理和运营管理以及气候温度等多个方面对桥梁混凝土裂缝的种类和产生的原因作了分析,并提出了施工中应注意的问题。     

Ontario cottager associations and shoreline management

Abstract

Growth in the number of cottager, or lake property owner, associations in Ontario has been rapid. Cottager associations attempt to address directly, and influence government decision‐making on, issues affecting shoreline management and the recreational experience of cottagers. However, associations infrequently resolve these issues to their satisfaction. A questionnaire and case study show that the nature of the issue, human and financial resources available to the association, and the nature of the decision‐making process affect the extent to which associations influence outcomes. Unreceptiveness of government officials to association participation in decision‐making and confused agency jurisdictions over shoreline resources appear to inhibit association effectiveness. Concerns about the status of shoreline management in Ontario and public participation in decision‐making are raised.     

船舶压载水管内取样方案分析

本文对国际海事组织的污染防控与响应分委会于2017年12月召开的第五次会议中有关国家与组织提出的若干船舶压载水管内取样方式进行了总结。结合流体动力学基本知识对各方案进行评述,本文对目前压载水管内取样的位置、流态提出了可行性建议,认为压载水管系内取样应在避开管系弯折、且充分发展的湍流下进行。对于目前尚未明确的问题,本文提出了可能的研究方向以及可供参考的其他领域类似问题。     

三峡库区现役码头靠泊能力的评估

三峡大坝蓄水水位抬高后,三峡库区的航运条件明显改善,库区水运船舶的大型化和标准化已成为未来发展的趋势.根据交通运输部对码头安全核算的有关规定,库区现役码头如需停靠超出设计规模的船舶,应进行安全性评估和论证.结合几个库区现役码头工程实例的介绍,指出码头靠泊能力评估论证中需要重点关注的问题,为今后在原设施基础上升级改造库区...     

Compartment level progressive collapse analysis of lightweight ship structures

The continued development of large high speed ships, often constructed from aluminium alloy, has raised important issues regarding the response of lightweight hull girders under primary hull girder bending. In particular, the response of lightly framed panels in compression may be influenced by overall panel buckling over several frame spaces. Therefore, to provide improved ultimate strength prediction for lightweight vessels, an extended progressive collapse methodology is proposed. The method has capabilities to predict the strength of a lightweight aluminium midship section including compartment level buckling modes. Nonlinear finite element analysis is used to validate the extended progressive collapse methodology.     

Can we really measure the impact of port governance reform?

Approaches by governments to reforming the way in which ports are governed are critical to how ports operate and fulfil their roles, and much research is devoted to investigating the impact of such reform. Yet, although the challenges of such research are noted, little attention is devoted to questioning whether measuring such impact is actually possible. We argue consideration of this question is fundamentally important for policy makers and researchers. Specifically, if uncertainty exists regarding whether we have measured the impact of the reform, how can we research its effect or justify its introduction? Conversely, a more conscious consideration of whether we can really measure the impact of port governance reform arguably means a more effective contextualization and rationalization of both policy and research. In this polemical paper, we critically consider three salient areas in relation to whether we can really measure the impact of port governance reform: ‘key terms and their ambiguity’, ‘aspects of time and geography’ and ‘issues of methods and context’. We summarize the key issues and offer suggestions for policy makers and researchers to approach them in an aim to both help measure the impact of port governance reform and also aid future policy development.     

Transport pricing and Public-Private Partnerships in theory: Issues and Suggestions

This chapter offers a theoretical examination of the following questions: what are the issues that arise when Social Marginal Cost Pricing is to be incorporated in Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs); and how may these issues be dealt with?We first briefly discuss Public-Private Partnerships in transport: what are the defining characteristics and what are the main types that exist in the different modes of transport? Next we consider the economics of Public-Private Partnerships, in particular from the viewpoint of incentives. Subsequently we identify and examine the issues that arise when Social Marginal Cost Pricing is to be incorporated in PPPs as a regulation with regard to pricing in the transport sector. Lastly, we investigate the possibilities of resolving these issues.     

关于建立东北亚共同航运市场的研究

站在中国的角度,分析了东北亚航运存在的问题和建立中、日、韩共同航运市场在中国存在的障碍,并对如何解决、克服这些问题和障碍提出了措施。     

大型船舶改装工艺的技术要点

文章分析了大型船舶改装的常见的困难，并就大型船舶改装工艺中需要注意的问题进行了探讨，包括工期的划分，分段的划分，分段的装配以及船体装焊的工艺。最后叙述了施工中还需要关注的其他问题。     

加强流体力学技术研究 引领船舶海洋工程创新

指出了船舶流体力学技术(指船舶性能先进技术)在船舶和海洋工程开发设计中的重要作用和创新地位;阐述了其国外和国内发展概况.在此基础上,针对我国需求牵引与技术推动的实际情况,提出了近期我国船舶性能先进技术的发展重点,并对这些发展重点作了分析论证和内容分解,最终提出了若干保障性措施的建议.     

Overview of maritime research publications by the late Professor Richard O. Goss

We lost one of the great maritime scholars in 2017—Professor Richard Goss, who is considered one of the founders of maritime economics. He was a pioneer and a most influential leader in establishing the discipline of maritime economics worldwide. This paper revisits his research by examining major issues and assessing his arguments by surveying empirical works that have been conducted after his works in the literature. His economic thoughts are based on laissez-faire, welfare economics, and Marshallian economics. Comparing his arguments with major findings in ensuing research, several research directions are suggested.     

基带成形滤波器设计与实现

数字通信系统中广泛采用平方根升余弦滚降数字滤波器作为基带成形滤波器。首先介绍基带成型滤波器基本原理,然后分析了平方根升余弦滤波器的主要参数对其性能的影响,最后从频域角度给出了平方根升余弦滤波器的一种设计方法和步骤,并给出了仿真结果。     

A review of issues in transit economics

This paper reviews the development of thought on the major issues in transit economics over the last 50 years, in developed and developing countries. Some issues - the analysis of cost and demand parameters - are perennial, with development mostly in the mathematical sophistication of analytical techniques employed, while others - such as issues of ownership and competitive form - reflect wider trends in economic thinking. Some issues - such as the relationship between transit and development - are universal, while others - such as the role of small vehicles and the informal sector - impact mostly on developing countries. One conclusion stands out. Transit is critical to the achievement of a wide range of social, economic and environmental objectives and, therefore, needs appropriate institutions to ensure its integration with the strategic management of the rest of urban development policy.