Effects of end coils on the natural frequency of automotive engine valve springs

In this paper, we present a method for estimating the natural frequencies of various engine valve springs such as constant pitch, two-step variable pitch, three-step variable pitch, and progressive springs. Since a valve spring’s surging amplitude is magnified when the spring’s natural frequency coincides with the frequency of the cam profile harmonic components, estimating the natural frequency of the spring is the first step in predicting valve spring surging phenomena. A new method for calculating the valve spring’s natural frequency is proposed in this paper that considers the end coil effect. This method predicts not only the natural frequency of a helical spring at a fixed number of active turns, but also the change in the natural frequency as the spring is compressed. The experimental results demonstrate that nonlinear characteristics of engine valve springs can be predicted from the given initial pitch curves.     

大客车空气弹簧动态特性的试验分析

空气弹簧具有变刚度特性，其振动频率要比钢板弹簧低得多。对客车用空气簧动态特性进行了试验分析。结果表明，空气弹簧在多种载荷工况下特性曲线具有相似性，说明一种空气弹簧适合于多种载荷的汽车；空气弹簧的动刚度主要取决于激励频率，在低频范围内幅值比较小，高频范围内幅值比较大。     

外置串联阀式阻尼可调油气弹簧研究

对外置串联阀式阻尼可调油气弹簧的基本结构和工作原理进行了分析;建立了以阻尼阀结构数据为参数的阻尼力算法模型。通过对BJ2020JC改装后的油气弹簧进行理论分析和台架试验,结果表明该模型可用于指导阻尼可调油气弹簧的设计。     

67CrVA弹簧钢在斯太尔发动机气门弹簧上的应用试验

针对由67CrVA弹簧钢制造的斯太尔发动机气门弹簧进行了各项性能试验，结果表明，气门弹簧经合适的喷丸强化、热强压工艺处理后，其疲劳寿命、负荷损失率均达到标准要求；松弛试验结果表明，67CrVA弹簧钢是一种具有良好的抗松弛性能和疲劳性能的材料。最后进行了装机试验，经l000h台架试验，67CrVA弹簧钢制造的斯太尔发动机气门弹簧性能指标达到了QZZ1ll8—1994标准的要求。     

双腔室空气弹簧模型及动态特性研究

双腔室空气弹簧以其优良的隔振性能及刚度可变特性已经在部分高端车型和赛车上得到应用,但是对其动刚度预报的精确模型及动态特性的深入研究还不够完善。基于能量原理从热力学角度出发,结合空气动力学及结构动力学给出一套双腔室空气弹簧的精确模型并给出各刚度、阻尼项明确的物理意义。设计示功试验,选取不同振幅和频率的正弦激励对双/单腔空气弹簧进行试验验证。试验结果表明所提动刚度模型能够很好地反映出双腔室空气弹簧的滞回特性及刚度可变特性,也能够明确反映出动刚度的频率相关性。最后基于模型给出各参数项对动刚度幅值和滞回相位角的影响规律,基于试验验证仿真结果并给出规律的物理解释。研究结果表明：单腔室空气弹簧的动刚度频率特性相位角仅因热交换而存在一个峰值;双腔室空气弹簧的动刚度相位角存在2个峰值,主要是由热交换(第1峰)与小孔产生的阻尼效应(第2峰)导致;当激励频率趋向于无穷时,由于热交换不充分及腔室之间气体来不及进行交换,故单/双腔室空气弹簧的动刚度相位角逐渐趋向于零;研究得出的模型预报方法及动态特性可以对单/双腔室空气弹簧的动刚度进行准确估计,并给出了其动刚度的频率相关性及其影响因素与变化规律。研究结论能够对空气弹簧的整车动力学匹配及设计提供正面的指导。     

汽车空气悬架高度控制阀动力学模型的研究

介绍了汽车空气悬架高度控制阀的基本组成及工作原理,并根据延时型高度控制阀的工作原理建立了动力学模型。分析了高度控制阀动作延迟时间与阻尼、不感带、缓冲弹簧预紧力及杠杆比的关系。针对高度控制阀的单向阻尼非线性特性,根据高度控制阀的试验方法,建立了高度控制阀的Simulink模型,仿真分析了延时和不感带特性,验证了该型高度控制阀的特性是满足设计要求的。     

Study on dynamic characteristic analysis of air spring with auxiliary chamber

The characteristics of air springs, such as the effects of bellows and those of heat transfer on spring constant and damping factor, have been studied. However, auxiliary chambers and pipes are required in addition to air springs, to vary spring constant in the case of spring rate change by electronically controlled air suspension systems of a vehicle. Few reports have dealt with the effects of auxiliary chambers and pipes. In our study, the relation between vibration frequency and spring reaction has been investigated to clarify the effects of pipes on dynamic spring constant. Our proposed model has proved effective in understanding the phenomena.     

Influential factors for HLA pump up in a roller finger follower engine

In an HLA (hydraulic lash adjuster) piston engine, “pump up” can occur when a valve is opened by the HLA when it should be closed. HLA pump up is more frequently encountered with exhaust valves than with intake valves. When HLA pump up in occurs in the exhaust valve, exhaust gas from the exhaust manifold enters the cylinder on the intake stroke, and fresh air-fuel mixture exits through the exhaust manifold on the compression stroke and is burned in the catalyst, causing partial burning, misfire, catalyst melting and power drop. HLA pump up occurs when the force on the valve from the HLA is higher than the force on the HLA from the valve. HLA pump up is related to design parameters, such as oil pressure, rocker ratio, spring load, spring surge, and both intake and exhaust valve timing. In this study, valve lift and load on a roller finger follower were measured at varying engine firing conditions to evaluate HLA pump up. The results indicated that effective measures to reduce HLA pump up include a higher rocker ratio, a lower oil supply pressure to the HLA, a higher spring installation load and a lower spring surge.     

On the nonlinear and time-varying acoustic modeling of the simplified intake or exhaust silencing system

The intake or exhaust noise of an internal combustion engine is usually predicted by the linear, time-invariant source model in frequency domain with reasonable precision. However, the actual finite amplitude pulsation involves the nonlinear, time-varying characteristics that are prominent in time-domain. To overcome the discrepancy between two source models, an approximate nonlinear and time-varying frequency domain source model can be employed by appending the nonlinear or time-varying terms to the linear, time-invariant source model. Proper selection of the nonlinear describing terms varying with time is important for the realistic and precise prediction of the radiated sound. For the selection of such terms, flow and motional characteristics in the valve and orifice of a simplified fluid machine comprised of very large reservoir, valve, and duct is considered. Effects of each describing term and the combined terms are investigated by comparing the sound spectrum predicted from nonlinear source model to that from linear source model. In the comparison, the sound spectrum calculated by the method of characteristics is used as a reference. It is found that the source model using only the velocityrelated terms yields the best result among all the models using various combinations of the terms with different characteristics. The best model yields a difference from the linear source model within ±5 dB in overall sound level. Change of acoustic loads results in a difference of 20–27 dB in linear source model from the reference data; however, maximum 10–22 dB deviations are observed in using the various nonlinear source models. It is concluded that more than 4 describing terms should be employed in the nonlinear model to obtain a realistic result of the radiated sound from the intake or exhaust system.     

考虑桩-土相互作用的结构自振频率计算

以弹簧模拟桩-土的相互作用,建立了桩-土结构的有限元模型。结合工程实例,采用该模型计算了桩基的自振频率,分析了弹簧等效刚度的变化对模型自振频率的影响。     

少片变截面弹簧设计最大应力点的选择

从板簧设计等应力梁的概念出发,深入讨论了少片变截面弹簧的变截面设计方法,通过讨论弹簧设计比例尺效应问题,比较最大应力点在不同位置时的应力特点,提出了少片簧设计要充分考虑制造工艺的因素,根据变截面弹簧的片长和片厚选择合适的轧制斜率,把最大应力点放在弹簧根部的设计思想。     

一种新型农用车辆减震座椅的设计

随着人们对人体健康逐渐重视,对农用车辆的舒适度进行改进显得迫不及待。本文充分考虑了振动幅度和动挠度两个方面,设计一种新型农用车辆减震座椅,采用阻尼可调减震器代替现在农用车辆广泛使用的一般阻尼不可调减震器,将单刚度弹簧改换成双螺旋弹簧,从而改善座椅系统的动态振动特性。     

油气弹簧非线性特性对车辆平顺性的影响分析

推导并建立了某工程车辆油气弹簧的非线性刚度和阻尼特性的数学模型，并将其导入到车辆模型中。根据汽车悬架质量分配特点．将汽车简化为两自由度的舣质量振动系统，对此两自由度模型的车轮加速度、车身加速度和悬架动行程进行了仿真从仿真结果可以看出，非线性油气弹簧能很好地衰减由路面传递来的振动。分析了刚度和阻尼的变化对车辆平顺性的影响。     

金属带式无级变速传动系统的振动模态

本文建立了速比i=2.0、i=0.5两种工况下的金属带式无级变速传动系统的实体和有限元模型，针对其复杂的结构，提出了节点－节点离散杆单元模型，简化并建立了系统的结构动态模型。运用灵敏度 Lanczos迭代法求解系统的振动模态。在车辆传动实验台上采集了运行过程中传动系统的加速响应信号。在此基础上运用环境激励的模态分析方法识别了系统的固有特性参数，并与理论计算值进行了比较。结果证明本文提出模型的正确合理性。该研究所用的方法及计算的结果有助于提高无级变速器传动系统的运行平稳性，为降低系统在运行过程中产生的噪声提供理论参考。     

CFRP拉索的非线性参数振动特性

建立了CFRP拉索的非线性参数振动模型，该模型考虑了拉索同时受梁端和塔端激励的状况，并考虑了索的垂度、大位移等引起的几何非线性；利用该模型，对相同条件下的CFRP拉索和钢拉索，采用数值方法分析了频率匹配比、拉索静拉力、激励幅值以及阻尼等因素对拉索参数振动特性的影响。研究结果表明，拉索振动的拍频、幅值与上述因素均有关，且CFRP拉索在参数振动发生几率、参数振动响应等方面优于钢拉索。     

Kineto-dynamic design optimisation for vehicle-specific seat-suspension systems

Designs and analyses of seat-suspension systems are invariably performed considering effective vertical spring rate and damping properties, while neglecting important contributions due to kinematics of the widely used cross-linkage mechanism. In this study, a kineto-dynamic model of a seat-suspension is formulated to obtain relations for effective vertical suspension stiffness and damping characteristics as functions of those of the air spring and the hydraulic damper, respectively. The proposed relations are verified through simulations of the multi-body dynamic model of the cross-linkage seat-suspension in the ADAMS platform. The validity of the kineto-dynamic model is also demonstrated through comparisons of its vibration transmission response with the experimental data. The model is used to identify optimal air spring coordinates to attain nearly constant natural frequency of the suspension, irrespective of the seated body mass and seated height. A methodology is further proposed to identify optimal damping requirements for vehicle-specific suspension designs to achieve minimal seat effective amplitude transmissibility (SEAT) and vibration dose value (VDV) considering vibration spectra of different classes of earthmoving vehicles. The shock and vibration isolation performance potentials of the optimal designs are evaluated under selected vehicle vibration superimposed with shock motions. Results show that the vehicle-specific optimal designs could provide substantial reductions in the SEAT and VDV values for the vehicle classes considered.     

Technology for measuring and diagnosing the damping force of shock absorbers and the constant of coil springs when mounted on a vehicle

Diagnosis of the individual function of shock absorbers and coil springs has been simplified by an off-the-car-type tester. We studied methods of analyzing coil springs and shock absorbers independently without removing them from the vehicle. The damping force of the shock absorber itself, excluding the spring effect, can be indicated according to the axle weight/road wheel at the point of displacement 0.     

空气弹簧悬架系统在强迫振动下的动力学分析

利用非线性动力学的方法研究了空气弹簧悬架的非线性动力学特性。通过空气热力学方程和试验得出空气弹簧的刚度特性,对单自由度1/4车辆模型只考虑车辆的垂向运动,得到其振动方程,并研究在单频正弦激励情况下的主共振,利用平均法得到了一次近似解及幅频关系。利用奇异性理论分析其分岔集,可知系统为叉形分岔的普适开折。结果表明:激励幅值与非线性刚度是影响空气弹簧悬架非线性特性的主要因素,且非线性刚度中只有立方非线性起作用。