Response of coastal zone management programs to sea level rise in the United States

Abstract

State coastal zone management programs are responding to the potential impacts of accelerated sea level rise through a wide range of activities and policies. This article provides a brief overview of the Coastal Zone Management Act and other federal laws that provide the basis for coastal state regulatory activities. It surveys the level of response to sea level rise by state coastal management programs in 24 marines coastal states, from formal recognition to implementation of policies addressing the issue. Individual state CZMP responses and policies that have been implemented or proposed are categorized. The adaptation of sea level rise to ongoing institutional objectives is discussed and policy constraints and trends are summarized.     

Perceptions of the performance of state coastal zone management programs in the United States. II. Regional and state comparisons

A mail survey of coastal user groups, academics, and state coastal zone management program managers was conducted to determine the perceptions of the performance of state coastal zone management programs relative to the protection of coastal resources, the management of coastal development, the improvement of public access, and the management of coastal hazards. Information on the perceived importance of the selected issues to each of the 24 states being studied was also solicited. Findings on the perceptions of various categories of interest groups, academics, and program managers with respect to the overall performance of state coastal zone management programs in the four issue areas were presented in an earlier article, “Perceptions of the Performance of State Coastal Zone Management Programs in the United States”; (Knecht et al., 1996). The present article draws on a subset of these data—the responses from the coastal user groups and the academics—and presents the findings at the regional and individual state level. In terms of perceived performance of state coastal zone management programs on a regional basis relative to the selected issue areas, the highest rating went to the Great Lakes region for its management of public access. However, the North Atlantic region received the highest performance rating for the three other issue areas: protection of coastal resources, management of coastal development, and management of coastal hazards. Looking at state performance with regard to the coastal issues judged to be of most importance to the states—the protection of coastal resources and the management of coastal development—respondents indicated that states should improve their performance in both areas, with the greatest need related to the management of coastal development. Overall, the states of the North Atlantic, Great Lakes, and South Atlantic regions were perceived to be performing somewhat better relative to the four issue areas than the states in the Pacific and Gulf of Mexico regions. While the data do not shed light on the reasons for these regional differences, we suggest that, in the case of the Pacific region at least, the differences could be associated with higher expectations among the resident population with regard to environmental quality in general and coastal management in particular.     

综合监测技术在船舶中间轴承监测诊断中的应用

综合运用油液、振动、红外和热工参数等监测技术手段对船舶中间轴承进行状态监测,在对获取的监测数据进行综合分析判断的基础上,能够得出正确诊断结论.通过分析某型船中间轴承的监测实例,结果表明,综合运用多种监测技术手段可以早期发现机械设备故障,有效提高监测诊断结论的可靠性,并为设备维修决策提供依据.     

Evolution of coastal hazards policies in the United States

The ocean and Great Lakes coasts of the United States are experiencing widespread economic and environmental damage from coastal flooding and erosion. During this century, public response to such coastal hazards has evolved haphazardly in response to particular disasters. Over time, however, the range of response has broadened as research has helped to refine public understanding of physical coastal processes, and specific disasters have been studied before longer term forms of institutional response have been formulated. Earlier reliance on engineered shoreline protection has been supplemented by beach nourishment, flood insurance, building and land use regulations, coastal zone planning, and other approaches. This article interprets the evolution of such public policy innovations in terms of a model that depicts the interaction of spatially differentiated systems of physical, legal, and cultural phenomena in the coastal context.     

美国板桩码头抗震设计方法

论述了美国板桩码头抗震设计的方法,比较了与我国板桩码头抗震设计方法的差别。分析表明,美国板桩码头抗震设计与我国抗震设计在地震系数的概念、动土压力计算及其作用点的确定、土中水影响的考虑、板桩墙弯矩和拉杆拉力计算、土参数和安全系数等方面存在差别。     

电力Modem在冷藏箱监控报警系统中的应用

文章从系统硬件、软件、通讯三方面介绍美国YORK公司开发的大型集装箱船舶冷藏集装箱集中监控系统REFCON,可供同行借鉴。     

机电一体化发展趋势和实践教学对策探讨

简述了机电一体化技术的基本概念和发展背景,综述了国内外这一技术的现状,分析了它的发展趋势,并提出了提高其实践教学水平的措施,可供同行参考.     

Management of corals and coral ecosystems in the United States

Abstract

Corals and coral communities provide substantial societal benefits by virtue of their recreational and esthetic appeal, the habitat provided for commercially harvested fish and shellfish, the structural foundation provided for productive coastal ecosystems, and the market value of harvested coral specimens. Coral resources are subject to adverse effects from pollution, dredging, specimen collecting, anchor damage, commercial fishing, overharvesting, and activities related to offshore petroleum development. Management programs which protect coral resources in the United States comprise a patchwork of separate federal and state programs. They attempt to adapt broad regulatory authorities for parks, fisheries, offshore mineral resources, and other subjects for the purpose of coral conservation. These programs embody species‐specific, area‐specific, and generic approaches to coral management. This paper traces the evolution of U.S. coral management programs and comments on their respective strengths and weaknesses. Alternative approaches for strengthening management systems could include new coordinating committees, legislation, memoranda of agreement between involved agencies, and others.     

The Effectiveness of Coastal Zone Management in the United States

The Coastal Zone Management Effectiveness Study was undertaken between 1995 and 1997 to determine how well state coastal management programs in the United States were implementing five of the core objectives of the U.S. Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA). The five core objectives studied were: (1) protection of estuaries and coastal wetlands; (2) protection of beaches, dunes, bluffs and rocky shores; (3) provision of public access to the shore; (4) revitalization of urban waterfronts; and (5) accommodation of seaport development (as an illustration of the policy to give priority to coastal-dependent uses). Separate articles in this issue of Coastal Management report the findings of the five studies, each dealing with one of the core objectives. Each of the articles assesses issue importance, processes and tools used, and the limited outcome data available for that objective. This article provides an overview of the purposes of the study, the methodology used, the summary findings of each study, and overall conclusions and recommendations of the study team. State coastal programs are found to be effective in addressing the five CZMA objectives examined, but this conclusion is based on very limited information about program outcomes. A more definitive conclusion will require better outcome information. Coastal managers in the United States have not agreed upon indicators of success, which severely inhibits systematic and sustained collection of outcome information. A national outcome monitoring and performance evaluation system is recommended to address these deficiencies and allow better determinations of program effectiveness in the future.     

美国标准码头岸坡抗震设计方法

由于我国与国外同类港口工程岸坡抗震设计规范相比,在设计理念和设计方法等方面存在较大差异,这使设计人员难以适应海外项目的抗震设计要求,在很大程度上制约了海外项目的顺利实施。收集并归纳了美国标准中码头岸坡抗震设计的流程和具体操作方法,重点介绍了土体液化判别、拟静力法边坡稳定分析、土体液化残余强度和Newmark滑块位移法,并提供了一个按照美国抗震标准进行码头岸坡抗震设计的案例,为今后国外类似工程抗震设计提供参考。     

多台船舶柴油机润滑油油料发射光谱数据比较

为监测同型号柴油机的磨损工况和分析不同润滑油的使用性能,对16台同一型号的船舶柴油机的润滑油定期取样,利用超谱M型油料发射光谱仪分析油样中的铁、铜、铝、铅等磨损金属元素质量浓度和添加剂元素的平均值和标准偏差,利用主成分分析,根据添加剂元素对润滑油进行分类,对磨损元素的显著性水平进行检验,得到铁和铜元素质量浓度在两种不同的润滑油工作中的差异。     

模糊数据融合技术在柴油机状态监测中的应用研究

针对传统柴油机状态监测的不足,采用模糊数据融合的方法,对多传感器测得的数据进行融合处理,实现柴油机故障的预警及柴油机状态的监测。     

Underwater Cultural Heritage Policies of the United States Coastal Zone

Domestic management of historic shipwrecks and other Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) resources located in the United States coastal zone is extensively fragmented and a portion of it has significant implications in terms of international law. In the United States coastal zone, UCH (largely historic shipwrecks) falls under one of three general regimes, depending on where the resource is located and subject to specific and individual requirements: the General Maritime Law, the Abandoned Shipwreck Act, and the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act, also known as the Marine Sanctuaries Act. After examining the development of and current status of these regimes, this article will suggest policies for a stronger, more coordinated federal management regime in United States coastal waters. It will specifically argue that a recent decision by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit provides a well-designed paradigm that could be linked with pertinent aspects of the three identified regimes to create a unified coastal governance mechanism for sunken historic shipwrecks.     

The political economy of ports in the United States and Great Britain

Abstract

This is an exploration of the political economy of ports in the United States and Great Britain. A number of technical, economic, and political issues concerning ports are examined. Particular attention is paid to the institutional evolution of ports from private to public ownership, and its consequences for port efficiency. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations designed to reverse the trend toward port nationalization in both countries.     

基于文献检索的中国海堤监测研究进展

针对全球气候变化、海平面上升及大型围垦项目白热化推进背景下的海堤安全问题,开展中国海堤监测现状研究。采用大数据分析方法,依托中国期刊全文数据库CNKI,从海堤检测与监测理论、海堤状态安全检测、海堤安全长期监测以及经典海堤监测案例这4个全新的角度,分析我国海堤监测的现状。结论表明:现有海堤监测大多集中在施工期监测方面,对老海堤安全隐患的研究还不够全面和深入;指出海堤监测理论中渗压和沉降理论2个分支均未提及海浪本身对海堤的影响,建议将波浪资料纳入海堤渗压及沉降等影响因子中;建议提出一套规范化的海堤隐患检测综合方法,将海堤自身变形监测资料与海洋水文监测资料同步集成、综合分析进而实时预测海堤安全。     

光纤光栅监测系统在码头混凝土主体结构中的应用

码头工程全寿命周期设计具有重要意义,监测已建工程使用中的安全状态是开展全寿命周期设计理论研究的基础工作之一。在大连某原油码头混凝土主体结构建设过程中,根据结构应力分布特点,选择重要位置埋设光纤光栅监测系统,可实时观测结构应变状态,对于验证和完善现有设计理论,建立结构全寿命周期安全设计理论,并在此基础上建立码头结构预警机制具有重要的推广意义。     

Fisheries Governance Affecting Conservation Outcomes in the United States and European Union

Abstract

Fisheries management in the USA, as governed by the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA), has been decidedly more successful at meeting its conservation goals than has fisheries management in the EU, as governed by the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). In an effort to explain the different outcomes in these two systems that share many management attributes, we evaluated them against a list of effective governance attributes gleaned from the literature. We also examined the distribution of rights and responsibilities within each system, and the resulting stewardship incentives. Five effective governance attributes are fully realized under the MSA but have historically been absent from the CFP system: adequate regulatory authority, effective enforcement mechanisms, science-based decision-making, conservation-oriented goals and clear objectives, and directives. These governance system gaps, along with uneven distributions of rights, responsibilities, and incentives, may be responsible for the observed difference in conservation outcomes.     

潜艇大气环境监测技术发展概况

对潜用大气环境监测技术的诞生以及美国核潜艇上的应用状况进行了详尽论述,并对其他国家潜艇大气环境监测技术应用情况进行了简要介绍.重点介绍了包括磁质谱仪、四极杆质谱仪、色谱质谱联用以及离子淌度质谱等质谱法的原理和应用情况,针对现阶段潜用质谱技术的应用现状,提出了其发展方向和前景.     

温度对埋入式混凝土结构耐久性监测传感器监测结果的影响*

针对当前混凝土结构耐久性监测常用的ECI-2传感器和阳极梯传感器,研究温度变化对两种传感器监测结果的影响。研究结果表明：温度对ECI-2传感器的氯离子探针电位和线性极化电阻影响较大,尤其是线性极化电阻,但对钢筋的自腐蚀电位影响不大;对阳极梯传感器的自腐蚀电位和电偶腐蚀电流影响不大,但对混凝土电阻的监测结果影响较大。在实际工程中采用这两种传感器监测混凝土结构的耐久性健康状况时,必须对受温度影响大的监测参数进行修正。     

测斜仪在码头变形监测中的应用*

分析高桩码头的工作原理、损伤机理以及监测指标.以某运河码头工程监测项目为例,介绍测斜仪在码头监测中的应用情况,并对连续跟踪观测的动态数据进行汇总分析,掌握结构土体实时位移状态,做出各个监测点的位移-深度变化曲线,并分析各测点产生位移的原因;还探讨监测点水平位移速率的变化规律及影响因素,针对实际操作中出现的问题,分析测斜仪在使用过程中的局限性.