A cluster analysis approach for differentiating transportation modes using Bluetooth sensor data

A variety of automatic data collection technologies have been used to gather road and highway system data. The majority of these automatic data collection technologies are designed to collect vehicle-based data and either do not have the capability to collect other travel mode data (e.g., bicycles and pedestrians), or may need to be deployed differently to support this capability.

One type of wireless-based data collection system that has been deployed recently is based on Bluetooth technology. A key feature of Bluetooth-based data collection systems that makes travel mode identification feasible is that the Bluetooth-enabled devices within vehicles are also present on bicyclists and pedestrians. This research explores the effectiveness of applying cluster analysis methods when processing data collected via Bluetooth technology from vehicles, bicyclists, and pedestrians to automatically identify the associated travel modes. The results of several experiments utilizing multiple Bluetooth-based data collection units arranged linearly and in relatively close proximity on a simulated intersection demonstrate the potential of cluster analysis to accurately differentiate transportation modes from the collected data.     

基于蓝牙的道路行程时间检测设备设计及测试

以嵌入式技术为基础,采用单片机及串口通信技术,开发基于蓝牙的路网平均行程时间检测器,实现自动采集车载蓝牙M AC地址并配时和数据存储的功能。通过场地测试确定了设备漏检率的平均大小、与速度的关系及初次检测点位置的分布规律。测定了设备的检测精度,并对平均速度、检测数、配对数等因素进行了分析;通过 t检验、曼惠特尼U检验及沃尔德沃尔福威茨(W-W )检验验证了设备数据的可靠性;通过实地测试验证了设备的可用性和实用性,并根据测试结果,提出了设备存在的一些不足以及后期改进的建议,为蓝牙检测器的后续研发奠定了基础。     

基于元胞自动机的动态路段走行时间计算模型

为建立合理的动态交通网络中路段走行时间模型,分析了动态路段走行时间函数的一般形式,对比国内外常用的几种离散型动态路段走行时间函数,基于元胞自动机交通流模型,建立了动态路段走行时间模型。模型可以根据实际路段驶入率、驶出率,推算出任意时刻进入路段车辆的走行时间,并利用M atlab对模型进行求解和数值分析。结果表明,车辆进入路段后的交通状态是动态路段走行时间的主要影响因素;根据累积驶入驶出车辆数曲线可以直接求出动态路段走行时间,能够为动态交通网络中路径走行时间求解奠定基础。      

基于手机GPS定位数据的交通方式换乘点识别方法研究

交通方式换乘点识别长期以来是手机大数据交通调查领域的一大技术难点,既有研究大多通过设置出行时间、距离阈值进行识别,算法经验性强,普适性不佳,且易将起讫点、信号控制、交通拥堵等停留误识别为换乘停留。为此,提出了一种基于手机GPS定位数据的交通方式换乘点识别新方法：首先,构建模糊时空聚类算法识别个体运动-静止状态,算法同步实现了定位点时空密度双重聚类约束与聚类边界弹性需求,对个体运动状态识别效果更佳;其次,建立支持向量机模型进行交通方式换乘点识别,有效解决了起讫点、信号控制、交通拥堵等停留对换乘停留造成的干扰;最后,从出行链视角出发,提出了基于序列相似度算法的误差回溯自检与优化模型,能够有效修复换乘点漏识别与错误识别问题。此外,在成都市开展了大范围实测试验,由150名志愿者采集了近2 160 h得到的777.6万条数据被用于技术实证评估。试验结果表明：所述方法对交通方式换乘点平均识别准确率达89.3%,换乘时间平均识别误差控制在20 s以内;与既有空间聚类、小波分析算法相比,换乘点识别精度提升近10%,换乘时间误差最大可降低20 s以上,算法适用性与效果更佳。研究成果可为基于活动的交通需求模型演进提供数据支撑,为交通规划与管理部门决策提供技术支持。     

Predicting arterial breakdown probability: A data mining approach

Predicting the probability of traffic breakdown can be used as an important input for creating advanced traffic management strategies that are specifically implemented to reduce this probability. However, most, if not all, past research on the probability of breakdown has focused on freeways. This study focuses on the prediction of arterial breakdown probability based on archived traffic data for use in real-time transportation system operations. The breakdown of an arterial segment is defined in this study as a segment's operating condition under the level of service F according to the highway capacity manual threshold, although any other level of service could be used. Data from point detection and automatic vehicle identification matching technologies are aggregated in space and time to allow their use as inputs to the prediction model. A decision tree approach, combined with binary logistic regression, is used in this study to predict the breakdown probability based on these inputs. The model is validated using data not used in the development of the model. The research shows that the root mean square error and the mean absolute error of the prediction was 13.6 and 11%, respectively. The analysis also shows that the best set of parameters used in the prediction can be different for different links, due to the various causes of breakdown and characteristics of different links. Predicting the probability of breakdown in ahead of time will allow the agencies to change the signal-timing plan that can delay or eliminate the breakdown.     

基于多源数据的城市道路网络行程时间预测模型

针对基于单一数据源、利用卡尔曼滤波理论建立行程时间预测模型存在的不足,采用多源数据进行行程时间预测以提高精度。浮动车、固定检测器是常用的交通信息采集方法,在信息种类、数据精度等方面存在一定的互补性。因此,选择2种检测器的实时交通数据作为模型输入参数。利用卡尔曼滤波理论,以流量、占有率、行程时间作为输入量构成参数矩阵,建立城市道路网络行程时间预测模型。并通过Vissim仿真实验验证了模型的有效性。结果表明:基于多源数据的行程时间预测模型平均绝对相对误差为5.45%,其精度比单独采用固定检测器检测数据预测提高了14.4%,比单独采用浮动车数据预测提高了7.5%。     

Urban travel time reliability at different traffic conditions

The decision making of travelers for route choice and departure time choice depends on the expected travel time and its reliability. A common understanding of reliability is that it is related to several statistical properties of the travel time distribution, especially to the standard deviation of the travel time and also to the skewness. For an important corridor in Changsha (P.R. China) the travel time reliability has been evaluated and a linear model is proposed for the relationship between travel time, standard deviation, skewness, and some other traffic characteristics. Statistical analysis is done for both simulation data from a delay distribution model and for real life data from automated number plate recognition (ANPR) cameras. ANPR data give unbiased travel time data, which is more representative than probe vehicles. The relationship between the mean travel time and its standard deviation is verified with an analytical model for travel time distributions as well as with the ANPR travel times. Average travel time and the standard deviation are linearly correlated for single links as well as corridors. Other influence factors are related to skewness and travel time standard deviations, such as vehicle density and degree of saturation. Skewness appears to be less well to explain from traffic characteristics than the standard deviation is.     

Outsourced probe data effectiveness on signalized arterials*

ABSTRACT

This paper presents results of an I-95 Corridor Coalition sponsored project to assess the ability of outsourced vehicle probe data to provide accurate travel time on signalized roadways for the purposes of real-time operations as well as performance measures. The quality of outsourced probe data on freeways has led many departments of transportation to consider such data for arterial performance monitoring. From April 2013 through June of 2014, the University of Maryland Center for Advanced Transportation Technology gathered travel times from several arterial corridors within the mid-Atlantic region using Bluetooth traffic monitoring (BTM) equipment, and compared these travel times with the data reported to the I95 Vehicle Probe Project (VPP) from an outsourced probe data vendor. The analysis consisted of several methodologies: (1) a traditional analysis that used precision and bias speed metrics; (2) a slowdown analysis that quantified the percentage of significant traffic disruptions accurately captured in the VPP data; (3) a sampled distribution method that uses overlay methods to enhance and analyze recurring congestion patterns. (4) Last, the BTM and VPP data from each 24-hour period of data collection were reviewed by the research team to assess the extent to which VPP captured the nature of the traffic flow. Based on the analysis, probe data is recommended only on arterial roadways with signal densities (measured in signals per mile) up to one, and it should be tested and used with caution for signal densities between one and two, and is not recommended when signal density exceeds two.     

Travel time statistical modeling with the Halphen distribution family

ABSTRACT

This article introduces the Halphen distribution family for modeling travel time distributions and their reliability on single road links. This probability family originally used in hydrology has a set of relevant characteristics. It is composed of three probability distribution functions for which the mathematical properties are described here. The article uses a graphical representation, the δ-Moment Ratio Diagram (δ-MRD). This tool allows characterizing travel time reliability as well as selecting best distribution candidates within the fitting processes, by considering empirical data sets. A systematic methodology is developed to take advantage of both aspects. From maximum log-likelihood estimation, it is shown that Halphen distributions are among the best state-of-the-art solutions for the travel time modeling purpose. This global framework is validated using two empirical data sets: an urban data set gathered in Portland, Oregon (USA), and a periurban data set from Lyon (France). The model calibration is eased through the use of the δ-MRD; this property opens new research directions about the mapping between traffic states and statistical modeling. It comes from all these considerations that the Halphen family is suitable to describe accurately the travel time dynamics on single links. Therefore, it could be part of a decision support system for practitioners interested in travel time variability.     

Freeway path travel time prediction based on heterogeneous traffic data through nonparametric model

Providing reliable travel time prediction is very much needed for commuters for their upcoming trips to reduce travel time and relieve traffic congestion. This article proposes an integrated model for path and multi-step-ahead travel time prediction on freeways using both historical and real-time heterogeneous traffic and weather data. The model's performance is investigated in a case study under various traffic scenarios. Results indicate that the proposed model provides satisfactory prediction results in various performance tests. For practical purposes, general guidelines for selecting the model's parameter sets as well as the efficient size of historical data are also presented.     

A hybrid model based method for bus travel time estimation

Providing accurate information about bus arrival time to passengers can make the public transport system more attractive. Such information helps the passengers by reducing the uncertainty on waiting time and the associated frustrations. However, accurate estimation of bus travel time is still a challenging problem, especially under heterogeneous and lane-less traffic conditions. The accuracy of such information provided to passengers depends mainly on the estimation method used, which in turns depends on the input data used. Hence, developing suitable estimation methods and identifying the most significant/appropriate input data are important. The present study focused on these aspects of development of estimation methods that can accurately estimate travel time by using significant inputs. In order to identify significant inputs, a data mining technique, namely the k-NN classifying algorithm, was used. It is based on the similarity in pattern between the input and historic data. These identified inputs were then used in a hybrid model that combined exponential smoothing technique with recursive estimation scheme based on the Kalman Filtering (KF) technique. The optimal values of the smoothing parameter were dynamically estimated and were updated using the latest measurements available from the field. The performance of the proposed algorithm showed a clear improvement in estimation accuracy when compared with existing methods.     

降级路网的认知及交通流平衡分析模型

为定量衡量因路段降级原因导致路网通行能力的丧失量,分析出行者在降级路网中的路径选择行为将导致何种网络交通流平衡状态,通过将降级路网划分为车流外界因素导致路段可通行能力降级和路段上车流量增加导致道路服务水平的下降两种类型,辨别旅行时间长短与旅行时间波动对出行者路径选择行为的影响,推导出同时考虑这两方面因素影响的可变路径旅行时间风险度量;在此基础上建立了降级路网中的交通流平衡分析模型,该模型满足存在性和惟一性,并能正确描述出行者对降级路网结构认知差异性情况下的网络交通流平衡状态。通过实例展示了不同旅行可靠性要求下,出行者对路径旅行时间长短的权衡关系以及整个路网交通流平衡结果。     

通行能力约束下的弹性需求交通投影动态演化模型

利用投影动态系统理论建立了具有路段通行能力约束的弹性需求交通网络动态演化模型.通过分析节点路段处交通流量与出行阻抗关系,揭示了出行者在网络局部对出行路线进行调整的决策过程,并分别建立了有通行能力约束的路段流量更新方程和弹性交通需求下的节点最短行程时间估计方程.通过在整个网络上整合上述两类方程,得到最终的交通网络投影动态...     

Plate scanning tools to obtain travel times in traffic networks

The management of vehicle travel times has been shown to be fundamental to traffic network analysis. To collect travel time measurement, some methods focus solely on isolated links or highway segments, and where two measurement points, at the beginning and at the end of a section, are deemed sufficient to evaluate users' travel time. However, in many cases, transport studies involve networks in which the problem is more complex. This article takes advantage of the plate scanning technique to propose an algorithm that minimizes the required number of registering devices and their location in order to identify vehicles candidates to compute the travel times of a given set of routes (or subroutes). The merits of the proposed method are explained using simple examples and are illustrated by its application to the real network of Ciudad Real.     

居民全日出行方式选择动态模型研究

为改进现有交通方式选择模型,提高交通方式预测模型精度,基于出行链建立了居民全日出行方式选择动态模型。从居民出行方式选择机理分析入手,确立出行方式选择动态影响因素,在多项Logit模型（MNL模型）的基础上建立了方式选择动态模型。模型中增加了2类动态影响因素,即先前出行方式选择结果对后面出行方式选择的影响和主链的出行方式选择结果对子链出行方式选择的影响。最后以安徽省淮北市为例对模型进行了实例分析。结果表明：所建立的动态模型的优度比和预测准确率较基于单次出行效用的MNL模型有较大提高,变量在模型中的意义符合中国国情,模型可服务于城市交通规划和交通政策制定。     

基于意向调查数据的非集计模型研究

当交通系统中引入新的交通方式时,传统的基于实绩选择调查数据的交通需求预测方法对于方式分担预测将会无效。本文以新交通方式的分担率预测模型为研究对象,提出基于实绩选择调查和假设意向调查组合数据的非集计模型,对模型中各种交通方式的效用函数进行了深入研究,并以东直门至首都机场的轨道交通客流预测为例,进行了参数估计和轨道分担率预测。实例研究表明,模型能够较准确的预测出新交通方式的分担率。     

A novel arterial travel time distribution estimation model and its application to energy/emissions estimation

Arterial travel time information is crucial to advanced traffic management systems and advanced traveler information systems. An effective way to represent this information is the estimation of travel time distribution. In this paper, we develop a modified Gaussian mixture model in order to estimate link travel time distributions along arterial with signalized intersections. The proposed model is applicable to traffic data from either fixed-location sensors or mobile sensors. The model performance is validated using real-world traffic data (more than 1,400 vehicles) collected by the wireless magnetic sensors and digital image recognition in the field. The proposed model shows high potential (i.e., the correction rate are above 0.9) to satisfactorily estimate travel time statistics and classify vehicle stop versus non-stop movements. In addition, the resultant movement classification application can significantly improve the estimation of traffic-related energy and emissions along arterial.     

基于少量探测车的城市路段平均行程时间估计

与传统的固定式采集系统(感应线圈等)比较,探测车系统具有直接采集行程时间、时空覆盖范围广等优点.研究少量探测车情况下的路段行程时间估计问题对降低探测车系统的运营费用具有重要意义.在发现停车组和非停车组的行程时间均值、非停车组所占百分比等3个参数之间关联关系的基础上,提出了在极小样本情况下估计城市路段平均行程时间的方法.基于微观交通仿真的比较分析显示,该方法优于通过样本均值估计平均路段行程时间的方法,特别是当交通状况处于拥挤情况下其优势更为明显.     

基于BP神经网络的居民出行方式选择模型

以城市居民出行方式选择行为作为研究对象,分析了影响出行方式选择行为的主要因素,利用BP神经网络可以自动获取研究对象的输入、输出间关系和较强的学习训练特性,建立了基于BP神经网络的居民出行方式选择模型,并通过2009年济南市居民出行调查数据对模型进行了实例分析。结果表明：BP神经网络模型能够较好地描述居民出行交通方式选择行为。