目前船上碳减排技术和计划的可行性评论（英文）

Concern about global climate change is growing, and many projects and researchers are committed to reducing greenhouse gases from all possible sources. International Maritime Organization(IMO) has set a target of 20% CO2 reduction from shipping by 2020 and also presented a series of carbon emission reduction methods, which are known as Energy Efficiency Design Index(EEDI) and Energy Efficiency Operation Indicator(EEOI). Reviews on carbon emission reduction from all industries indicate that, Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS) is an excellent solution to global warming. In this paper, a comprehensive literature review of EEDI and EEOI and CCS is conducted and involves reviewing current policies, introducing common technologies, and considering their feasibilities for marine activities, mainly shipping. Current projects are also presented in this paper, thereby illustrating that carbon emission reduction has been the subject of attention from all over the world. Two case ship studies indicate the economic feasibility of carbon emission reduction and provide a guide for CCS system application and practical installation on ships.     

浅析船舶能效设计指数

自1997年京都议定书生效后,全球气候变暖和温室气体排放问题引起了业界越来越多的关注。2013年1月1日以后,船舶能效设计指数(Energy Efficiency Design Index,简称EEDI)将正式生效,这是第一个专门针对国际海运温室气体减排的强制性法律文件。这一强制性文件的生效无疑将对国际海运界,特别是对我国航运界带来革命性的影响。本文从EEDI诞生的历史、EEDI公式解析、EEDI计算、EEDI认证过程及EEDI公式实船应用和设计考虑等方面略作浅显的分析。     

EEDI给中国造船业带来的挑战

基于国际海事组织（IMO）限制温室气体排放（GHG）条约,阐述了船舶能效设计指数（EEDI）的概念,其计算公式中各项参数的含义及降低EEDI值的途径,重点指出EEDI的出现对我国造船业带来的影响及挑战。船舶采用经济航速是最为有效的节能减排的方式,但对营运商不是最佳选择,故而研发低碳燃油等优化技术成为当下最为重要的任务。船舶能效设计指数的强制实施在短期内对我国造船业造成了一定的冲击,但是长远看会进一步推进我国造船业进行深入的技术改造,从而提高中国船舶企业的综合竞争实力。     

关于船舶绕射增阻计算方法的评注

近年来,全球气候变暖问题日趋严重,船舶的温室气体排放开始受到航运业的关注,新船能效设计指数( EEDI)并其来计算船舶的二氧化碳排放.主要研究近两年国际海事组织(IMO)海上环境保护委员会( MEPC)所关注的海洋气象因子fw.船舶的波浪增阻是计算影响因子fw时必需的一项重要参数.针对fn计算公式中船舶在零航速时波浪绕射增阻的计算方法进行研究,根据三维势流理论计算了简化船模、集装箱船及油船模型的波浪漂移力,并将计算得到的数值结果与日本专家提出的方法计算结果进行对比,发现了其中存在的一些问题并就这些问题做了分析和总结.目前fw的计算方法仍在研究中,研究成果对于该计算方法的完善有一定的参考价值.     

基于航行数据的船舶油耗优化

以一条丹麦籍客滚轮的实测数据为基础,通过人工神经网络建立案例船的油耗黑箱模型。基于该油耗模型,进一步采用动态规划算法获得规定航线上的最佳航行策略,有效提高案例船的EEOI能效指数,达到减排节能的目标。该项研究所建立的油耗优化系统框架完全以实测航行数据为基础,可以直接应用于不同船只,具有较普遍的适用性,对于SEEMP能效管理计划的实施具有重要意义。     

客滚船EEDI研究

能效设计指数(EEDI)对客滚船的要求于2014年4月的第66次环保会上给出。与常规船不同,客滚船属于定制型船舶,影响EEDI结果的参数众多,而且参数之间相互影响、制约。文章首先对计算公式做了详细分析,之后针对几型具有代表性的客滚船的载重量、航速、吃水、主机功率,分析其变化对EEDI的影响敏感度,得出国内航行及中韩航线客滚船当前的EEDI水平,并对如何有效地提高EEDI给出了合理的建议。此外,还对EEDI于客滚船的意义及当前规范存在的某些不合理之处给予了适当评价。     

基于人工神经网络的船舶油耗模型

针对船舶能效管理计划SEEMP的实施需求,寻求建立油耗模型的通用方法,为航行优化提供决策基础。以丹麦籍客滚轮MS Smyril号作为研究案例,对船舶实测运行数据进行了分析和预处理,并采用人工神经网络构建了船舶油耗和航速的黑箱模型。基于实测数据与模型预测数据的对比,验证了上述油耗模型的准确性和实用性,对于提高船舶能效运行指数EEOI具有重要意义。     

提高新造船能效设计水平的多种新措施

为有效控制海洋环境的污染问题,减少国际航运业以及造船业对全球环境恶化以及气候变暖问题带来的影响,IMO正在积极推出包括新造船能效设计指数在内的一系列举措.我国是造船和航运大国,应积极应对,努力做好造船业和航运业的节能减排工作.根据对EEDI进行敏感性分析,采用优化主机、使用经济航速、采用新型螺旋桨等措施可以在航速、载重吨和主机功率等方面有所改进,从而可以改善船舶的能效水平.     

对新造船能效设计指数的思考

EEDI旨在鼓励船东及船舶设计者通过技术改进和使用节能技术,使新造船在设计和建造阶段尽可能达到高的能效标准。文章简介了船舶"能效设计指数"(EEDI)的发展历程,通过对EEDI公式和参数的简要说明,初步探讨了在现有公式基础上优化EEDI指数的途径和措施。     

The effects of slow steaming on the environmental performance in liner shipping

The environment issue is one of the significant challenges that the liner shipping industry has to face. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set a goal to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from existing vessels by 20–50% by 2050 and develop the Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI) as a measure for energy efficiency. To achieve this goal, IMO has suggested three basic approaches: the enlargement of vessel size, the reduction of voyage speed, and the application of new technologies. In recent times, liners have adopted slow steaming and decelerated the voyage speed to 15–18 knots on major routes. This is because slow steaming is helpful in reducing operating costs and GHG emissions. However, it also creates negative effects that influence the operating costs and the amount of GHG emissions at the same time.

This study started with the basic question: Is it true that as voyage speed reduces, the operating costs and CO₂ emissions can be reduced at the same time? If this is true, liners will definitely decelerate their voyage speed themselves as much as possible so that they can increase their profits and improve the level of environmental performance. However, if this is not true, then liners will concentrate just on increasing their profits by not considering environmental factors. This led the authors to set out three objectives: (1) to analyze the relationship between voyage speed and the amount of CO₂ emissions and to estimate the changes by slow steaming in liner shipping; (2) to analyze the relationship between voyage speed and the operating costs on a loop; and (3) to find the optimal voyage speed as a solution to maximize the reduction of CO₂ emissions at the lowest operating cost, thus satisfying the reduction target of IMO.     

关于EEDI衡准基面的研究

在文献[4]指出的船舶EEDI(能效设计指数)衡准基线必须考虑船速影响的基础上,进一步提出了船舶EEDI衡准基面的概念.它的函数形式是aVb△c,其中V是船速,△是船的装载量,a、b和c是待定常数,它们随船舶类别而异,由该函数从V和△两个变量方向对同一类船的大量子样进行最小二乘方拟合而定.经实例验证,本文提出的方法比文献[2]的船舶EEDI衡准基线方法更合理、更准确,比文献[4]的船舶EEDI衡准基线簇方法更方便,可以作为船舶EEDI合格与否的更好的检验衡准.     

大型集装箱船能效设计指数计算与优化研究

阐述了国际海事组织(IMO)的海上环境保护委员会(MEPC)关于新造船能效设计指数(EEDI)规则的最新发展,并以某型集装箱船产品为例,详细介绍该船的EEDI计算和证书申请,并研究分析该船型为满足未来EEDI更高要求而需要采取的节能减排措施,供设计人员参考。     

超大型集装箱船能效设计指数优化研究

采用船型优化方法就超大型集装箱船10 000TEU的能效设计指数(EEDI)进行优化.文中以降低对主机功率的需求、提高能效设计水平为目标,优化该超大型集装箱船的阻力性能.优化时利用平移法和径向基函数方法进行船体曲面重构,并分别采用基于Rankine源非线性势流理论和边界层动量积分计算兴波阻力和摩擦阻力,最后同时使用遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)和序列二次规划算法(NLPQL)在设计空间中探索满足约束条件的阻力最优船型.结果表明,通过该优化方法获得的最优船型,其能效设计指数优化程度明显,能够满足现阶段IMO对新造集装箱船计及折减系数后的强制要求.     

船舶EEDIweather中系数fw的快速预报方法研究

随着能效设计指数（EEDI）的强制实施,船舶节能减排日益受到重视,对新造船舶的性能提出了更高的要求.IMO相继出台的EEDIweather自愿导则能够更全面地衡量船舶在风浪中的能效指标,其中系数fw对EEDIweather的计算有重要影响.为建立fw的快速预报方法,在设计阶段初步评估了船舶性能,进行了系列耐波性模型试验,并以试验结果为基础,结合ITTC推荐的阻力推力法（RTIM）计算了fw.应用多元回归分析得到fw的经验公式,经验证有良好的工程应用价值.     

Future cost scenarios for reduction of ship CO2 emissions

International shipping is a significant contributor to Global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, responsible for approximately 3% of global CO₂ emissions. The International Maritime Organization is currently working to establish GHG regulations for international shipping and a cost effectiveness approach has been suggested to determine the required emission reductions from shipping. To achieve emission reductions in a cost effective manner, this study has assessed the cost and reduction potential for present and future abatement measures based on new and unpublished data. The model used captures the world fleet up to 2030, and the analysis includes 25 separate measures. A new integrated modelling approach has been used combining fleet projections with activity-based CO₂ emission modelling and projected development of measures for CO₂ emission reduction. The world fleet projections up to 2030 are constructed using a fleet growth model that takes into account assumed ship type specific scrapping and new building rates. A baseline trajectory for CO₂ emission is then established. The reduction potential from the baseline trajectory and the associated marginal cost levels are calculated for 25 different emission reduction measures. The results are given as marginal abatement cost curves, and as future cost scenarios for reduction of world fleet CO₂ emissions. The results show that a scenario in which CO₂ emissions are reduced by 33% from baseline in 2030 is achievable at a marginal cost of USD 0 per tonne reduced. At this cost level, emission in 2010 can be reduced by 19% and by 24% in 2020. A scenario with 49% reduction from baseline in 2030 can be achieved at a marginal cost of USD 100 per tonne (27% in 2010 and 35% in 2020). Furthermore, it is evident that further increasing the cost level beyond USD 100 per tonne yield very little in terms of further emission reduction. The results also indicate that stabilising fleet emissions at current levels is obtainable at moderate costs, compensating for fleet growth up to 2030. However, significant reductions beyond current levels seem difficult to achieve. Marginal abatement costs for the major ship types are also calculated, and the results are shown to be relatively homogenous for all major ship types. The presented data and methodology could be very useful for assisting the industry and policymakers in selecting cost effective solutions for reducing GHG emissions from the world fleet.     

基于SEEMP的船舶营运能效评价指数的开发及应用:韩国某案例研究（英文）

The CO_2 emission reduction policy of the International Maritime Organization(IMO) recommends that the operation of ships,managed by maritime transport companies, should be energy-efficient. An evaluation method that can determine how successfully a ship implements the energy efficiency plan is proposed in this study. To develop this method, the measures required for energy-efficient ship operations according to the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan(SEEMP) operational guidelines were selected. The weights of the selected measures, which indicate how they contribute to the energy-efficient operation of a ship, were derived using a survey based on the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) method. Consequently, using these measures and their weights, a new evaluation method was proposed. This evaluation method was applied to shipping companies in South Korea, and their ship operation energy efficiency indices were derived and compared. This evaluation method will be useful to the government and shipping companies in assessing the energy efficiency of ship operations.     

Barriers for adoption of energy efficiency operational measures in shipping industry

According to the Third Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Study 2014 of International Maritime Organization (IMO), the total emission in 2012 are estimated to be 949 million tonnes which is 2.7% of global CO₂ emission by total shipping and expected to increase from 2012 levels by 50–250% by 2050. Significant changes are needed to all industry by implementation of energy efficiency design and operational measures to meet existing and future global emission reduction targets. Although the fuel cost-reducing effects of some energy efficiency measures and new technologies are well established and matured, shipping companies appear reluctant to adopt them. Besides, it is observed that the stakeholders are directly or indirectly involved for implementation of energy efficiency measures in shipping industry. Therefore, the objective for this study was to identify the barriers to energy efficiency operational measures by a qualitative survey among various stakeholders from all corners of shipping industry. It has been found in the research that the barriers for implementation of all cost-free operational measures are almost the same such as lack of information of the measure, lack of awareness and competence of ship crews and operation difficulties which are in nature of information and technical barriers. But financial issue and owner’s interest are the key barriers for some other operational measures which are related to costing and need investment for implementation.     

新造船能效设计指数介绍及分析

二氧化碳排放一直是航运界关心和关注的焦点,国际海事组织IMO第57届环境与保护委员会MEPC57、MEPC58、MEPC59次会议以及温室气体工作组第二次会议上对此都进行了激烈的讨论.根据所收集到的资料,对新造船能效设计指数EEDI(原:新造船CO_2指数)进行了分析和研究,并对减少二氧化碳排放可采取的措施进行了探讨.     

船用水动力节能装置分析

水动力节能装置是提高EEDI和EEOI的重要手段之一,分析了常用的船舶水动力节能装置的结构形式、作用原理、适用范围以及应用实例,为水动力节能装置的设计和应用提供参考。