eTS fuzzy driver model for simultaneous longitudinal and lateral vehicle control

In this paper, evolving Takagi-Sugeno (eTS) fuzzy driver model is proposed for simultaneous lateral and longitudinal control of a vehicle in a test track closed to traffic. The developed eTS fuzzy driver model can capture human operator’s driving expertise for generating desired steering angle, throttle angle and brake pedal command values by processing only information which can be supplied by the vehicle’s on-board control systems in real time. Apart from other fuzzy rule based (FRB) models requiring human expert knowledge or off-line clustering, the developed eTS driver model can adapt itself automatically, even ‘from scratch’, by an on-line learning process using eTS algorithm while human driver is supervising the vehicle. Proposed eTS fuzzy driver model’s on-line human driver identification capability and autonomous vehicle driving performance were evaluated on real road profiles created by digitizing two different intercity express ways of Turkey in IPG© CarMaker® software. The training and validation simulation results demonstrated that eTS fuzzy driver model can be used in product development phase to speed up different tests via realistic simulations. Furthermore eTS fuzzy driver model has an application potential in the field of autonomous driving.     

人-车-路交互下的驾驶人风险响应度建模

人机共驾中，共驾模式的选择和驾驶控制权的分配高度依赖于对驾驶人状态的正确识别。为了分析人机共驾中驾驶人的状态，对行车风险场模型进行重构，通过构建风险场力作用机制，建立包含驾驶人特性、自车特性和外部风险特性的人-车-路闭环系统中的驾驶人风险响应度模型，用于表征驾驶人对风险的认知能力和应对倾向。根据24位驾驶人在跟车和并道2个场景中的驾驶试验结果，对不同风险响应度下驾驶人的驾驶特性进行分析。研究结果表明：驾驶人风险响应度在驾驶过程中具有时变性，在驾驶人个体之间和不同驾驶场景间均存在差异性。在风险响应度分别为低、中、高的3类驾驶片段中，驾驶人在驾驶时的碰撞时间倒数T_TCi和加减速行为均具有显著差异（p<0.05）；风险响应度较高的保守型驾驶中，驾驶人行车时倾向于保持较小的T_TCi（均值为-0.48 s^-1，标准差为1.25 s^-1），单位时间内制动操作最多[均值为0.65次·（15 s）^-1]，总体驾驶风格倾向于规避风险；风险响应度较低的激进型驾驶中，驾驶人行车时倾向于保持最大的T_TCi（均值为0.28 s^-1，标准差为0.42 s^-1），相较于保守型驾驶，单位时间内加速操作较多[均值为0.48次·（15 s）^-1]，制动操作较少[均值为0.50次·（15 s）^-1]，总体驾驶风格倾向于追求行驶效率；风险响应度居中的平衡型驾驶中，驾驶人行车时所保持的T_TCi居中（均值为0.04 s^-1，标准差为0.36 s^-1），单位时间内加速操作[均值为0.23次·（15 s）^-1]和制动[均值为0.41次·（15 s）^-1]操作总数最少，对于行驶效率和行车安全的追求相对均衡。相较于以往将驾驶人作为孤立个体的驾驶人状态评估方法，所提出的驾驶人风险响应度模型可以依据驾驶人在人-车-路交互中的驾驶表现，更为全面地反映驾驶人的个性化驾驶状态。     

Driver propensity characterization for different forward collision warning times

The forward collision warning system, which warns danger to the driver after sensing possibility of crash in advance, has been actively studied recently. Such systems developed until now give a warning, regardless of driver’s driving propensity. However, it’s not reasonable to give a warning to every driver at the same time because drivers are different in driving propensity. In this study, to give a warning to each driver differently, three metrics classifying driver’s driving propensity were developed by using the driving data on a testing ground. These three metrics are the predicted time headway, required deceleration divided by the deceleration of the leading vehicle, and the resultant acceleration divided by the deceleration of the leading vehicle. Driving propensity was divided into 3 groups by using these metrics for braking and steering cases. In addition, these metrics were verified by making sure that braking propensity could be classified on public roads as well.     

Development of a Driving Behavior-Based Collision Warning System Using a Neural Network

An advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) uses radar, visual information, and laser sensors to calculate variables representing driving conditions, such as time-to-collision (TTC) and time headway (THW), and to determine collision risk using empirically set thresholds. However, the empirically set threshold can generate differences in performance that are detected by the driver. It is appropriate to quickly relay collision risk to drivers whose response speed to dangerous situations is relatively slow and who drive defensively. However, for drivers whose response speed is relatively fast and who drive actively, it may be better not to provide a warning if they are aware of the collision risk in advance, because giving collision warnings too frequently can lower the reliability of the warnings and cause dissatisfaction in the driver, or promote disregard. To solve this problem, this study proposes a collision warning system (CWS) based on an individual driver’s driving behavior. In particular, a driver behavior model was created using an artificial neural network learning algorithm so that the collision risk could be determined according to the driving characteristics of the driver. Finally, the driver behavior model was learned using actual vehicle driving data and the applicability of the proposed CWS was verified through simulation.     

汽车驾驶员不安全行为评价分析

为稳步增强汽车驾驶的安全性,减少安全事故的发生,驾驶人员除了需要具备足够的应急应变能力之外,还需要做好安全行为习惯养成工作,形成良好的驾驶习惯。文章以汽车驾驶员不安全行为作出研究对象,在明确不安全行为表现的基础上,深刻分析影响汽车驾驶人员不安全行为的因素,在此基础上,制定合理的应对策略,旨在引导驾驶人员形成安全行为,以不断提升驾驶员的驾驶能力。     

Modelling of a driver's behaviour considering roll motion

This paper presents an anlysis of the control behaviour of a driver during curves and lane changes. We model the driver's behaviour taking the roll motion of the vehicle into consideration. Using this model with constraints on the roll angle, it is possible to model lane change maneuvers without specifying a path. The validity of the model is investigated through a comparison between computer simulation and experimentation using a driving simulator system.     

考虑初始情绪的个性化驾驶负荷状态评价

利用驾驶人生理数据对驾驶人的负荷状态进行评价已成为交通心理学的研究热点,该方法通常需要采集驾驶人在静息状态的生理信号特征作为其负荷基准,因此负荷基准的提取将影响驾驶人状态评价结果的准确性.基于此,研究搭建驾驶模拟试验平台,招募15名志愿者开展驾驶模拟试验,设计不同任务诱导其产生3种程度的精神负荷,采集志愿者在不同负荷状...     

驾驶员隧道段夜间行车动视点特征模糊聚类评价

通过隧道路段行车试验,利用SmartEyeAB型眼动仪对驾驶员夜间隧道动视点数据进行采集并进行处理。选取视点停留比率、显著可见区域、扫视幅度、扫视峰值速度、扫视持续时间5项指标作为驾驶员动视点特征主要影响因素。利用模糊聚类分析中的传递闭包聚类方法对驾驶员夜间隧道路段行车视觉特点进行了分析与评价。通过驾驶员对路段的熟悉程度可将动视点特征分为6类。结果表明：该模糊聚类评价方法能够有效反映驾驶员夜间路段视觉信息获取与加工特征,可为保障夜间行车安全提供理论与实践依据。     

Normal and risky driving patterns identification in clear and rainy weather on freeway segments using vehicle kinematics trajectories and time series cluster analysis

Enhancing traffic safety on freeways is the main goal for all transportation agencies. However, to achieve this goal, many analysis protocols of network screening models need to be improved through considering human factors while analyzing traffic data. This paper introduces one on the new analysis protocol of identifying and discriminating between normal and risky driving in clear and rainy weather. The introduced analysis protocol will consider the effect of human factors on updating the networking screening process of identifying hotspots of crash risk. This paper employs the Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP2) Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS) data to investigate the behavior of normal and risky driving under both rainy and clear weather conditions. Near-crash events on freeways, which were used as Surrogate Measure of Safety (SMoS) for crash risk, were identified based on the changes in vehicle kinematics, including speed, longitudinal and lateral acceleration and deceleration rates, and yaw rates. Through a trajectory-level data analysis, there were significant differences in driving patterns between rainy and clear weather conditions; factors that affected crash risk mainly included driver reaction and response time, their evasive maneuvers such as changes in acceleration rates and yaw rates, and lane-changing maneuvers. A cluster analysis method was employed to classify driving patterns into two clusters: normal and risky driving condition patterns, respectively. Statistical results showed that risky driving patterns started on average one second earlier in rainy weather conditions than in clear weather conditions. Furthermore, risky driving patterns extended in average three seconds in rainy weather conditions, while it was two seconds in clear weather conditions. The identification of these patterns is considered as a primary step towards an automated development that would distinguish between different driving patterns in a Connected Vehicle CV environment using Basic Safety Messages (BSM) and to enhance the network screening analysis for increased crash risk hotspots.     

In-vehicle display HMI safety evaluation using a driving simulator

Recently, telematics services and in-vehicle display devices such as the CNS (Car Navigation System) have become new causes of traffic accidents. These accidents are caused by ‘Inattention’ from the increase of the driver’s mental workload while he/she is driving. The driver of a vehicle (except for emergency or police vehicles) must not use a hand-held mobile phone while the vehicle is moving. To address this problem, Australia, England, Italy, Brazil and some states in the US have banned the use of hand-held mobile devices during driving. However, there are no restrictions on the use of in-vehicle displays or on the display’s positions. The position of a navigation system in a vehicle should be assessed objectively, and the effect of the position on the driver’s attention should be studied. Some existing research reports that in-vehicle distraction not only leads to reduced speeds and more frequent lane switching, but also more gazing by the driver to the centre of the road. In this study, to develop an assessment method and to propose the proper position of a CNS, an experiment is carried out in a driving simulator environment. Different methods to track the gaze and physical parameters of the driver are used for HMI (Human-Machine Interface) assessment. The experiment is carried out in a driving simulator to observe the glancing distribution during driving according to the position of the navigation system. Fourteen subjects participated in this experiment. Changes in subjects’ physiological signals and glancing distribution rates were collected.     

考虑驾驶员行为特性的模糊推理跟驰模型改进研究

基于模糊推理的车辆跟驰模型实现了用数学方法描述驾驶员的主观判断、推理和执行的过程,但现有的这类模型通常未考虑驾驶员行为特性的差异。针对这一问题,在基于模糊推理的跟驰模型中引入期望车头时距,不同行为特性的驾驶员具有不同的期望车头时距,在此基础上建立了改进的车辆跟驰模型。仿真结果表明,改进的跟驰模型能准确描述不同类型驾驶员的跟驰行为及其差异。     

邻车切入工况下前撞预警系统的驾驶人依赖特性

为提升邻车切入工况下的行车安全,基于驾驶模拟实验平台,研究了驾驶人对前撞预警系统的依赖特性评价方法以改进预警系统的设计。以预警时机(即碰时间TTC)为研究变量,采集了12名驾驶人的实验数据,以制动依赖指数、次任务评分为2项客观指标,以危险度评分、信任度评分为2项主观指标,建立了评价体系模型,实现了对驾驶人系统依赖程度的量化评价。设计了L9(34)正交实验,建立了依赖特性评价回归模型。结果表明:预警时机(TTC)对依赖特性的影响最为显著:过晚的预警时机(TTC=2.4 s)降低系统的有效性;过早的预警时机(TTC=1.2 s)易导致驾驶人对系统过度依赖。因而,适度推迟预警时机(TTC=1.8 s)可以抑制依赖性的产生,提升系统的安全性。     

A driver-adaptive stability control strategy for sport utility vehicles

Conventional vehicle stability control (VSC) systems are designed for average drivers. For a driver with a good driving skill, the VSC systems may be redundant; for a driver with a poor driving skill, the VSC intervention may be inadequate. To increase safety of sport utility vehicles (SUVs), this paper proposes a novel driver-adaptive VSC (DAVSC) strategy based on scaling the target yaw rate commanded by the driver. The DAVSC system is adaptive to drivers’ driving skills. More control effort would be exerted for drivers with poor driving skills, and vice versa. A sliding mode control (SMC)-based differential braking (DB) controller is designed using a three degrees of freedom (DOF) yaw-plane model. An eight DOF nonlinear yaw-roll model is used to simulate the SUV dynamics. Two driver models, namely longitudinal and lateral, are used to ‘drive’ the virtual SUV. By integrating the virtual SUV, the DB controller, and the driver models, the performance of the DAVSC system is investigated. The simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the DAVSC strategy.     

面向安全预警的机动车驾驶意图研究现状与展望

简述当前开展面向安全预警的机动车驾驶意图研究的目的和意义.分析国内外研究现状,得出从驾驶员行为及驾驶动作序列角度开展驾驶意图研究的可行性和有效性,同时介绍了 2种基于概率与数理统计的机动车驾驶意图建模方法.结合驾驶员在直线封闭路段实施驾驶行为特征,阐述使用隐马尔科夫模型(HMM)理论建立驾驶意图模型的步骤以及模型参数学习和系统在线优化算法等内容.对驾驶意图模型网络结构、动态性能方面相关研究方向进行展望.     

驾驶员自身因素引起的驾驶疲劳对交通安全的影响

为更好地评价驾驶员自身因素引起的驾驶疲劳,主要对6个方面的因素进行了分析。运用层次分析法建立评价驾驶疲劳的数学模型,通过综合评价来确定驾驶员的安全度。以期对相关工作提供参考。     

Evaluation of preview G-Vectoring control to decelerate a vehicle prior to entry into a curve

This paper describes the development of the braking assistance system based on a “G-Vectoring” concept. The present work focuses in particular on “Preview G-Vectoring Control” (PGVC), which is based on the “G-Vectoring Control” (GVC) scheme. In GVC, the longitudinal-acceleration control algorithm is based on the actual lateral jerk. PGVC decelerates a vehicle before it enters a curve, and is based on a new longitudinal-acceleration control algorithm which uses predicted and actual lateral jerk. Using the predicted lateral jerk makes it possible to decelerate the vehicle prior to curve entry. This deceleration can emulate a driver’s deceleration as the vehicle approaches a curve entry. PGVC is based on such deceleration algorithms and enables automatic deceleration similar to the action of a driver. It is thus possible to significantly improve the driver’s feeling when this system is activated. Driving tests with this new control system on snowy-winding course confirmed that the automatic brake control quality improved considerably compared to manual driver control considering both lap time and ride quality. These results indicate that PGVC can be a useful braking assistance system not only to improve the driver’s handling performance but also to reduce the brake-task during driving on winding roads.     

驾驶风格对驾驶行为的影响

为了揭示驾驶风格对驾驶行为的影响规律,进而提取表征驾驶风格的特征参数,对不同风格驾驶人在感知层和操作层的驾驶行为数据进行了量化分析。首先,基于驾驶行为问卷对18名中国非职业驾驶人进行了驾驶风格问卷调查,并采用主成分分析、K-均值聚类等方法将被试驾驶人分为谨慎型、正常型和激进型3种类型。接着,被试驾驶人在搭载了SmartEye眼动仪的驾驶模拟器上开展了高速公路行车环境下的驾驶试验,同步采集了感知层的视觉特性参数和操作层的驾驶绩效参数,并采用判断抽样的方式将驾驶样本按照驾驶风格和驾驶模式（换道意图和车道保持）进行了划分,共选取了810组有效样本。最后,采用方差分析法分析了不同风格驾驶人在不同驾驶模式下的注视行为、扫视行为、横向控制特性、纵向控制特性方面相关参数的差异显著性,并提取了不同风格间存在显著差异的参数作为表征驾驶风格的特征参数。研究结果表明：驾驶风格越激进,驾驶人对周围环境关注越少,对车辆的横向控制稳定性越差,急加速和急减速行为发生的频次越高;不同风格驾驶人在意图时窗内对后视镜的注视次数（p=0.002）、方向盘转角熵值（p=0.04）、加速踏板开度（p=0.01）、制动踏板开度（p=0.02）这4个参数的差异均较为显著,因此可作为表征驾驶风格的特征参数。     

客车驾驶员需远离7大驾驶误区

任何一个机电产品要发挥其最大功效,正确使用是关健,尤其是运营的大客车,驾驶员的操作习惯直接关系行车安全、使用寿命和运行成本等方方面面.一些在我们看来似乎很平常、理所当然的动作和习惯,往往存在着很大的隐患,这些隐患轻则造成车辆机械损伤,重则会引发交通事故.以下7大误区务必请驾驶员搞清其所以然,从而养成良好的驾驶习惯.     

车辆转弯制动横向轨迹控制驾驶员模型研究

为了较为真实地反映车辆转弯制动工况,建立了含Pacejka"魔术公式"非线性联合工况轮胎模型的4轮8自由度车辆系统模型,并基于预瞄跟随理论、加速度反馈控制和模糊PID控制技术建立了车辆转弯制动横向轨迹控制驾驶员模型。针对不同初始速度和制动强度,利用MATLAB/Simulink进行了横向轨迹控制仿真分析。分析结果表明,驾驶员控制模型能很好地跟踪横向轨迹,模型的可行性和有效性得到验证,同时不同仿真条件下结果的一致性也说明该控制方法具有较强的自适应能力和鲁棒性,为进一步研究复杂工况下的驾驶员模型及横向轨迹控制提供了一条可行的途径。