On the time for the abandonment of flooded passenger ships due to collision damages

The time dependency of the survivability of passenger ships in flooding accidents leading to ship’s loss is shown to be confined within short times after the flooding initiation. RoRo ferry and cruise type ships demonstrate similar behaviour, though vessel types differ with respect to the subdivision and the flooding process. The presented research is based on numerical simulations of the flooding of two sample passenger ships in collision damages and the estimation of the probability to capsize. The systematic fast character of capsize events is shown to be primarily a consequence of the extent of hull breaches. The IMO regulatory concept for orderly abandonment of damaged passenger ships, in addition to the safe return to port regulatory provisions, are discussed in view of the present results. The timely onboard damage identification by ship’s master and the enhancement of the SOLAS survivability requirements for passenger ships appear to be the most effective operational and design measures leading to improved survivability of the ship and to enhanced safety of people onboard.     

SOLAS 2009破舱稳性要求对客滚船设计的影响

分析SOLAS2009第Ⅱ-1章中,B-1部分对客滚船破舱稳性要求,并与SOLAS1990客滚船破舱稳性确定性算法和滚装船（货船）的概率论算法进行比较,同时讨论了对完整稳性的影响,为新型客滚船设计在分舱和布局上应注意的方面提供参考。SOLAS2009与SOLAS1990确定性算法,有三个显著不同点：1）对双壳宽度没有明的确限制;2）对分舱长度也不作明确限制;3）增加了对乘客人数的权重。SOLAS2009与滚装船（货船）的概率论算法比较．有两个不同点：1）要求的分舱指数公式不同;2）生存概率的算法不同。SOLAS2009对完整稳性的影响：船舶纵倾受到限制,对总体布局和线型设计的要求更高。     

Methodology for the simulation of a ship's damage stability and ultimate strength conditions following a collision

This paper presents a methodology called SHARC developed for the simulation and analysis of a ship's damage stability and ULS conditions following a collision. SHARC combines three types of methods: advanced nonlinear finite element simulations that simulate the collision scenario, a dynamic damage stability simulation tool called SIMCAP, and a modified Smith method for the ULS analysis of a collision-damaged ship structure. The novelty of the presented methodology is that it can be used for real-time simulations to study the ingress of water through the damage opening of a struck vessel and how it affects the ship's stability, structural integrity (ULS) and survival capability against, e.g., capsizing. The results for an intact and a damaged oil tanker under noncorroded and corroded structural conditions and various sea states are presented to demonstrate the features of SHARC.     

国外船舶破损稳性理论分析

船舶破损后的稳性问题是长期困扰造船界的难题,它涉及随机海况下破损船舶的摇摆、进水和倾覆等多方面的复杂技术问题。简要叙述了国外船舶破损进水后的稳性理论计算研究状况,介绍了国际上在破损船舶动力学模型、舱内进水与船体的相互作用、破损口处的进流与出流模拟等3方面的研究进展。研究表明,三自由度耦合的数学模型在处理舷侧破损问题方面很有效,而六自由度非线性数学模型是未来船舶破损稳性计算的发展趋势,而且必须将船体与进水当作相互高度耦合的动力系统,采用水动力学进水模型进行处理。今后,还需采用模型试验深入观测波浪中船舶破损后的物理现象,以了解破损稳性机理。     

Importance of several nonlinear factors on broaching prediction

In order to realize a more quantitative prediction of broaching and capsizing in following and quartering seas, existing mathematical modelling techniques should be upgraded. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically examine all factors relevant to capsizing in following and quartering seas. To this end, we first attempted to examine the prediction accuracy of wave-induced forces by comparing calculations with captive model experiments. As a result, we found that a wave-induced surge force has a certain nonlinearitiy with respect to wave steepness. The nonlinearity of sway–roll coupling with respect to sway velocity was also found, and our numerical result with these nonlinearities improves the prediction accuracy of the critical ship speed of capsizing in following and quartering seas. The importance of the wave effect on propeller thrust was also examined. We found that this effect is not negligibly small and could improve capsizing predictions in heavy following and quartering seas. Finally, we attempted to investigate the importance of nonlinear heel-induced hydrodynamic forces on numerical predictions of capsizing due to broaching. Here, we propose a new procedure for captive model experiments to obtain hydrodynamic forces with various heel angles up to 90°, and data on heel-induced hydrodynamic forces with respect to heel angle in calm water are provided. We then compare the numerical simulations with the nonlinear heel-induced hydrodynamic forces and without them. These time series comparisons show that the effect of nonlinear heel-induced hydrodynamic forces in calm water is not negligibly small for the case of ship capsizing due to broaching.     

船舶横浪倾覆试验及其数值模拟

本文介绍船模倾覆试验的结果及其数值模拟。试验表明，在横浪情况下船舶因装载造成的横倾角，会大大增加倾覆的危险性。对这一结论进行的数值模拟与实测结果符合良好。     

基于CFD的船舶破舱进水时域模拟

船舶因破损进水导致危险情况甚至倾覆是船舶安全性研究中的重要问题.船舶在破损后进水的过程中,可能存在比最终状态更加危险的中间状态.本文以STAR-CCM+软件为研究工具,实现了对某客滚船瞬时非对称进水的动态模拟.针对自由漂浮的客滚船破损情景,论文利用VOF方法模拟水气自由液面,并首次利用重叠网格(Overset Grid)动网技术结合DFBI(Dynamic Fluid Body Interaction)六自由度求解器处理船舶破舱进水过程中的船舶升沉、横摇等运动.模拟结果可以得到舱内液面和船舶浮态随进水时间的变化情况,观察到水柱射流、水花飞溅等瞬时现象;将最终浮态结果与传统准静态方法相比较,吻合较好.     

某客滚船主尺度变化对阻力性能的影响

[目的]从节能减阻方面对客滚船的主尺度比进行研究.[方法]利用模型试验和数值模拟的方法,研究船舶主尺度比(长宽比L/B、船宽吃水比B/T)变化对阻力性能的影响.[结果]结果表明,某700客位客滚船不同L/B方案之间的有效功率在较低航速时最大差异仅为150 W,在较高航速时最大差异增大到1300 W;不同B/T方案之间的...     

SOLAS概率破舱稳性及计算结果分析

以SOLAS2009规范为基础,结合Napa软件对一货船概率破舱计算结果的分析,提出优化极限GM曲线的若干方法,并对于残存因数等于零的破损状态处理方法做了详细的介绍。     

Simplified buckling-and-contact-based expansion method for assessment of crashworthiness of double-hulled ship structure

Ship-to-ship collision events can have severe consequences such as loss of life and environmental degradation. For this reason, modern ship designs are required to incorporate a double-hulled structure to prevent inner-hull damage from such events. Using the experimental or numerical method to analyze the crashworthiness of double-hulled ship structures entails much effort, for which reason neither method is easy to adopt at the early design stage. In this paper, an existing simplified method called Ito's method is improved by a new buckling-and-contact-based expansion method. This method can be applied to double-hulled-structure or outer-hull-local-rupture failure mode. The perpendicular bow-to-side collision scenario is assumed for a conservative estimation of damage to a double-hulled structure. The method was verified in the present study by numerical ship collision simulations of several cases. The results for the buckling-and-contact-based expansion method and numerical simulation were similar for a blunt shape of striking body but different for a sharp shape.     

Broaching prediction in the light of an enhanced mathematical model,with higher-order terms taken into account

 We have attempted to develop a more consistent mathematical model for capsizing associated with surf-riding in following and quartering waves by taking most of the second-order terms of the waves into account. The wave effects on the hull maneuvring coefficients were estimated, together with the hydrodynamic lift due to wave fluid velocity, and the change in added mass due to relative wave elevations. The wave effects on the hydrodynamic derivatives with respect to rudder angles were estimated by using the Mathematical Modelling Group (MMG) model. Then captive ship model experiments were conducted, and these showed reasonably good agreements between the experiments and the calculations for the wave effects on the hull and the rudder maneuvring forces. It was also found that the wave effects on restoring moments are much smaller than the Froude–Krylov prediction, and the minimum restoring arm appears on a wave downslope but not on a wave crest amidship. Thus, an experimental formula of the lift force due to the heel angle of the ship is provided for numerical modelling. Numerical simulations were then carried out with these second-order terms of waves, and the results were compared with the results of free-running model experiments. An improved prediction accuracy for ship motions in following and quartering seas was demonstrated. Although the boundaries of the ship motion modes were also obtained with both the original model and the present one, the second-order terms for waves are not so crucial for predicting the capsizing boundaries themselves. Received: June 20, 2002 / Accepted: October 10, 2002 Acknowledgments. This research was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (No. 13555270). The authors thank Prof. N. Rakhmanin of the Krylov Ship Research Institute for providing the Russian literature, as well as Mr. H. Murata of NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) for translating it into Japanese. Address correspondence to: N. Umeda (e-mail: umeda@naoe.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp)     

船舶在随机海浪上的稳性和倾覆研究进展

介绍了研究船舶在随机海浪上的稳性的三种方法:时域仿真、迈尔尼科夫法和首次穿越理论。对国内外运用这些方法研究船舶稳性的已有工作和最新进展做了综述。     

船舶参数激励非线性横摇运动方程

讨论了船舶在海浪上运动时参数激励产生的机理，建立了船舶参数激励和波浪激励非线性横摇运动方程。本文工作为研究倾覆机理奠定了基础。     

基于HHT的船舶非线性横摇运动响应特性研究

针对航行于海上船舶的横摇运动具有非线性非平稳的特点,探索采用希尔伯特-黄变换(Hilbert-Huang Transform,简称HHT)方法研究船舶在波浪中的非线性横摇运动的响应特性,对几种不同海况下的船舶的典型运动响应,首先通过经验模态分解提取典型横摇响应信号的固有模态函数(Intrinsic Mode Function,简称IMF),再对分解得到的IMF分量进行Hilbert变换,求得典型横摇响应信号的Hilbert谱,通过分析所得谱图的特征,获得船舶非线性横摇运动响应的动力学特性。仿真结果表明,HHT方法在分析船舶非线性横摇运动的动力学特性研究中具有可行性和有效性,从而为船舶运动分析研究提供了一个新的方法。     

船舶在波浪中航行时的安全操纵

船舶在波浪中航行,纯稳性丧失、参数激振和横甩是造成船舶倾覆的主要原因。针对波长与船长、波高与波长、波与船的波舷角三者对船舶稳性的影响进行讨论,揭示了船舶在波浪中航行时的稳性变化规律,提出了应合理地选择船舶的航行姿态、谨慎用舵等操船建议,保证船舶的航行安全。     

补给作业船舷侧碰撞损伤环境研究

基于横向补给作业中各个阶段可能出现的舷侧碰撞模式所确定的两船碰撞发生时的夹角和补给作业船受撞位置,进行横向补给作业船舷侧碰撞损伤仿真研究。分析了补给作业船的吸能特性和碰撞过程中两船的运动状态,获得了碰撞力、能量吸收和损伤变形的时序结果。该文的研究可对于开展补给作业船舷侧碰撞结构损伤评估、舷侧抗撞结构的优化设计提供指导。     

船艏横向加强框架对船艏耐撞性能的影响

在撞击过程中船艏结构的典型损伤是外壳板和内加筋的褶皱，撕裂和弯曲。在以前的船舶结构的碰撞分析的简化方法或数值模拟中往往略去横向肋骨框架对船艏碰撞性能的影响。本文利用有限元数值仿真方法研究了横向肋骨框架在碰撞损坏过程中的作用，发现其对船艏结构的损伤形态、碰撞力及能量耗散有重要影响。因而是碰撞计算中不可忽略的因素。     

SOLAS2020对我国客滚船的影响和对策

破舱稳性新规范SOLAS 2020将于2020年1月1日生效,该规范大幅度提高了对客滚船破损稳性的要求。本文首先对规范进行了简要的解析,随后基于国内最近生效的一条满足SOLAS 2009的大型客滚船进行大量的方案研究,对如何满足SOLAS 2O2O给出了的分析及合理且有效的建议。     

Probabilistic analysis of the hull-girder still water loads on a shuttle tanker in full load condition,for parametrically distributed collision damage spaces

Box-shaped damage affected volumes are applied, with parametric variation of their positions and extensions, to an otherwise intact shuttle tanker in full load condition. The vessel's deadweight is numerically calculated and the lightweight is estimated using semi-empirical formulations to a great extent. For each damage configuration, the final position attained by the ship is investigated and the corresponding global loads are assessed, in terms of still water vertical bending moment and shear force. The ship is considered to be floating in the absence of waves and a quasi-static version of a generalized adaptive mesh pressure integration technique code, for progressive flooding of floating objects, is used to model the progression of the floodwater and the vessel's attitude. The probabilistic model suggested by the Marine Environment Protection Committee of the International Maritime Organization (MEPC-IMO) is considered for the collision induced probabilistic distribution of the damage boxes. A total of 90 damage cases are considered and comparisons of the maximum loads and the location where these take place is carried out relative to the intact case. The minimum design values for still water bending moment and shear force, included in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers and Tankers of the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), are introduced in the analysis and their envelopes are compared with the numerically obtained values in light of a probabilistic assessment. Several conclusions are taken regarding the effects of the damage parameters variation, and important findings are presented specifically when accounting for the MEPC-IMO probabilistic distribution, in opposition to a uniform distribution of the damage cases.     

随机波浪作用下船舶倾覆前持续时间的研究

本文建议采用在随机波作用下船舶保持不倾覆状态所能持续的时间作为表征船舶稳性的指标。由于波浪外载荷随机性的特性 ,这一持续时间是一个随机变量 ,和某一概率相联系。本文运用马尔科夫过程理论和首次通过的概念研究确定这一持续时间和相应的概率。并将理论计算的结果与模型试验的结果进行了比较 ,两者之间有较好的吻合。