重新界定渔船定义加强渔船运载客货的安全管理

渔船,国际上的通常理解是指专门从事水产捕捞的船舶,这种船舶不能也不允许从事客货运输。但我国在法律法规的层面上对渔船没有明确定义,各管理部门对其范畴的理解以及部门规章和文件对其定义又各不相同,渔船在一些特定情况下也从事客货运输。我国对船舶的管理按照多种标准来划分管理主体和客体,实际执行中管理交叉;政府部门在安全管理上的责、权、利无法统一,职责落实存在问题,一出事故容易相互推诿。本文     

Possible effects of climate change on the spread of invasive marine species and implications for maritime industries

Global climate change stands to have major implications for maritime industries, including fisheries and aquaculture, recreation and tourism, and shipping and ports. Amongst these implications are the possible effects of climate change on the dispersal and distribution of marine species, as environmental conditions in the world’s seas and oceans change with climate change. This paper explores, in an introductory manner only, the potential impacts of climate change on marine bio-invasions, the possible effect of these impacts on maritime industries, and the possible implications for the way that we manage these industries, including ship’s ballast water and sediments and hull fouling, to prevent and reduce marine bio-invasions. The paper presents the case for the inclusion of this topic on the programme of 1st International Conference on the Impacts of Climate Change on Maritime Industries (ICCMI 2008), planned to be held in Malmö, Sweden in June 2008, where international experts in the science of climate change and marine bio-invasions might present more detailed scientific and technical papers on the issue.     

Changes in the design and operational wind due to climate change at the Indian offshore sites

The increasing global warming is most likely to affect the magnitude and pattern of wind at a regional level and such an effect may or not follow the trend predicted at the global scale. Regional level exercises are therefore necessary while making decisions related to engineering infrastructure. In this paper an attempt is made to know the extent of change in design as well as operational wind conditions at two offshore locations along the west coast of India. The design wind speeds with return periods of 10, 50 and 100 years derived for two 30-year time slices in the past and future are compared. In two separate exercises the past and future wind at the local level is simulated by empirical downscaling as well as by interpolation of the general circulation model (GCM) output. Both sets of past and future data are fitted to the Generalized Pareto as well as Weibull distributions using the peak over threshold method to extract long term wind speeds with a specified return. It is noticed that at the given locations the operational and design wind may undergo an increase of around 11%–14% when no downscaling is adopted and 14%–17% when the GCM data are downscaled. Although these figures may suffer from a certain level of statistical uncertainty the study points out to take a relook into the safety margins kept in the design and operation of ocean structures in the light of global warming.     

长江江阴段商船对渔船避让的安全措施研究

文中通过对渔船的种类及特点的介绍,结合单一商船和渔船碰撞的案例,分析了渔船和商船碰撞的主要原因,进而对商船航行在渔区时应采取的安全措施提出了一些建议。     

Distribution, reproduction and development of Calanus species in the Northeast water in relation to environmental conditions

The vertical and horizontal distribution of mesozooplankton biomass and its composition, together with the reproduction and development of the three dominant herbivorous copepods Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus, were studied in the Northeast Water between the end of May and end of July, 1993. Biomass varied between 0.15 and 10.6 g m⁻² and was lower on the shallow banks. Highest biomass was found on the shelf slope and in the entrances to Belgica and Westwind Troughs. There was no seasonal trend during the study period. Among the zooplankton taxa, copepods were dominant, with 84% biomass of all other taxa, followed by chaetognaths with 14%. The large Calanus species made up 91% of copepod biomass. The most abundant species, C. glacialis, inhabited areas of low current speeds on Belgica and Ob Bank, C. hyperboreus dominated shelf slope and trough stations, while C. finmarchicus was most abundant in the Return Atlantic Current along the shelf slope and also eastern Belgica Trough. C. glacialis was the only Calanus species spawning during this period, but young copepodites of the other species were also abundant. Egg production of C. glacialis was at a maximum by our arrival and continued to at least mid August. According to the results from starvation experiments, its egg production was fuelled by food uptake, but was decoupled from phytoplankton chlorophyll until July, indicating ice-algae and microzooplankton as an alternative food source. Only when the polynya approached its maximum extent was a close relationship to phytoplankton established. Due to both spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the occurrence of young copepodite stages it was impossible to follow the growth of cohorts of developmental stages. Herbivorous carbon requirements estimated from egg production rates were mostly less than one third of the phytoplankton stock. From egg production and the distribution of young stages, the outer Westwing Trough seems to be the centre of biological activities. This may be related to the formation of young ice in winter in this area, which was found to carry a large mass of under-ice algae. High biomass but low production in Belgica Trough indicate this as an advective and expatriated community of C. finmarchicus and C. hyperboreus, where grazing is negligible, at least during early summer.     

A critical look at SOLAS CH II-1 with respect to floodable length of compartments in RoPax ships

The paper presents findings of a research project (RP625) funded by the UK Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) with the purpose to provide evidence of equivalence, or lack thereof, between previous and currently in force legislative instruments governing damage stability of RoPax ships, with special focus on inboard spaces with low degree of subdivision, referred as long lower holds (LLH). The outcome of this research brings more clarity and reassurance to the industry and administrations when addressing the specific safety implications of new designs with such large un-subdivided spaces, specifically indicating that the present SOLAS 2009 regulations are able to adequately cater for ship design equipped with LLH.     

随机选择系统中任意随机变量序列关于乘积分布的一类强偏差定理

通过引进极限对数似然比的概念,作为任意随机变量序列相对于服从二项分布的独立随机变量序列的分布偏差的一种度量,通过限制似然比给出了样本空间的一个子集,在此子集上得到了赌博系统(又称随机选择系统)中任意随机变量序列的一类用不等式表示的强极限定理,作为推论得到了任意随机变量序列关于二项乘积分布的强偏差定理以及服从二项分布的独立随机变量序列的一族强大数定理.     

船舶触碰码头设施案件责任和损害赔偿认定

从实践角度,通过分析现行海商法部门法律体系与船舶触碰码头案件的有关规定,结合此类案件事实,论述如何适用过错责任原则认定侵权责任和如何确定损害赔偿。     

港口水域通航安全管理存在问题分析及对策

《港口法》生效实施以来,港口水域的通航安全监督管理状况发生了较大的变化。从海事机构水上安全监管的职责出发,结合当前港口水域的安全管理状况,对海事机构在港口水域通航安全监督管理中存在的主要问题,如港口水域界定、港口岸线使用许可、港口航道、锚地的划定、水上水下施工等,从法律法规、管理机制和日常监管等几个方面进行分析并提出具体建议。     

Benthic foraminifera in the surface sediments of the Beaufort Shelf and slope, Beaufort Sea, Canada: Applications and implications for past sea-ice conditions

This paper presents new data on distribution patterns of modern benthic foraminifera and other microfossils from the Canadian Arctic, specifically the Beaufort Shelf and slope. The material was collected in June to August of 2004 and is the first of its kind in this area to be collected since 1970. We examined the smaller sizes (45–63µm) as well as > 63µm and discovered that many species had been severely underrepresented in previous studies. Deep sea forms, that had been overlooked previously, were common on the shelf; two species (Elphidiella arctica and Ammotium cassis) appeared in preliminary results to be indicators of methane seepage; and it was possible to make determinations of sea-ice coverage using a combination of foraminifera and tintinnids (planktic ciliates). Our data indicated the presence of many of the same species as previous studies from this area, but improved techniques of sample processing greatly increased the number of specimens and species found (particularly the small deep sea arctic species Buliminella hensoni and Bolivina arctica) which provide much more reliable data for paleoceanographic determinations. One of the primary objectives for this work was to provide baseline data to help determine paleo-ice cover; these data cover a broad range of conditions on the Beaufort Shelf that make it possible to achieve this objective as well as improving what it is known about the assemblages on this shelf as compared to other arctic shelf areas, such as the Siberian Shelf).     

Simulated responses of the Gulf of Mexico hypoxia to variations in climate and anthropogenic nutrient loading

A mathematical model was used to simulate monthly responses of the Gulf of Mexico hypoxia to variations in climate and anthropogenic nutrient loading over a 45-year period. We examined six hypothetical future scenarios that are based on observed and projected changes in the Mississippi River discharge, Mississippi River nitrate concentrations, and ambient water temperatures. In particular, we investigated the implications of a 30% decrease in the Mississippi River nitrogen flux, which was recently proposed by the Mississippi River Watershed/Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia Task Force as a measure to reduce the size of the hypoxic zone. Model simulations suggest that the frequency of hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico is highly sensitive to variations in riverine nitrate flux, but also to variations in freshwater discharge and ambient water temperatures. A 30% decrease in the Mississippi River nitrate flux, for example, would reduce the frequency of hypoxia by 37%. Nevertheless, a 20% increase the Mississippi River discharge, which may occur under some climate change scenarios, would produce an increase in the frequency of hypoxia of the same magnitude. Thus, if the potential climatic variations are taken into account, a 30% decrease in the nitrogen flux of the Mississippi River may not be sufficient to accomplish the proposed hypoxia management goal.     

成山头水域商船与渔船碰撞事故原因及对策

针对成山头水域的商船与渔船碰撞事故特点,从七个方面分析总结了该水域商船与渔船碰撞事故的原因,内容涉及渔政管理、通航环境、船公司监管、船员管理及培训、雾航规则制定、VTS监控及航路设计等,提出了避免碰撞的对策。     

渤海湾客滚船运输安全现状分析及安全对策

一、渤海湾客滚船运输安全现状 1．渤海湾客滚船运输的发展渤海湾客滚船运输兴起于1990年(当时的大连轮船公司购买了第一艘二手客滚船“天鹅”轮),发展于1993 年水上运输市场的全面开放。由于车客滚装运输中蕴藏着可观的经济效益,吸引许多船公司在不具备必要条件时匆忙上马,争相购船,而且购买的船大都是国外淘汰或即将报废的船舶,在短短数年中,许多小航运公司,私营的、合伙的海运公司相继问世,挤入这一高利润市场,造成水运市场的混乱和无序竞争。在交通部《老旧船舶运输管理规定》出台前,在此航线上营运的船舶仅两条是新船,其余全部是进口的老旧二手船舶,达十几艘之多。许     

A human factors systems approach to examining oil spills in tankbarge operations: analysis and reappraisal of management policies

An important problem in the US maritime industry is the large number of oil spills that occur as a result of oil transfer operations involving tankbarges. Recently, the US Coast Guard initiated a new programme entitled Prevention Through People that represents a concerted effort towards preventing human errors leading to casualities and oil spills. The purpose of the study reported in this paper was to explore tankbarge oil transfer operations from the standpoint of regulatory, management, and operational perspectives in order to determine the likelihood that this new initiative will indeed result in a better understanding of the causal basis for human error in these operations and, more generally, in the maritime industry. The results of this novel study are discussed and summarized in terms of four broad classes of recommendations.     

立足海西保安全发挥优势促发展——专访福建海事局局长陆鼎良

福建海事局管辖区域北起福鼎沙埕,南至福建广东两省分界线,辖区内海域面积13.63万平方公里,海岸线6556公里(其中大陆海岸线3752公里,海岛岸线2804公里),居全国第二位.目前辖区内共有一类开放海港口岸8个,二类开放海港口岸23个.主要生产性码头507个,其中万吨级以上泊位54个.     

长波作用下与KC数相关的柔性植被对海岸结构物受力的影响(英文)

Extreme coastal events require careful prediction of wave forces.Recent tsunamis have resulted in extensive damage of coastal structures.Such scenarios are the result of the action of long waves on structures.In this paper,the efficiency of vegetation as a buffer system in attenuating the incident ocean waves was studied through a well controlled experimental program.The study focused on the measurement of forces resulting from cnoidal waves on a model building mounted over a slope in the presence and absence of vegetation.The vegetative parameters,along with the width of the green belt,its position from the reference line,the diameter of the individual stems as well as the spacing between them,and their rigidity are varied so as to obtain a holistic view of the wave-vegetation interaction problem.The effect of vegetation on variations of dimensional forces with a Keulegan-Carpenter number(KC) was discussed in this paper.It has been shown that when vegetal patches are present in front of structure,the forces could be limited to within F*￡1,by a percentile of 92%,90%,55%,and 96%,respectively for gap ratios of 0.0,0.5,1.0,and 1.5.The force is at its maximum for the gap ratio of 1.0 and beyond which the forces start to diminish.     

Changes in size at maturity of European hake Atlantic populations in relation with stock structure and environmental regimes

European hake (Merluccius merluccius) female size at maturity is estimated on an annual basis for Bay of Biscay and Galician coast, which are parts of the distribution of the Northern and Southern stocks, respectively. Clear trends in this reproductive parameter are observed along the time series and the potential factors affecting these trends have been investigated. Total biomass, different indexes of SSB, age diversity index, fishing mortality at age, NAO winter index, upwelling index and temperature were included in multiple regressions models to assess the relative importance of each of them on shifts in size at maturity.Bay of Biscay and Galician coast hake have followed different evolution in patterns of changes in size at maturity. In Bay of Biscay, a steadily decline of 15 cm has been observed from 1987 to 2004, which is well predicted by fishing mortality and age diversity, but also the environment may have played an important role. However, on the Galician coast a drastic decline of 16 cm from 1980 to 1988 was followed by a rapid increase in size at maturity during the next 10 years to original values and a stable period in the last 6 years. Decreasing biomass may explain the decline in size at maturity in the first period. However, total biomass and spawning biomass declined even during the period when size at maturity increased, which is contrary to compensatory theory. Shifts in environmental regime, NAO and upwelling, may have contributed to a decelerated growth during this period that might explain the later maturation.     

解放思想 改变观念 努力打造行政执法一面旗

行政执法一面旗建设是依法治国方略实施和经济社会发展的必然要求,是海事事业可持续发展的必然保障。一面旗建设从抓根本、打基础、完善基本制度入手,在海事事业发展成果的基础上,突出强调了海事队伍综合素质的进一步提高和社会形象的进一步提升,是海事工作经验的总结和升华,是“一家人一盘棋”理念的继承和发展,是提高“三个服务”能力和水平的重要举措。     

监管与服务并举 安全和发展共赢——连云港海事局帮扶港航企业“危”中寻“机”侧记

曾有人将连云港海事局在江苏沿海大开发中的作用定位为“东方桥头护碧波,黄海明珠撤祥和”,如今,国际金融危机肆虐全球,航运业受害首当其冲,而被定位为连云港核心战略资源、肩负以港兴市重大使命的外贸主导型海港——连云港港,在金融危机风暴中,所受的影响更是明显。按照“保增长、保民生、保稳定”的总体部署,为帮扶航运企业渡过难关,服务地方经济社会发展,连云港海事局积极探索、主动作为,出台了《连云港海事局帮扶港航企业应对金融危机实施意见》。该《意见》中的十项主要措施囊括了船舶、船员、通航、法制、海事政务等五个大方面。在实施过程中,连云港海事局一手抓安全、一手抓服务,努力帮扶港航企业在应对挑战中开创新局面,在克服困难中实现新发展,实现了辖区航运安全和发展共赢的局面。     

如何做好内河干流雾季的水上安全监管工作

一、雾对航行安全的影响据统计,近几十年来发生的数千次海上碰撞和海损事故中,大约70%以上发生在低能见度的雾天。据不完全统计,仅1997年3月份,浙江沿海就发生雾航重大事故7宗,沉没海轮4艘,死亡和失踪36人,经济损失数千万元。据一位英国船长对2000次碰撞事故的统计,有70%的碰撞