血液净化治疗急性肾衰时D-D、t-PA和PAI的改变及临床意义

目的研究不同的血液净化方法治疗急性肾衰竭(ARF)时D-二聚体(D-D)、组织型纤溶酶原激活物(t-PA)和纤溶酶原激活物抑制物(PAI)的动态变化及临床意义。方法将37例ARF患者随机分为3组:血液透析(HD)组、血液透析滤过(HDF)组、血液滤过(HF)组,测定治疗前、治疗1、4h后血浆中D-D含量及t-PA、PAI活性,并进行对比分析。对照组为14例健康人。结果①ARF患者D-D含量及PAI活性较对照组明显升高,而t-PA活性明显降低(P<0.05);②HD治疗过程中D-D含量和PAI活性持续升高,t-PA活性持续下降,各个时间段之间均有显著性差异(P<0.05);HDF和HF治疗过程中D-D含量和PAI活性先升高后下降,t-PA活性先下降后升高,各个时间段之间均无显著差异(P>0.05);③治疗4h后,HDF和HF对D-D含量及t-PA、PAI活性的影响与HD相比存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论ARF患者体内存在凝血-纤溶系统的紊乱,HD可以加重这种改变。采用HDF或HF治疗可以降低或避免对患者凝血机能的影响,提高临床疗效。     

不同透析方法对移植肾功能延迟恢复的影响

目的　比较不同透析方法对肾移植后肾功延迟恢复(DGF)的影响,以期选择合适的透析方法,提高移植效果。方法　观察应用不同透析方法治疗 DGF 患者时血压、细胞因子的变化和疗效。结果　采用高容量血液滤过(HVHF)治疗过程中低血压发生率 4.85%,肾功能恢复时间(9.1±4.3)d,术后感染发生率 9.52%,均较血液透析(HD)组低[低血压发生率 7.8%,肾功能恢复时间(21.4±7.6)d,术后感染发生率 20%];腹膜透析组低血压发生率6.25%,肾功能恢复时间(15. 5±6. 7) d,术后感染发生率 37. 5%,后两项指标高于 HVHF 组; HVHF 组治疗后,TNF- α、IL- 1β和 IL- 6的水平较治疗前明显下降,而HD组治疗前后无明显差异。结论　高容量血液滤过是一种较好的治疗DGF的方法。     

慢性肾功能不全患者血清一氧化氮水平及其在血液透析中的变化

应用硝酸还原酶法检测了 31例慢性肾功不全患者及 2 6例血液透析( HD)患者血透过程中血清一氧化氮 ( s- NO)水平的变化。结果表明 :慢性肾衰患者 s-NO水平明显升高 ( P <0 .0 0 1 ) ;合并高血压组 s- NO水平低于无高血压组 ( P <0 .0 5 ) ;HD过程中 s- NO浓度逐渐下降 ,HD2 h、HD4h与透析前比较差别显著 ( P <0 .0 0 1 ) ;透析过程中血压升高与 s- NO下降有一定关系。结论 :慢性肾功衰竭患者 s-NO水平升高可能与肾功能明显减退有关 ;HD能清除硝酸盐 ,透析中 s- NO下降可能是导致透析中血压升高的原因之一。     

维持性血液透析患者血清Hepcidin、sTfR测定在铁缺乏中的应用价值

目的检测维持性血液透析患者(MHD)、非透析终末期肾脏疾病患者(ESRD)血清中铁调素(hepcidin)和血清转铁蛋白受体(serum transferring receptor,sTfR)的水平变化,探讨其在肾性贫血铁缺乏中的作用。方法选择维持性血液透析患者80例、非透析终末期肾脏疾病患者80例,健康体检者80例作为对照组。ELISA法检测血清Hepcidin、sTfR、总铁结合力(TIBC),同时测定血清铁(Fe)、铁蛋白(FER)、血清转铁蛋白(TRF),比较组间差异。结果 1维持性血液透析患者和非透析终末期肾脏疾病患者血清hepcidin和sTfR水平均明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。2与非透析ESRD组相比,MHD组的血清hepcidin和sTfR水平显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3相关分析显示,血清hepcidin与Scr、hs-CRP、血清铁(Fe)、铁蛋白(FER)呈正相关,r分别为0.515、0.312、0.290、0.286,P均<0.01;与HGB、eGFR、HCT、TRF、TIBC呈负相关,r分别为-0.466、-0.362、-0.285、-0.248、-0.224,P<0.05。4血清sTfR水平与铁蛋白、转铁蛋白饱和度(TSAT)有相关性,相关系数分别为-0.764、-0.519,P均<0.01;与血红蛋白和红细胞压积有相关性,相关系数分别为0.378和0.514,P均<0.01。5血清hepcidin、sTfR联合铁蛋白或转铁蛋白饱和度诊断缺铁时,绘制受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC),曲线下面积为90.8%,对应的灵敏度为93.3%,特异度为77%。结论血清hepcidin、sTfR联合铁蛋白或转铁蛋白饱和度对于ESRD患者合并肾性贫血铁缺乏的评估及治疗有重要意义。     

先天性脊柱畸形合并泌尿系畸形患者的肾功能评估

目的评估先天性脊柱畸形合并泌尿系畸形患者的肾功能。方法前瞻性收集先天性脊柱畸形合并泌尿系畸形的患者和年龄、体质量相近的健康人,并分成肾脏畸形组、尿路畸形组和健康对照组。检测血肌酐、尿素、胱抑素C、估计肾小球滤过率(eGFR)用于评估患者的一般肾功能;检测尿微量白蛋白(mALB)、α1-微球蛋白(α1-MG)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)和N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)用于评价患者的早期肾功能。结果共募集到肾脏畸形患者16例、尿路畸形患者14例、健康对照组20例,3组之间的血肌酐、尿素、胱抑素C以及eGFR均在正常范围内,且各指标无统计学差异(P>0.05);3组之间的mALB、α1-MG以及NAG浓度存在统计学差异(P<0.05),而β2-MG浓度未见统计学差异(P>0.05);肾脏畸形组的mALB以及NAG浓度显著高于尿路畸形组,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而α1-MG浓度在两组间未见明显差异(P>0.05)。结论先天性脊柱畸形合并泌尿系畸形患者存在肾功能早期损害,且相较于尿路畸形患者,肾脏畸形患者的肾损害程度更严重。     

胱抑素C及其他标志物诊断糖尿病肾病效能的比较

目的 探讨血清胱抑素C(CysC)、血肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)及β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)和尿微量白蛋白(m-Alb)对于诊断糖尿病肾病的临床意义.方法 选择197例2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者,常规方法测定Scr及BUN;用放免法测定血β2微球蛋白和尿微量白蛋白,用99mTC-DTPA法检测肾小球滤过率(GFR),用PENIA法测定血CysC.并比较各观察指标AUCROC.结果 在早期糖尿病肾病,CysC的曲线下面积均大于Scr、BUN、β2-MG及m-Alb,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而且,血清CysC水平与GFR呈明显负相关(P<0.01).结论 血清CysC对于糖尿病肾病的诊断较Scr、BUN、β2-MG、m-Alb更为敏感;并可以较准确地反应GFR,是判断肾功能损害程度的敏感指标,有很好的临床价值.     

慢性肾脏病患者血清硒元素水平及其与临床指标的相关性

目的探究血浆硒含量在我国慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者各个阶段的严重程度及与临床指标相关性。方法检测107名研究对象(包括23名健康对照、10名CKD3期、11名CKD4期、45名CKD5期、6名腹膜透析及12名血液透析患者)的基本临床指标和硒、铁、铜、钙、钾、磷6项元素的血浆含量。结果随着患者肾功能不全的进展,患者血浆中的硒元素不断下降,尤其在终末期接受血液净化治疗的患者中,以腹膜透析患者血浆中硒含量最低;CKD患者血浆硒含量与血白蛋白、血总胆固醇、血三酰甘油呈正相关,与甲状旁腺素、血尿素氮及血肌酐水平呈负相关;CKD不同分期患者的血浆硒含量与钙元素呈正相关。结论 CKD患者普遍存在低血硒,且与病情严重程度及临床指标相关,应深入研究,以期为低硒地区人群精确补硒及CKD发病率的防治提供坚实的理论依据。     

伊贝沙坦治疗原发性高血压临床疗效及其肾功能保护作用

目的　探讨伊贝沙坦对原发性高血压(EH)患者降压的疗效及其对肾小球滤过功能和肾小管重吸收功能损害的保护作用。方法　采用自身对照试验,选取68例原发性高血压患者,口服伊贝沙坦每日一次,共8 周。每 2~3 日随访血压和心率并记录不良反应,观察治疗前后血压(BP)、心率(HR)、血清肌酐(Cr)、每分钟内生肌酐清除率(Ccr)、尿素氮(BUN)、血β2微球蛋白、尿β2微球蛋白(β2- MG)、尿白蛋白、尿免疫球蛋白 G(IgG)、24 h尿总蛋白的变化。结果　经8周治疗,收缩压、舒张压、血β2 MG、尿β2- MG、尿白蛋白、尿 IgG、和 24 h尿蛋白定量较治疗前下降,Ccr升高,经检验均有统计学意义;68例患者治疗前后心率、血Cr和BUN无显著变化,整个治疗期间无明显不良反应发生。结论　EH肾脏损害,微蛋白尿的出现及Ccr的下降先于血Cr和BUN的升高,肾功能损害早期肾小球滤过功能和肾小管重吸收功能均受累,伊贝沙坦通过阻断肾素 血管紧张素系统在安全有效降压的同时可减轻和延缓高血压引起的肾功能损害。     

三聚氰胺致泌尿系结石患儿尿肾功测定的意义

目的测定因食用含三聚氰胺超标奶粉致泌尿系结石的患儿尿肾功,探讨三聚氰胺对肾小球、肾小管功能的影响。方法对2008年4月~2008年12月在甘肃省20家医院进行"三聚氰胺致婴幼儿泌尿系结石调查"中筛查阳性的180例婴幼儿尿液,进行尿微量白蛋白(UMA)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、α1-微球蛋白(α1-MG)的定量测定,观察三聚氰胺对肾小球、肾小管功能的损害情况,以及损害程度与结石部位、婴幼儿性别、年龄、食用奶粉时间的相关性。结果 180例患儿中有31例患儿出现UMA异常[(10.79±19.19)μg/mL],19例患儿出现β2-MG异常[(65.19±137.83)μg/mL],而α1-MG未见异常[(0.41±0.34)μg/mL]。统计结果显示,UMA异常存在统计学差异(P<0.05),β2-MG、α1-MG无统计学差异(P>0.05);UMA、β2-MG异常与奶粉使用率存在正相关。结论食用三聚氰胺污染奶粉对小儿肾小球、肾小管功能有损害,且年龄越小、服用三聚氰胺污染奶粉时间越长其损害程度越重。     

2型糖尿病肾病患者血清内脂素水平的变化

目的探讨2型糖尿病非透析患者在不同疾病发展阶段血内脂素水平变化情况,并分析血内脂素与肾功能的关系及其可能的影响因素。方法选择2型糖尿病非透析患者病例104例,健康对照(NC)18例。病例组根据24h尿微量白蛋白及血肌酐分为糖尿病无肾病组(DM)、糖尿病肾病肾功能正常组(DN)、糖尿病肾病慢性肾功不全组(CRF)。测量所有受试者生理指标,检测生化指标,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定空腹血清内脂素水平,校正简化的美国肾脏病膳食改善实验(MDRD)公式评估肾小球滤过率(eGFR),并分析各指标的关系。SPSS16.0软件进行统计学分析。结果 DM组、DN组及CRF组患者空腹血清内脂素水平均低于NC组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在DM组、DN组及CRF组,内脂素水平呈现逐渐降低的趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。血内脂素与尿素氮、胱抑素、收缩压、血糖呈负相关(r=-0.295,-0.303,-0.280,-0.252,P<0.05),与白蛋白、血红蛋白呈正相关(r=0.243,0.288,P<0.05)。胱抑素是血内脂素水平的独立相关因素。结论内脂素可能参与2型糖尿病及糖尿病肾病的发生发展,并且与肾功能有关,可能具有肾脏保护作用。     

Serum renalase inversely related to heart rate variability in dialysis patients

Heart rate variability （HRV） is a noninvasive technique for autonomic nerve activity assessment and an indirect index of adrenergic cardiovascular drive. Renalase is the only known enzyme degrading circulatory catecholamines, participating in regulations of the cardiovascular and sympathetic nervous systems. This study aims at the relation between serum renalase and HRV indexes in dialysis patients. There were 14 hemodialysis （HD） cases, 16 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis （PD） cases, and 16 healthy volunteers enrolled in this study. All the subjects underwent 24 h Holter testing by using a dynamic electocardiogram monitor system to determine HRV parameters, and serum renalase levels were measured. The standard deviation of normal to normal R-R intervals （SDNN, a measure of beat-to-beat variability）, root mean square successive difference （RMSSD）, and the proportion derived by dividing NN50 （the number of interval differences of successive normal to normal intervals greater than 50 ms） by the total number of NN intervals （pNN50） were determined to assess HRV. Both HD and PD patients presented increased maximum heart rate （Max-HR）, minimum heart rate （Min-HR） and average heart rate （Ave-HR）, and presented decreased SDNN, RMSSD and pNN50 relative to healthy controls. Serum levels of renalase were highly negatively correlated with Ave-HR （correlation coefficient r = -0.68, probability P 〈 0.01）, while positively correlated with SDNN （r = 0.64, P 〈 0.01） in both the HD and PD groups. Serum level of renalase was positively correlated with 24 h urine volume （r = 0.73, P 〈 0.01） in PD patients. Renalase might be reciprocally related to HRV and inversely related to Ave-HR in dialysis patients, which will help to probe into renalase＇s physiology and may pave the way to explore renalase replacement therapy in patients with end stage renal disease （ESRD）.     

The effect of Levocarnitine on nutritional status and lipid metabolism during long-term maintenance hemodialysis

Objective To investigate the effect of Levocarnitine on lipid metabolism and nutritional status of maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients and possible mechanism. Methods A total of 40 MHD patients [mean age (53.5±7.1) years] who underwent normal hemodialysis more than 6 months were randomly classified into two groups, Levocarnitine supplemented group (LS-G) (n=20; Levocarnitine supplementation after each normal hemodialysis session, at a dose of 1.0 g/day by intravenous administration) and control group (C-G) (n=20; normal hemodialysis). Before treatment, one month and three months after treatment we respectively measured or observed the following items, the tolerance to hemodialysis, carnitine level in plasma, C-reactive protein, IL-6, TNF-α, percentage of neutrophil, and some relevant nutritional parameters, such as lipid profile, transferrin, total protein, albumin and prealbumin levels. Comparative analysis was conducted between the two groups. Results In LS-G three months after treatment, the levels of carnitine, hemoglobin, and prealbumin in plasma were significantly increased (P<0.05), but C-reactive protein, neutrophil percentage, low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in contrast to those in C-G and before treatment. Transferrin, total protein, and albumin were elevated in LS-G, with no statistical significance. Conclusion There was a significant improvement of lipid metabolism and nutritional status for the long-term maintenance hemodialysis patients with Levocarnitine supplementation. And this improvement is related to the decrease of inflammatory factors.     

Survey on arteriovenous fistula in maintenance hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy

This paper summed up the characteristics of native arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) in maintenance hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy (DN) in Chinese hemodialysis centers. A survey was conducted on AVF in maintenance hemodialysis patients with type 2 DN. A total of 224 cases of maintenance hemodialysis patients were included in this study, among which, 65 cases in DN group, 33 cases in diabetes mellitus (DM) group and 126 cases in non-diabetic control (C) group. Hemoglobin, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, parathyroid hormone and calcium-phosphate product of the three groups of patients were not significantly different. Glycated hemoglobin A1c of DN group and DM group was not significant different. AVF life of (28.7 ± 10.0) months in DN group was significantly shorter than that of (36.5 ± 19.4) months in C group (statistic probability P <0.01), and AVF life of (32.5 ± 10.1) months in DM group (P <0.05) was also shorter than that in C group, while there was no significant difference in AVF life between DN group and DM group. Proportion of upper arm fistula in DN patients (11/65) was significantly higher than that in C group (6/123, P < 0.01). Life of AVF in patients with DN was relatively short, with more times of angioplasty and greater possibility of selecting upper arm internal fistula.     

Solute clearance effect of citrate anticoagulation hemodialysate for hemodialysis in patients with high risk of bleeding

Objective To study the solute clearance effect of the new concentrated anticoagulation hemodiaiysate of citrate for hemodialysis in patients with high risk of bleeding. Methods Forty-two kidney failure patients with high risk of bleeding were divided into two groups (Group A and Group B) according to their hemodialysis manners. Patients in Group A were hemodialyzed with bicarbonate hemodialysate with low-molecular-weight heparin (dalteparin) anticoognlation and those in Group B with the new citrate antieoagnlation hemodialysate prepared in our hospital without any other anticoagulant. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) concentrations were measured before and after dialysis, and Kt/V and urea reduction rate (URR) were calculated. In addition, activated clotting time (ACT) and ionized calcium (iCa2 ) concentration were also measured at the arterial and venous ends. Results ACT was extended and iCa2 concentration decreased significantly at the venous end compared with those at the arterial end in Group B (P<0.01). BUN and Cr concentrations were markedly decreased after dialysis compared with those before dialysis in both groups (P<0.01), and no significant difference in solute clearance effect, as indicated by Kt/V and URR, was observed between Group A and Group B (P>0.05). Conclusion The solute clearance effect of the new concentrated anticoagnlation hemodialysate of citrate is excellent during hemodiaiysis in kidney failure patients with high risk of bleeding.     

营养支持在肾移植围手术期的应用

目的探讨肾移植围手术期的营养支持。方法对163例肾移植患者围手术期营养支持方案和营养状况进行回顾性分析。根据患者手术前后2周内实际营养摄入量的不同分为实验组(相对高氮摄入量组,n=89)和对照组(相对低氮摄入量组,n=74)。对比其术后第2周末的氮平衡、体重、血清蛋白及血红蛋白、血脂、肾功能的变化情况。结果实验组氮平衡显著优于对照组;两组间体重无明显差异;实验组血清蛋白明显高于对照组;两组血红蛋白无显著差异;两组血脂术后除载脂蛋白AI实验组显著高于对照组外,其他指标差异不显著;对照组肾功能指标恢复明显好于实验组。结论肾移植术后早期仍应控制氮的摄入量,尽量减轻移植肾的负担,保护移植肾的功能。     

血液净化对肾综合征出血热炎症介质的清除作用

目的　通过观察连续性肾替代治疗 (CRRT)对肾病综合征出血热 (HFRS)患者肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF α)、白介素 6(IL 6 )及内皮素 1(ET 1)的清除作用 ,探讨炎症介质在HFRS中的作用。方法　将诊断为HFRS的中型及以上类型患者 4 0例随机分为两组 :CVVH组 2 0例行CVVH ,HD组 2 0例行HD。用ELISA法检测TNF α和IL 6浓度 ,放射免疫法测定ET 1浓度。结果　①CVVH组及HD组少尿天数 (3.0± 2 .1,6 .0± 3.4 )、并发症发生率 (2 5 % ,4 0 % )及病死率 (15 % ,2 5 % )差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。②两组治疗前后血肌酐和尿素氮下降有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。③CVVH组治疗后血中TNF α、IL 6和ET 1均较治疗前明显降低 ,差异均有显著性意义 (P均 <0 .0 1) ;HD组治疗前后血中TNF α、IL 6和ET 1无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。④CVVH组滤出液中可持续检测到IL 6及ET 1,未检测到TNF α。透出液中未检测到上述炎症介质。结论　连续性血液净化治疗可清除炎症介质 ,改善HFRS的病理生理过程 ,改善肾功能和预后 ,减少并发症 ,降低病死率 ,是治疗HFRS的最佳方法     

慢性肾衰血液透析患者外周血淋巴细胞CD15s抗原的表达

目的了解血液透析患者的外周血淋巴细胞表面CD15s抗原的表达。方法应用流式细胞技术检测慢性肾衰(CRF)血液透析患者的外周血淋巴细胞表面CD15s抗原的表达,并进行临床分析。结果长期透析患者外周血淋巴细胞CD15s表达水平为1.81±0.79,与正常对照(1.05±0.13)相比有所升高(P<0.05)。结论长期行血液透析的慢性肾衰患者外周血淋巴细胞表面CD15s表达升高。