大跨度中承式拱桥侧向稳定的空间有限元分析

以浙江淳安跨度为198m的中承式钢管混凝土劲性骨架拱桥为工程背景，采用通用的有限元软件ANSYS，分析了拱肋刚度及横向联系刚度、设置的位置、形式等因素对大跨度中承式拱桥侧向稳定的影响，为此类桥梁的设计和施工提供参考。     

漫谈矿山法隧道技术第三讲——锚杆

分析我国隧道锚杆支护技术中存在的主要问题,包括： 1）没有实现商品化; 2）多采用注浆式锚杆,没有针对不同的围岩条件采用不同的锚杆; 3）不设垫板的锚杆比比皆是; 4）锚杆功能单一; 5）锚杆施工管理不到位。针对这些问题： 1）重申了锚杆的功能; 2）认为要实现锚杆的商品化,首先要求锚杆规格标准化,生产工厂化,介绍了英国的《锚杆技术标准》,指出我国也应着手编写《锚杆行业标准》,以利于锚杆商品化的实现,或者以一条新铁路线或以企业为试点设置锚杆制备厂; 3）着重介绍了提高锚杆支护功能的措施--提高附着刚性和剪切刚性、提高锚固材料的充填饱满度、强化锚杆施工管理; 4）介绍了几种新型锚杆的构造、规格、功能、优点、适用条件等,包括摩擦式锚杆（ZAM膨胀型锚杆、高承载力摩擦式锚杆、具有排水效果和注浆功能的锚杆）和纤维锚杆; 5）介绍了发光型简易锚杆轴力计,并将其与通常的轴力量测进行对比,结果大致吻合。最后指出,锚杆的首要问题是加快工厂化（商业化）进程,编制了行业标准; 提高锚杆支护效果要在锚固材料和围岩2方面下功夫; 针对性地加强对摩擦式锚杆的研究及锚杆充填率评价方法的研究也应提到日程上来。     

基于K均值和不变矩的粒子滤波视频目标跟踪

针对传统的粒子滤波算法存在的粒子退化现象和需要大量粒子才能保证状态预估计的精度,导致视频序列目标实时跟踪难以实现的问题进行了研究,提出了一种基于K均值和不变矩的粒子滤波实时目标跟踪算法。首先对最初采样的粒子集采用K均值算法进行聚类,将N个粒子分配到K个聚类中心;然后将不变矩算法引入到粒子的选取中,通过与上一帧目标位置最接近的三类聚类中心进行不变矩匹配,选择其中与目标模块最接近的那一类进行粒子滤波跟踪运算。实验结果表明文中提出的改进算法能够很好的解决粒子退化的问题,只需要采用较少的粒子就能达到很好的跟踪精度,大大的减少了计算量,改善了粒子滤波的实时性的问题。同时,在一定程度上解决了目标跟踪中相似背景的干扰和目标遮挡的问题。     

雨夜驾驶人对黑色障碍物视认距离变化规律研究

为预防和减少雨夜道路交通事故,定量研究降雨强度对驾驶人视认距离变化规律,以确定行车速度、停车视距及限速选择,进行实际道路试验研究。试验共选择被试38人,在不同降雨量的雨夜,选用黑色障碍物,在不同车速条件下,进行驾驶人空间距离判识实际道路试验。试验共进行71组,最终依据速度和降雨强度,聚类为25组不同条件下全样本试验。统计全部结果,分析数据分布特征。利用曲面回归分析方法,建立视认距离随降雨量和行车速度变化规律函数模型。模型相关系数为0.9832,模型有效度系数为0.94,可有效表示视认距离与瞬时降雨强度和行驶速度之间的关系。研究表明,随着单位时间内降雨量增加,视认距离缩短;随着行驶速度增加,视认距离减小;当两因素耦合作用于驾驶人时,会因为视认距离减小导致允许反应时间缩短。      

基于3种可视图的进场航班流量波动特性适应性评估

在空域资源优化配置、运行效率提升、飞行安全保障等方面, 掌握空中交通流量波动规律发挥着先导性、基础性和关键性作用。为评估可视图、水平可视图、有限穿越可视图这3种图对航班流量波动特性及其演化的刻画能力, 针对同1个进场航班流的多尺度流量时间序列构建复杂网络, 分别从网络的整体结构和局部结构开展了适用性评估分析。针对网络整体结构特点, 提出了基于网络结构从属阵特点的网络细节损失率定义, 再通过k-core聚类分析考察了k阶核量化流量波动强度的适用性; 针对网络局部结构特点, 利用motif方法计算波动模式转移概率, 分析了不同长度序模体刻画波动演化的适应性水平。分析结果表明: ①当有限穿越可视图网络N值与节点数量占比在0.48%~1.442%区间时, N值的选择能够保证从属阵细节损失率在0.5范围内; ②可视图与有限穿越可视图(N=1~3)均能有效刻画航班流量时间序列的波动强度, 对时间序列波动的适应性评估值分别为2.665、4.810、6.973和9.883;③motifs序列长度过短, 将导致motifs类型数量少、不同motifs类型之间的转移概率趋于相同, 而在交通流混沌特性的影响下motifs序列过长对于预测没有意义, 因此, 可视图及N=1~3的有限穿越可视图motifs序列长度推荐使用选择4~7个节点长度。综上所述, 运用k-core聚类与motifs方法能有效分析整体网络与局部网络下波动模式的转移特征, 准确揭示空中交通时间维度的演变规律, 相关分析结果可以为航班延误预测提供依据, 能在航班实际运行管理中发挥先导性作用。      

Association of reduced visibility with crash outcomes

Most of the information necessary for driving a vehicle is regarded as visual information. In spite of its importance, visibility conditions at the time of a crash are often not documented at a high level of detail. Past studies have not examined the quantified values of visibility and its association with crashes. The current study merged data collected from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) with 2010–2012 Florida crash data. From the thousands of logged weather events compiled by the NOAA, the researchers isolated periods of normal visibility and comparable periods of reduced visibility in a matched-pairs study. The NOAA data provided real visibility score based on the spatiotemporal data of the crashes. Additionally, the crash data, obtained from Roadway Information Database (RID), contains several geometric and traffic variables that allow for effects of factors and visibility. The study aims to associate crash occurrence under different levels of visibility with factors included in the crash database by developing ordinal logistic regression. The intent is to observe how different visibility conditions contribute to a crash occurrence. The findings indicate that the likelihood of a crash increase during periods of low visibility, despite the tendency for less traffic and for lower speeds to prevail during these times. The findings of this study will add valuable knowledge to the realm of the impact of visibility in the way of using and designing appropriate countermeasures.     

LED主动发光交通标志视认性能研究（双语出版）

为了给道路交通标志的设计与应用提供参考,针对LED点阵式发光标志、LED半透式发光标志和传统逆反射标志,考虑光照强度、闪烁频率、发光形式等因素的影响,进行了交通标志视认性能的驾驶试验研究。采用方差分析研究各个因素对标志视认距离影响的显著性及其交互作用。基于驾驶模拟器进行视认性能对比试验,采用配对样本t检验比较了半透式发光标志与逆反射标志的视认距离,并根据试验数据分析不同光照强度下半透式发光标志的最佳亮度区间。结果表明：在光照强度为200 lx的下午,LED主动发光标志相对于逆反射标志只增加了2~4 m的视认距离;而在光照强度为0.5 lx的晚间,视认效果则提升显著,点阵式和半透式发光标志的视认距离相比逆反射标志分别提升了39.7%和80.4%。闪烁发光无论快慢,对于LED主动发光标志的视认效果均无提升。另外,半透式发光标志的亮度过高时会产生眩光效应,不利于驾驶人辨识标志内容,且最佳亮度区间随着环境光照强度的变化而变化。因此,在光照条件较差的情况下,推荐采用常亮LED半透式发光标志。     

深层搅拌桩隔离墙应用于软基高速公路扩建工程的数值分析

以某绕城公路扩建工程为背景,采用二维弹塑性有限单元法分析了采用深层搅拌桩隔离墙处理扩建部分软基的适宜性。分析结果表明深层搅拌桩隔离墙的加固方案是可行的,并且综合考虑施工可行性、成本经济性等,提出了适宜的墙体宽度、强度要求及其墙体的最佳设置位置。     

A mechanism to enhance bicycle conspicuity and visibility and increase detection distances: New insights into bicycle safety

Poor sensory conspicuity and poor visibility of bicycles are key factors that correlate strongly with bicycle-vehicle accidents. Although researchers have explored how to improve detection distances, i.e., the distances from which bicycles can be recognized by other road users, there is a dearth of research on ways to signal bicyclists' presence on the road. This study investigates how to enhance, at minimum cost, the level of visibility and sensory conspicuity of bicycles; it also considers ways to signal their presence to other road users, without necessitating any active behavior by bicyclists themselves. In the first study, the level of visibility of 6 rear-end components of bicycles was analyzed according to Adrian's model; the sensory conspicuity of these same components was analyzed via respondent perceptions in conditions of sunlight, twilight with no car headlights, twilight with car headlights, and night with car headlights. The level of visibility and sensory conspicuity of the 6 rear-end components were compared with considering angular size of the components under 4 lighting conditions. The level of visibility of the rear fender was good under sunlight and night-time conditions; in other conditions, the level of visibility was directly affected by painting the fender a silver color with reflectivity and also by the fender's angular size. However, the rear tire, among the 6 components tested, had a higher visible area when used with a short fender; it also produced rotational effects during riding conditions with no extra effort by the cyclists. In the second study, adhesive tape with specific patterns and 6 different color combinations were applied to the rear tire of a bicycle under the same lighting conditions, with the aim of creating a strong signal of the bicycle's presence for other road users. Among the 6 combinations, white stripes overlaid on the color red provide an optimal combination in terms of detection distance. The mean detection distance of white stripes on red in sunlight was 138.67 m, 94.67 m in twilight without car headlights, 94 m in twilight with car headlights, and 53.67 m at night with car headlights. In addition, this combination strongly signals the presence of the bicycle to other road users with no extra effort by the cyclists, thereby reducing the likelihood of drivers looking but failing to see bicycles. In sum, the study recommends that bicyclists install white stripes overlaid on red, in order to increase visibility and conspicuity and signal the presence of their bicycles, thereby reducing the likelihood of cyclist-vehicle collisions.     

A review of behavioural issues contribution to motorcycle safety

Motorcycles are considered as one of the extreme modes of conveyance contributing to road accidents. Reports revealed that the number of deaths caused by motorcycles is significantly higher than by any other means of transportation. A large percentage of motorcycle accidents occurred mainly due to human behaviour. The objectives of this paper are to unveil and analyse certain behavioural patterns of riders influencing the motorcycle mishaps through literature reviews on various aspects of riding behaviours including the lack of visibility and alertness, and speeding issues. This is important for a comprehensive and broad understanding of the riders' behavioural and performance traits associated with speeding, visibility, and alertness issues. Thus, collisions due to these issues may be avoided. This study summarizes 104 selected articles published in Springer, Elsevier, Tylor & Francis, IEEE, US Patent, WHO and others, distributed over the year of 1981 to 2019, which were further separated into four classes; 22 articles (21%) on the speeding issues, 25 articles (24%) on the visibility issues, 24 articles (23%) related to alertness issues, and 33 articles (32%) comprising of other studies related to motorcycles. All these research papers highlighted the ways to reduce the risks from speeding and to improve the visibility and alertness of motorcycle riders. As a conclusion, the study found that by applying the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) in motorcycles, road accidents may be reduced. It is also well noticed that the headlight of motorcycle and the use of fluorescent jacket increase the conspicuity of a motorcyclist. Moreover, the Daytime Running Light (DRL) of a motorcycle may also reduce accidents. It is also noted that the use of sensors on steering wheel increases the alertness of drivers. Finally, a framework to gain an improved understanding on the motorcycle riders' behaviour related issues and the ways to handling them were recommended. On top of that, this study had also suggested a new technological utilisation to improve the management of speeding, visibility and alertness issues. Provided that these concerns are addressed, a drop in the number of accident occurrences is possible.     

Effectiveness of retro-reflective tape at the rear of heavy trucks to increase visibility and reduce rear-end collisions

The purpose of this study is to compare the visibility of various colors and patterns of retroreflective tapes and evaluate the effect of human and environmental factors on the detection of distance, perception-reaction time, and heart rate while driving behind heavy trucks with different patterns of retroreflective tapes. The Kitami Institute of Technology Driving Simulator (KITDS) was used for the experiment throughout this study. BACS Advance (TAOS Institute) is another piece of equipment used to measure heart rate and used to determine the driver's level of stress. Five patterns of retroreflective tape designs were evaluated and compared. The results of the study clearly show that the most visible retroreflective tap pattern is the fully outlined alternating red and yellow retroreflective tape following Regulation No.48 from UNECE, in comparison to the other patterns tested. Gender, driver age, the speed of the following vehicles, tape width, tape pattern, lighting conditions, and weather conditions significantly affect the detection distance. Driver age significantly affects the perception-reaction time. The perception-reaction time is significantly longer for drivers behind trucks with no retroreflective tape at the rear-end. Therefore, the selection of the most effective color and pattern of retroreflective tape is very important in order to increase the visibility of heavy trucks and reduce the chances of rear-end truck collisions, particularly at nighttime or in conditions with limited visibility. This study strongly recommends that countries which have not implemented regulations concerning the placement of retroreflective tape on the rear of large trucks, or have implemented the regulation but not in accordance with UNECE Regulation No.48, should consider revising their regulation to improve the visibility of large trucks.     

基于物联网的军事装备信息可视化系统研究

物联网技术的巨大潜力使得其在军事领域中颇受关注,将有力地推动军事装备信息可视化的发展。为实现军械仓库的智能化管理,文章在探讨物联网与军事装备信息可视化关系的基础上,进行基于物联网的军事装备信息可视化系统研究设计,并分别对其层次模型、结构模型以及系统主要流程予以详细阐述。系统的合理设计符合军事需求的牵引,希望在实现物联网在军械仓库中的有效应用之后能够进一步提高我军军械仓库管理水平。     

低能见度驾驶员视觉主动增强系统设计

通过对低能见度恶劣天气条件下，前方道路场景图像清晰度评价、增强和道路环境场景图像实时再现等同题的研究，提出了基于车载红外传感器和毫米波雷达传感器的驾驶员视觉增强系统设计方案，并运用信息融合和图像增强策略改善低能见度天气条件下的道路环境场景。     

基于FLAC3D的单桩静载模拟桩土接触面参数敏感性研究

原位静载试验结果与数值模拟结果常出现较大偏差,原因是计算模拟中桩土接触面参数取值不准确,且不同参数对计算结果敏感性不同。为使模拟结果对实际工程具有更强的实践意义,应逐一研究桩土界面参数对计算结果的影响规律,针对性地提高桩土界面参数取值的准确性。基于FLAC3D,控制改变接触面单元黏聚力c、内摩擦角φ、接触面刚度Kn和Ks取值,获得每个参数对静载试验结果的敏感程度。结果表明:桩土界     

喷雾冷却法应用于雪山隧道降温之研究

在夏季高温国家,隧道内空气温升问题于高车流量长公路隧道为日渐重要之严肃课题,针对台湾雪山隧道研究喷雾降温系统应用于隧道降温之可行性。雾滴粒径为喷雾降温系统的重要设计因子,首先建立喷雾降温系统雾滴之数学模式计算不影响驾驶能见度之雾滴粒径,及以计算机数值分析隧道相对湿度、喷雾水量、水温及隧道风速对喷雾降温系统之影响,同时由模拟结果拟定喷雾降温系统之设计参数,并于雪山隧道内设置喷雾降温设施,进行全尺度试验。实验结果显示,喷雾降温可在不影响驾驶能见度条件下有效降低隧道温度。     

大跨度岩溶隧道施工工法比选

随着我国高速公路的发展,在岩溶地区修建隧道工程日益增多,选择合理施工工法是隧道施工安全稳定的重要一环。根据大跨度岩溶隧道中溶腔的发育程度、发育位置以及溶腔内充填物性质的不同,隧道需采用不同施工工法。以乐昌至广州高速公路段某大跨度岩溶隧道为例,采用有限元软件对其进行了三台阶法、单侧壁导坑法和双侧壁导坑法等3种施工工法的比选。最后得出结论：双侧壁导坑法在岩溶隧道施工中能有效的控制围岩塑性区的发展和洞周位移,并且能够有效改善围岩的受力状态,适当提高衬砌的应力水平,是较为合理的施工工法。可为岩溶地区高速公路隧道设计施工提供一定的参考。     

公路隧道遮光棚频闪效应可见度研究

为改善驾驶员出入隧道时的行车舒适性，应在公路隧道格栅式遮光棚概念设计时采取有效措施降低频闪效应。基于太阳辐射理论模型，分析太阳辐射季节变化对格栅频闪光波的影响；引入频闪效应可见度指标，定量评估强太阳辐射时格栅式遮光棚下光波的频闪效应；并基于频闪效应可见度分析格栅周期、亮度占空比和调制深度等因素对格栅式遮光棚频闪效应的影响。最后，结合实际工程案例对格栅式遮光棚下频闪效应的降低进行了设计优化。结果表明: 1) 频闪效应可见度与格栅周期和太阳辐射强度密切相关，与太阳辐射角无关; 2)在特定的格栅周期内，调制深度可显著地调节频闪效应可见度，而亮度占空比对频闪效应可见度的影响可以忽略不计。     

基于红外测距的道路前方车辆探测预警系统研究

进行道路前方车辆探测预警系统设计时,通常采用红外测距仪来获取道路前方车距信息,并以此作为前车探测的基础数据。为了消除系统状态误差和测量误差对车距信息数据精度的影响,可根据车距信息和相对车速不会突变的特性建立预测模型,基于此预测模型,应用Kalman滤波理论准确预测相对车速,并利用车距信息和相对车速计算安全距离报警阈值。试验证明该探测及预警方法可大大提高车辆探测的准确性和鲁棒性。     

一种手机定位数据的非运动数据聚类剔除方法

从手机定位数据中获取道路交通信息效果并不如人意,其中手机定位数据中包含了大量的＂噪声＂是一个重要原因。以某区域的手机定位数据为基础,根据蜂窝网基站的点数据,创建了与之对应的泰森多边形;采用空间邻近关系聚类的方法,对手机定位数据的非运动数据进行了剔除。实验结果表明,该方法可以有效地解决上述问题。     

地质雷达在公路隧道衬砌检测中的应用研究

为提高地质雷达检测隧道衬砌的精度,在分析实测过程的各个环节时,要尽量减少检测过程对结果的影响。以长坂坡隧道衬砌检测为研究对象,在不用测量轮的情况下,通过缩小内插桩号间距,减少人工移动天线速度不均造成的误差,提高检测数据在轴向的精度。通过计算已知厚度端的衬砌混凝土电磁波速度,采用其均值作为相应衬砌段的混凝土电磁波速度,反算出混凝土厚度,避免了直接采用介电常数计算造成的误差,并把误差控制在厘米级,提高了检测精度。