A comprehensive review of the development of adaptive cruise control systems

It has been 15 years since the first generation of adaptive cruise control (ACC)-equipped vehicles was available on the market and 7 years since the ISO standard for the first generation of ACC systems was produced. Since the next generation of ACC systems and more advanced driver-assistant systems are at the verge of complete introduction and deployment, it is necessary to summarise the development and research achievements of the first generation of ACC systems in order to provide more useful experiential guidance for the new deployment. From multidimensional perspectives, this paper looks into the related development and research achievements to objectively and comprehensively introduce an ACC system to researchers, automakers, governments and consumers. It attempts to simply explain what an ACC system is and how it operates from a systematic perspective. Then, it clearly draws a broad historical picture of ACC development by splitting the entire history into three different phases. Finally, the most significant research findings-related ACC systems have been reviewed and summarised from the human, traffic and social perspectives respectively.     

汽车ACC系统纵向控制六模式切换策略仿真研究

为了增强现有六模式汽车自适应巡航(ACC)系统全工况下的适应性,文中综合考虑了2车相对速度、相对距离和本车速度等参数对ACC系统控制策略的影响,提出了1种六模式ACC系统控制模式的划分方法,并定量地确定了控制模式划分的边界条件.为了使ACC系统能够根据车辆行驶工况做出合理的响应,分别设计了各控制模式的加速度算法.将模式划分方法及控制策略建立相应的Simulink模型,考虑到PreScan具有场景建立便利性和可视化等优点,采用PreScan仿真场景并通过CarSim车辆动态模型,对所设计的六模式ACC系统进行了仿真试验.仿真结果表明:提出的六模式ACC系统,在全工况特别是前车切入等复杂工况下,较现有的六模式ACC系统表现出更好的适应性.      

三维激光扫描技术与数码影像地质编录系统隧道围岩信息采集应用对比研究

通过现场试验,将三维激光扫描技术与数码摄影地质编录进行应用对比,了解三维激光扫描技术在隧道掌子面及边墙地质信息提取的应用效果,根据现场实际需求情况,将两者优势进行集成,为开发新型隧道地质编录系统开拓思路。试验证明： 利用现有三维激光扫描软件系统,实现如地质产状等信息的自动提取还有一定距离,但经过后期软件开发,利用激光回波强度分析、点云数据处理等,三维激光扫描技术具有产状自动识别、岩层厚度计算、掌子面前方产状预测等潜在优势。现有数码摄影地质编录系统也无法进行编录要素自动提取,但现场边墙编录效果好于三维激光扫描技术。     

基于双模式执行器的商用车自适应巡航控制系统

为实现商用车自适应巡航控制(ACC)系统的功能,开发了双模式制动执行装置和电子油门控制装置,即基于高速开关阀的商用车气压电控辅助制动系统和双模式油门控制系统,可以实现驾驶员和ACC系统的协同切换控制。在此基础上,以某商用车为对象,设计了ACC系统,结合比例-积分控制器和Smith预估补偿器设计了ACC的下位控制算法。结果表明:该ACC系统速度稳态跟踪误差小于1 m.s-1,距离稳态跟踪误差小于1.5 m;同时油门执行器和制动执行器具有安装方便、与原车电子油门及气压制动系统兼容性好的优点。     

数字图像处理技术在粗集料形状方面的研究综述

利用数字图像处理技术进行集料颗粒形状评价,能克服传统测量评价方法中的不足,可更加准确、全面地评价集料颗粒形状。关于数字图像技术在粗集料颗粒形状特征方面的研究,国内起步较晚,大多数是在混合料方面中的应用,对集料的研究少且主要在混合料的内部二维图像结构分析中;国外的研究较早,现在已基本成熟,除了能以单个CCD摄像机为基础进行集料图像二维特征分析外,还能利用3个CCD同时拍摄,直接利用3个方向的数字图像重构集料的三维特征,也成功利用计算机摄影断层技术和激光扫描技术实现了从简单的二维形状描述到三维形状重构,进而对集料颗粒形状特征进行有效的评价。     

High Performance ACC System Based on Sensor Fusion with Distance Sensor, Image Processing Unit, and Navigation System

Curve sensors used in first generation “Adaptive Cruise Control” systems (ACC) are based on steering angle sensors, lateral accelerometers or yaw rate sensors. The disadvantage of these curve sensors is that they do not have any preview characteristics. This leads in many driving situations to misinterpretations by the ACC system, e.g. wrong path assignments of vehicles ahead because of non-constant curve radii particularly in the beginning and ending of curves. The consequence is that the ACC car brakes due to vehicles in adjacent lanes or it ignores relevant obstacles. In the following a second generation ACC system will be presented whose curve sensor is realized by a real time image processing system with the support of a GPS-based navigation system. This multi-sensor fusion system is now suitable for collision avoidance and stop and go applications.     

Driver curve speed model and its application to ACC speed control in curved roads

A speed control algorithm for an ACC (Adaptive Cruise Control) system for curved roads is proposed based on driver behavior characteristics. As the foundation of this research, a driver speed model for curved roads is developed using a series of experimental data regarding driver behavior. To adapt the model to each driver’s individual curve speed behavior, the coefficients of the model are identified in real time from the data sequences collected during drivers’ manual operation stage by a self-learning algorithm based on a Recursive Least-Square (RLS) method with a forgetting factor. Using this algorithm, the parameters of the driver model can be identified from the data collected in the manual operation phase, and the identification results are applied during the ACC automatic control phase. Based on the developed model, the ACC speed control algorithm is modified to provide each individual driver with a customized speed profile for the scenario of a curved road with no car ahead. Tests verify the applicability of the modified system.     

基于三维GIS的城市地下管线管理系统研究综述

由于传统的二维管网GIS系统已经不再满足现今社会经济发展的需要,因此从二维管网GIS技术向三维管网GIS技术过渡的角度出发,探讨了三维地下综合管线管理系统建设中的若干关键技术,包括地上与地下同步浏览、二维与三维联动分析、三维管线分析3个方面.     

隧道危石识别及防控研究现状与发展趋势

隧道危石垮塌防控是隧道安全建设面临的重大理论与技术难题,针对危石垮塌机理复杂且缺乏有效的探测技术及方法,难以对其实现有效防控的问题,在系统整理国内外研究资料的基础上,从隧道危石地质调查、危石识别理论、危石监测及控制方法3个方面总结了隧道危石识别与防控的研究现状。在隧道危石地质调查方面,数字罗盘接触测量、近景摄影测量、激光扫描已成为支撑隧道危石地质调查发展的三驾马车,初步形成了基于结构面网络模拟的三维岩体结构信息集成分析方法;在隧道危石识别方面,危石静态及动态识别理论研究取得长远发展,初步形成了静-动结合的隧道危石稳定性判识方法;在隧道危石监测及控制方面,虽然做了一些工作,但尚未形成有效的隧道危石监测及控制技术方法。随后结合笔者团队正在开展的研究工作,系统阐述了现有隧道危石防控理论及技术的不足,并对隧道危石防控对策进行了相关探讨,认为隧道危石防控的研究重点和趋势有以下3点：物-钻-表三位一体的岩体结构探测方法;岩体结构模型跨尺度联合重构方法;隧道危石"点-域"同步监测及靶向控制技术。研究结果可为广大研究者和应用者提供了一个探讨的基本框架,并为本领域研究提供了一定的参考。     

基于驾驶员特征的汽车自适应巡航控制研究

汽车自适应巡航控制系统(ACC)是当前汽车驾驶员辅助系统研究中的热点课题之一。在介绍ACC原理和对驾驶员行为特征进行分析的基础上，建立了2自由度ACC控制模型，并对模型跟随前车和前车切入情况进行了模拟分析。     

Design of a headway distance control system for ACC

A headway distance control system for adaptive cruise control (ACC) must provide the driver's desired response at all times while maintaining stability. Therefore, a two- degree-of-freedom model was adopted for the headway distance control unit to allow response and stability to be designed as independent parameters. The desired response was decided based on the results of various driving tests and driving simulations. Using these results as the reference model has achieved the smooth response and stability required for ACC.     

摄影测量与激光扫描融合技术研究

基于提高激光扫描和摄影测量在三维建模和信息提取上优势互补效果的目的,采用了一种激光扫描技术在摄影建模基础上进行平差融合的方法,通过对建筑物进行摄影测量和地面摆站激光扫描相结合的数据处理试验,得出了通过两者技术融合在统一坐标系点云构建具备可行性的结论,并在试验结论中提出了进一步研究的意见.     

清晰扫描

激光扫描不仅能够大大节省工程师的时间和成本，而且能够精确的三维图像。[编者按]     

PUSLE-EKKO地质雷达在隧道超前地质预报中的应用

阐述了地质超前预报的必要性和重要性,介绍了PUSLE-EKKO系列地质雷达系统构成及探测原理,举例说明PUSLE-EKKO地质雷达在公路隧道建设中的应用。     

架站式三维激光扫描技术在金华轨道交通的应用

金华—义乌—东阳城际轨道交通工程是浙中地区第一条轨道交通线路，全长达107 km，对浙中地区交通发展具有重大意义。该线路盾构法隧道基本已施工完成，考虑到盾构法隧道自身结构特点及金华地区地质情况，有必要在线路运营前对成型管片结构进行现状调查，为隧道运营条件提供依据。现主要介绍基于FARO X系列三维激光扫描仪的架站式扫描技术，无需使用靶球进行测站间的衔接，应用于金华-义乌-东阳首条城际轨道交通线路的隧道初始状态调查工作中，探讨了三维扫描技术计算盾构隧道管片水平收敛的精度与可靠性。从实际效果来看，采用架站式扫描技术的外业工作量较小，较传统调查方法效率大幅提升，用于隧道管片的水平收敛测量精度较为可靠，对于成型隧道的现状调查具有良好的适用性。     

Sensor fusion-based lane detection for LKS+ACC system

This paper discusses the market trends and advantages of a safety system integrating LKS (Lane Keeping System) and ACC (Adaptive Cruise Control), referred to as the LKS+ACC system, and proposes a method utilizing the range data from ACC for the sake of lane detection. The overall structure of lane detection is the same as the conventional method using monocular vision: EDF (Edge Distribution Function)-based initialization, sub-ROI (Region Of Interest) for left/right and distance-based layers, steerable filter-based feature extraction, and model fitting in each sub-ROI. The proposed method adds only the system for confining lane detection ROI to free space that is established by range data. Experimental results indicate that such a simple adaptive ROI can overcome occlusion of lane markings and disturbance of neighboring vehicles.     

毫米波立体成像雷达

毫米波雷达目前是车用探测雷达中最为主要的探测器件,但目前的毫米波雷达是进行二维扫描平面扫描,如何进行立体扫描是毫米波使用的重要研究方向,文章利用波束集中及3D MIMO计算实现了立体点云扫描。     

Smoothing dry friction damping by dither generated in rolling contact of wheel and rail and its influence on ride dynamics of freight wagons

Friction dampers of mechanical systems are frequently exposed to medium-frequency (M-F) dither generated in the surrounding environment. A dithered system of technical importance is the railway freight wagon with friction dampers in the primary suspension developing two-dimensional friction, where dither is generated by the rolling contact of wheel and rail. This paper presents some results of the investigation of the influence of dither on dry friction damping. This influence has been studied experimentally and theoretically, and the parameters of dither influencing dry friction damping have been indicated. An experimental set-up has been designed that allows investigating friction damping in the presence of dither. The experiments have shown that friction damping in the presence of the M-F dither behaves like viscous damping. This means that dither smoothes dry friction as far as damping is concerned. To investigate this phenomenon theoretically, a rheological model of dry friction has been proposed that is applicable to one- and two-dimensional friction. In the latter case, the model takes into account friction anisotropy. According to performed numerical simulations of freight wagon motion, with dither supplied to the model through measured vertical accelerations of axle boxes, smoothing dry friction by dither strongly influences ride dynamics of the wagon with friction dampers in the primary suspension. Smoothing dry friction by dither should be accounted for in numerical simulations of motion of vehicles with friction dampers in the primary suspension by employing a proper model of the two-dimensional friction and application of realistic dither generated by rolling contact.     

Self-tuning control algorithm design for vehicle adaptive cruise control system through real-time estimation of vehicle parameters and road grade

The main purpose of this paper is to design a self-tuning control algorithm for an adaptive cruise control (ACC) system that can adapt its behaviour to variations of vehicle dynamics and uncertain road grade. To this aim, short-time linear quadratic form (STLQF) estimation technique is developed so as to track simultaneously the trend of the time-varying parameters of vehicle longitudinal dynamics with a small delay. These parameters are vehicle mass, road grade and aerodynamic drag-area coefficient. Next, the values of estimated parameters are used to tune the throttle and brake control inputs and to regulate the throttle/brake switching logic that governs the throttle and brake switching. The performance of the designed STLQF-based self-tuning control (STLQF-STC) algorithm for ACC system is compared with the conventional method based on fixed control structure regarding the speed/distance tracking control modes. Simulation results show that the proposed control algorithm improves the performance of throttle and brake controllers, providing more comfort while travelling, enhancing driving safety and giving a satisfactory performance in the presence of different payloads and road grade variations.     

利用数值模拟仿真探地雷达地下障碍物探测

探地雷达方法没有严格的场地要求,只需满足适用该法的地球物理条件即可,方法简便,效率高,应用范围逐渐拓宽。但在复杂场地条件下,雷达剖面上异常体的判断比较困难。而利用数值模拟方法,结合现场条件,对目标体进行数值模拟计算,参照模拟的结果进行对比解释,将有助于异常体的判断,提高解释的准确性。文中结合探地雷达在地下障碍物探测工作中的实际应用,通过数值模拟初步判断地下障碍物在雷达图像上的反映,进而对采集的资料进行相关分析,取得了良好效果。