Study of diesel spray combustion and ignition using high-pressure fuel injection and a micro-hole nozzle with a rapid compression machine: improvement of combustion using low cetane number fuel

This study aimed to reduce NO_x and soot by creating a more homogeneous lean fuel distribution in a diesel spray using high-pressure fuel injection and a micro-hole nozzle. This injection system shortened the ignition delay, but a homogeneous lean fuel distribution in the diesel spray was not achieved. Using a lower cetane number fuel, the resulting longer ignition delay made a uniform, lean fuel distribution in the diesel spray possible with this injection system. Ignition and combustion were analyzed by the combustion chamber pressure history, and flame temperatures and KL values were analyzed by the two-color method.     

Effect of injection condition and swirl on D.I. diesel combustion in a transparent engine system

The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of injection conditions and swirl on D.I. diesel combustion using a transparent engine system. The test engine is equipped with a common rail injection system to control injection conditions and to obtain split injection characteristics. A combustion analysis and steady flow test were conducted to measure the heat release rate due to cylinder pressure and the swirl ratio. In addition, spray and diffusion flame images were obtained using a high speed camera. The LII & LIS methods were also used to obtain 2-D soot and droplet distributions. High injection pressure was found to shorten ignition delay, as well as to enhance peak pressure. The results also revealed that the heat release rate in the premixed combustion region was markedly reduced through the use of pilot injection, while the soot distribution and the heat release rate in the diffusion combustion region were increased. The swirl effect was found to shorten ignition delay at certain injection timings, and to enhance the heat release rate in all experimental conditions.     

喷油控制参数对中置喷油器GDI发动机喷雾及燃烧的影响

针对匹配中置高压喷油器的直喷汽油光学发动机,试验研究了不同喷油时刻及喷油压力下的缸内燃烧及喷雾发展特性,分析了燃油喷射控制参数对直喷汽油机缸内喷雾及燃烧的影响规律。研究结果表明:随第三段喷油时刻(θ_(SOI3))提前,燃烧持续期与滞燃期均先减小后增大,燃烧特征参数均在θ_(SOI3)=120°BTDC时存在明显拐点,此时平均指示压力(p_(mi))的循环变动系数C_(OVpmi)相对较小;第三段喷油时刻过晚,活塞上行距上止点较近,易导致油束冲击活塞表面;提高喷油压力可缩短燃烧持续期,有助于改善燃烧定容度,但喷油压力过大,油束贯穿距进一步延长,油束冲击缸壁的倾向增加,滞燃期及燃烧持续期反而延长。     

Low temperature premixed combustion within a small bore high speed direct injection (HSDI) optically accessible diesel engine using a retarded single injection

An optically accessible single-cylinder high speed direct-injection (HSDI) Diesel engine equipped with a Bosch common rail injection system was used to study low temperature Modulated Kinetics (MK) combustion with a retarded single main injection. High-speed liquid fuel Mie-scattering was employed to investigate the liquid distribution and evolution. By carefully setting up the optics, three-dimensional images of fuel spray were obtained from both the bottom of the piston and the side window. The NOx emissions were measured in the exhaust pipe. The influence of injection pressure and injection timing on liquid fuel evolution and combustion characteristics was studied under similar fuel quantities. Interesting spray development was seen from the side window images. Liquid impingement was found for all of the cases due to the small diameter of the piston bowl. The liquid fuel tip hits the bowl wall obliquely and spreads as a wall jet in the radial direction of the spray. Due to the bowl geometry, the fuel film moves back into the central part of the bowl, which enhances the air-fuel mixing process and prepares a more homogeneous air-fuel mixture. Stronger impingement was seen for high injection pressures. Injection timing had little effect on fuel impingement. No liquid fuel was seen before ignition, indicating premixed combustion for all the cases. High-speed combustion video was taken using the same frame rate. Ignition was seen to occur on or near the bowl wall in the vicinity of the spray tip, with the ignition delay being noticeably longer for lower injection pressure and later injection timing. The majority of the flame was confined to the bowl region throughout the combustion event. A more homogeneous and weaker flame was observed for higher injection pressures and later injection timing. The combustion structure also proves the mixing enhancement effect of the liquid fuel impingement. The results show that ultra-low sooting combustion is feasible in an HSDI diesel engine with a higher injection pressure, a higher EGR rate, or later injection timing, with little penalty on power output. It was also found that injection timing has more influence on HCCI-like combustion using a single main injection than the other two factors studied. Compared with the base cases, simultaneous reductions of soot and NOx were obtained by increasing EGR rate and retarding injection timing. By increasing injection pressure, NOx emissions were increased due to leaner and faster combustion with better air-fuel mixing. However, smoke emissions were significantly reduced with increased injection pressure.     

二甲醚发动机的燃烧与排放研究

在一台2135直喷柴油机上，对燃油供给系统进行了适当的改造，测试了燃用二甲醚发动机的燃料喷射时刻、气缸压力和有害排放，计算分析了放热规律及滞燃期变化规律。研究结果表明，在供油提前角相同的情况下，二甲醚的喷射延迟比柴油长而滞燃期比柴油短，着火时刻落后于柴油；二甲醚的最大放热速率小，而燃烧持续期短；二甲醚发动机接近无烟排放，N0x排放浓度显著低于柴油机。     

基于2阶段喷射的缸内直喷汽油机HCCI燃烧的研究

在缸内直喷汽油机（GDI）上采用2阶段燃油喷射技术来控制缸内混合气形成和燃烧，在GDI发动机上实现了均质混合气压燃（HCCI）燃烧方式，研究了缸内2阶段汽油喷射对HCCI燃烧特性的影响。结果表明，压缩行程中的第2次喷油时间可以有效地控制燃烧始点，二次喷油持续期可以控制燃烧速率、燃烧相位和拓宽发动机负荷。     

汽油缸内二阶段喷雾参数的优化

用三维计算流体力学(CFD)软件模拟了点火时刻、喷雾方向和喷雾锥角等参数对汽油缸内二阶段喷射发动机缸内压力、放热规律和排放特性的影响。研究表明,点火时刻和喷雾方向对发动机性能有较大影响,而喷雾锥角对发动机性能影响不大。     

Effect of a 2-stage injection strategy on the combustion and flame characteristics in a PCCI engine

Recently, to reduce environmental pollution and the waste of limited energy resources, there is an increasing requirement for higher engine efficiency and lower levels of harmful emissions. A premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engine, which uses a 2-stage type injection, has drawn attention because this combustion system can simultaneously reduce the amount of NOx and PM exhausted from diesel engines. It is well known that the fuel injection timing and the spray angle in a PCCI engine affect the mixture formation and the combustion. To acquire two optimal injection timings, the combustion and emission characteristics of the PCCI engine were analyzed with various injection conditions. The flame visualization was performed to validate the result obtained from the engine test. This study reveals that the optimum injection timings are BTDC 60° for the first injection and ATDC 5° for the second injection. In addition, the injection ratio of 3 to 7 showed the best NOx and PM emission results.     

Simulation of mixed gas formation for a spray-wall complex guided LPG direct injection engine

To obtain an ultralean air-fuel ratio and to reduce engine-out NOX and HC emissions induced by the richer mixture near the spark plug, a spray and wall complex guided combustion system has been developed by utilizing the fuel characteristics of LPG. The new combustion system configuration is optimized by using a commercial CFD code, FIRE V2013, and the reliability of the system has been experimentally demonstrated by Plane Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF). The mixture formation in the new combustion system under part load (2,000 rpm) is numerically simulated. With an injection timing of 40°CA BTDC, the LPG spray which is injected from two upper holes, reaches the ignition point, and the other part of the LPG spray which is injected from the bottom hole, is directed to the ignition point through the vertical vortices at the same time. At the ignition timing of about 20°CA BTDC, the two-part mixtures have been shown to form a stable and richer stratified mixture around the ignition point, and the maximum global air-fuel ratio reaches to 60: 1.     

预喷射对轻型车用柴油机排放性能的影响

以某轻型车用柴油机为样机,研究了预喷射对柴油机排放及燃油经济性的影响.研究表明:采用预喷射可以对燃烧室进行预热.缩短主燃烧滞燃期,降低缸内最高燃烧温度,从而降低NOx的排放,同时炭烟排放及燃油经济性要好于单纯推迟喷油提前角的单次喷射方案;随着预喷油量的增加,NOx炭烟和燃油消耗率都有所上升,预喷提前角对轻型车用柴油机燃...     

电控高压共轨柴油机燃用生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的燃烧特性

针对1台6缸增压中冷电控高压共轨柴油机,在不改变原柴油机结构和喷油参数的条件下,研究了生物柴油的掺混比例对发动机燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:小负荷时发动机有预喷射,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的滞燃期缩短、缸内最高燃烧压力下降,预喷阶段压力升高率峰值和瞬时燃烧放热率峰值减小,且对应的相位提前;主喷阶段压力升高率峰值和瞬时燃烧放热率峰值增大,且对应的相位后移。随着负荷的增大,发动机喷油策略改为单次喷射,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,缸内最高燃烧压力下降,燃烧持续期缩短,压力升高率峰值略有增大,瞬时燃烧放热率峰值逐渐减小且对应的相位前移。两种不同负荷条件下,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,混合燃料的指示热效率逐渐下降。     

柴油机高压及微孔径下燃油雾化特性的数值研究(Ⅱ)——湍流模型对燃烧的影响

为了有效模拟燃油燃烧过程,向计算流体力学平台KIVA-3V中加入了大涡模拟程序,同时耦合了化学反应动力学软件Chemkin,建立了喷雾燃烧过程的大涡模拟燃烧平台。研究了在高压和微孔径条件下两种湍流模型对燃油雾化燃烧过程的影响,同时对1台Caterpillar 3401重型柴油发动机缸内燃油喷雾燃烧过程进行了数值研究。结果显示,大涡模拟得到的燃油的燃烧过程与试验结果较为接近,燃烧温度分布及缸内压力变化趋势都要好于雷诺平均模型。     

直喷汽油机催化器快速起燃的试验研究

针对EA888直喷汽油机建立了试验台架及试验测控系统,通过试验研究了过量空气系数和两次喷射比例对催化器起燃特性的影响规律。试验结果表明,采用微稀的混合气有利于催化器的快速起燃,采用两次喷射有助于推迟点火,提高排气温度,缩短催化器起燃时间。     

基于喷射正时的柴油机燃烧和排放研究

基于集成电控单体泵柴油机,讨论了喷射正时对柴油机燃烧及排放特性的影响规律。喷射正时对滞燃期和速燃期有显著的影响,从而影响放热规律、缸内压力和燃烧温度,进而对NOx和PM排放特性有显著的影响。在中大负荷下,随着喷射正时的滞后,放热率曲线相对于上止点的相位滞后,缸内最高燃烧温度下降,NOx排放下降,PM排放升高。在中小负荷下,随着喷射正时的进一步滞后,NOx和PM的排放同时下降。     

单燃料天然气发动机试验研究

将一台6105Q柴油机改造为点燃式单燃料天然气发动机。对发动机的进气系统、燃烧系统等进行了优化设计。试验过程中配用了不同形式的天然气供气系统及点火系统。试验结果表明，天然气供气方式及点火系统的不同对天然气发动机的性能有较大影响。该天然气发动机采用电控多点燃气喷射技术及电控点火技术时，动力性与原柴油机相当，排放性能明显改善。     

Enhancement of NOx-PM trade-off in a diesel engine adopting bio-ethanol and EGR

For realizing a premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engine, the effects of bio-ethanol blend oil and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on PM-NOx trade-off have been investigated in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine with the compression ratio of 17.8. In the present experiment, the ethanol blend ratio and the EGR ratio were varied focusing on ignition delay, premixed combustion, diffusive combustion, smoke, NOx and the thermal efficiency. Very low levels of 1.5 [g/kWh] NOx and 0.02 [g/kWh] PM, which is close to the 2009 emission standards imposed on heavy duty diesel engines in Japan, were achieved without deterioration of the thermal efficiency in the PCCI engine operated with the 50% ethanol blend fuel and the EGR ratio of 0.2. It is found that this improvement can be achieved by formation of the premixed charge condition resulting from a longer ignition delay. A marked increase in ignition delay is due to blending ethanol with low cetane number and large latent heat, and due to lowering in-cylinder gas temperature on compression stroke based on the EGR. It is noticed that smoke can be reduced even by increasing the EGR ratio under a highly premixed condition.     

Combustion characteristics of hydrotreated vegetable oil – diesel blend under EGR and supercharged conditions

This paper investigates the effects of Hydrotreated vegetable oil-diesel blend to combustion characteristics under various ambient oxygen concentrations and ambient pressure. Combustion characteristics were investigated using heat release rate analysis, two color method, soot concentration measurement and NOx concentration measurement. The experiments were carried out on a rapid compression expansion machine to simulate the ambient condition of a CI engine at TDC. Synthetic gas with oxygen concentrations of 21 %, 15 % and 10 % were used to simulate EGR conditions. A single hole injector was used with five different fuels: commercial diesel, HVO-commercial diesel blends and HVO. The results showed that increasing HVO blending percentages decreased ignition delay, flame temperature, soot concentration and NOx concentration. Heat release at oxygen concentration of 10 % dramatically dropped due to a shortened ignition delay, which resulted in less combustion. A decreased oxygen concentration from applied EGR conditions not only increased ignition delay, heat release, flame temperature and NO_x concentration, but also increased soot concentration. A combination of EGR and supercharged conditions by increasing ambient pressure and decreasing oxygen concentrations resulted in increased heat release, decreased flame temperature, ignition delay and soot concentration, compared to EGR conditions.     

柴油机不同负荷混合气形成与燃烧过程研究

应用柴油机工作过程可视化装置对柴油机在不同负荷下的混合气形成与燃烧过程进行了试验研究。研究结果表明:在小负荷时柴油机的混合气形成与燃烧过程表现为预混合多点同时压燃;在一定范围内,随喷油量的减少和喷油提前角的加大,柴油机着火滞燃期延长,有利于形成预混合压燃。     

发动机燃用生物柴油对NO_x排放影响的试验研究

在一台涡轮增压直喷式柴油机上分别燃用生物柴油、掺混油和石化柴油进行试验,对滞燃期、燃烧始点、燃烧压力、燃烧温度、预混燃烧放热规律和扩散燃烧放热规律等燃烧参数对NOx排放的影响进行了研究。结果表明,随着燃料中生物柴油含量的增加,发动机滞燃期缩短,燃烧始点提前,最高燃烧压力增加,最高燃烧温度上升,预混燃烧累积放热率减小,扩散燃烧累积放热率增大;燃烧参数的变化是造成NOx排放升高的主要原因。     

冷却液温度为边界条件的柴油机起动试验研究

为了研究冷却液温度对柴油机起动过程初期燃烧不稳定性及排放的影响规律,在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上,利用缸压和单循环采样测试系统对柴油机起动初期单个工作循环的燃烧和排放进行了试验研究。结果表明:冷却液温度是影响柴油机起动过程不稳定的重要因素之一。较低的冷却液温度导致柴油机起动初期燃烧不稳定性增加,失火和不完全燃烧循环较多,从而导致HC排放升高,而且冷却液温度低造成的滞后燃烧会产生较高的CO排放。冷却液温度升高后,失火循环消除,同时着火延迟期明显缩短,最高燃烧压力升高,HC和CO排放显著降低,NOx排放升高,表明燃烧状况改善。