双腔室空气弹簧模型及动态特性研究

双腔室空气弹簧以其优良的隔振性能及刚度可变特性已经在部分高端车型和赛车上得到应用,但是对其动刚度预报的精确模型及动态特性的深入研究还不够完善。基于能量原理从热力学角度出发,结合空气动力学及结构动力学给出一套双腔室空气弹簧的精确模型并给出各刚度、阻尼项明确的物理意义。设计示功试验,选取不同振幅和频率的正弦激励对双/单腔空气弹簧进行试验验证。试验结果表明所提动刚度模型能够很好地反映出双腔室空气弹簧的滞回特性及刚度可变特性,也能够明确反映出动刚度的频率相关性。最后基于模型给出各参数项对动刚度幅值和滞回相位角的影响规律,基于试验验证仿真结果并给出规律的物理解释。研究结果表明：单腔室空气弹簧的动刚度频率特性相位角仅因热交换而存在一个峰值;双腔室空气弹簧的动刚度相位角存在2个峰值,主要是由热交换(第1峰)与小孔产生的阻尼效应(第2峰)导致;当激励频率趋向于无穷时,由于热交换不充分及腔室之间气体来不及进行交换,故单/双腔室空气弹簧的动刚度相位角逐渐趋向于零;研究得出的模型预报方法及动态特性可以对单/双腔室空气弹簧的动刚度进行准确估计,并给出了其动刚度的频率相关性及其影响因素与变化规律。研究结论能够对空气弹簧的整车动力学匹配及设计提供正面的指导。     

金属主簧-复合材料副簧复合刚度计算模型

为了揭示金属主簧-复合材料副簧的变形机理并快速预测其复合刚度,综合应用板弹簧设计理论、复合材料层合板理论及有限差分法建立了金属主簧-复合材料副簧复合刚度的理论计算模型,并编写了相应的MATLAB计算程序。采用ABAQUS软件建立了某金属主簧-复合材料副簧总成的有限元模型并对其刚度特性进行有限元模拟。有限元模拟刚度与理论计算刚度之间的误差低于3%,从而验证了理论计算模型的正确性。建立的理论计算模型不但阐明了金属主簧-复合材料副簧的变形机理,而且适宜编程计算,能准确快速地预测金属主簧-复合材料副簧的复合刚度,这对复合材料板簧的推广应用具有重要意义。     

大客车空气弹簧动态特性的试验分析

空气弹簧具有变刚度特性，其振动频率要比钢板弹簧低得多。对客车用空气簧动态特性进行了试验分析。结果表明，空气弹簧在多种载荷工况下特性曲线具有相似性，说明一种空气弹簧适合于多种载荷的汽车；空气弹簧的动刚度主要取决于激励频率，在低频范围内幅值比较小，高频范围内幅值比较大。     

帘线参数对膜式空气弹簧垂向特性的影响研究

简述膜式空气弹簧的结构,建立其有限元模型,获得其栽荷一垂向位移的关系曲线,研究帘线参数对其承载能力的影响。结果表明,帘线角和帘线层数是影响膜式空气弹簧垂向特性的重要因素。     

汽车用膜式空气弹簧的非线性有限元分析

简述空气弹簧在汽车空气悬架使用中的优点,采用非线性有限元分析技术分析空气弹簧的非线性特性,得到不同帘线角的空气弹簧在不同载荷作用下的形变特性。     

Model development and experimental research on an air spring with auxiliary reservoir

This paper focuses on the dynamic stiffness and overall equivalent damping of an air spring connected to an orifice and an auxiliary reservoir, with respect to the displacement excitation frequency, orifice area, and auxiliary reservoir volume. A theoretical model of this air spring with its auxiliary reservoir is derived by utilizing the energy conservation equation, gas state equation, and orifice flow rate equation. Simulation results from the presented model reveal that, when the air spring is subject to harmonic displacement excitation, its dynamic stiffness increases with an increase in excitation frequency and decrease in orifice area. Smaller orifice areas and lower excitation frequencies result in higher overall equivalent damping. A validation experiment is also implemented. When compared with experimental results, simulations show consistent varying trends of the dynamic stiffness and overall equivalent damping. The model developed here can correctly describe the behavior of the air spring with auxiliary reservoir, indicating that it is reasonable and feasible.     

Development and analysis of an air spring model

The analytical model of an air spring can be effectively used for the design of air spring equipped vehicles to provide better ride and handling characteristics along with various functions for passenger convenience. However, establishing a general model of an air spring poses particular difficulties due to the severe nonlinearities in the stiffness and the hysteresis effects, which are hardly observed in conventional coil springs. The purpose of this study is to develop a general analytic model of an air spring — one which represents the main characteristics of stiffness and hysteresis and which can be connected to a model of pneumatic systems desigined to control air spring height. To this end, the mathematical model was established on the basis of thermodynamics with the assumptions that the thermodynamic parameters do not vary with the position inside the air spring, that the air has the ideal gas property, and that the kinetic and potential energies of the air are negligible. The analysis of the model has revealed that the stiffness is affected by the volume variation, the heat transfer, and the variation of the air mass and the effective area. However, the hysteresis is mainly affected by the heat transfer and the variation of the effective area. In particular, it was revealed that the increase of the volume due to the cross-sectional area increases the stiffness, while the increase of the volume due to the other reason decreases it. In addition, the model was used to develop the sufficient stability condition, and the stability of the model was analyzed. The paper also presents the comparison between the simulation and experimental results to validate the established model and demonstrates the potential of the model to be usefully employed for the development of the air spring and its algorithm for use in a pneumatic system.     

带附加空气室空气弹簧垂向刚度有限元分析

利用非线性有限元软件Abaqus建立带附加气室空气弹簧模型,通过理论计算和有限元分析,讨论节流孔径等对空气弹簧的垂直静刚度的影响。研究结果表明：增加附加气室有利于降低系统刚度;节流孔小于5 mm,附加气室基本不起作用,大于20 mm,再增大孔径,弹簧静刚度影响不大。     

基于腔体单元和Rebar单元的空气弹簧性能分析

建立了空气弹簧有限元离散模型,研究了空气弹簧内压-位移、容积-位移、最大外径-位移以及载荷-位移关系,仿真结果与实测结果对比表明,两者具有很好的一致性。研究了工作高度和帘线角度对空气弹簧承载能力、刚度特性以及空气弹簧在工作过程中直径变化的影响,结果表明空气弹簧的工作高度和帘线角度是影响空气弹簧性能的重要因素。     

Effects of end coils on the natural frequency of automotive engine valve springs

In this paper, we present a method for estimating the natural frequencies of various engine valve springs such as constant pitch, two-step variable pitch, three-step variable pitch, and progressive springs. Since a valve spring’s surging amplitude is magnified when the spring’s natural frequency coincides with the frequency of the cam profile harmonic components, estimating the natural frequency of the spring is the first step in predicting valve spring surging phenomena. A new method for calculating the valve spring’s natural frequency is proposed in this paper that considers the end coil effect. This method predicts not only the natural frequency of a helical spring at a fixed number of active turns, but also the change in the natural frequency as the spring is compressed. The experimental results demonstrate that nonlinear characteristics of engine valve springs can be predicted from the given initial pitch curves.     

广(州)梧(州)高速公路河口至平台段隧道洞口设计

广梧高速公路隧道洞口设计始终贯彻"零开挖"的环保理念。以广梧高速公路64个隧道洞口为依托,根据不同的地形、地质条件,主要从进洞方法、洞口辅助进洞措施、洞门形式三个方面对全线隧道洞口设计施工情况进行了分析总结。进洞方法采用了正交进洞、斜交进洞和单向进洞;洞口辅助进洞措施采用了明洞、护拱法、地表反压护拱加固土体法、反压回填明洞暗做法、超前小导管、短管棚、长管棚等辅助进洞措施或者是这些措施的组合;洞门形式采用了端墙式和明洞式。     

少片变截面弹簧设计最大应力点的选择

从板簧设计等应力梁的概念出发,深入讨论了少片变截面弹簧的变截面设计方法,通过讨论弹簧设计比例尺效应问题,比较最大应力点在不同位置时的应力特点,提出了少片簧设计要充分考虑制造工艺的因素,根据变截面弹簧的片长和片厚选择合适的轧制斜率,把最大应力点放在弹簧根部的设计思想。     

38SiMnVB弹簧钢的强韧化与应用研究

38SiMnVB钢是超高强度新型弹簧钢,大量应用于汽车悬架弹簧上,应用难点是在超高强度下保持较高的塑韧性。重点研究了38SiMnVB弹簧钢回火转变过程中的组织变化和对力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,马氏体的回火转变是时间过程,不同的回火时间对应着马氏体的分解和不同碳化物类型之间的转变,对钢的力学性能和断裂机制产生了明显影响。可通过控制回火温度和时间获得高强度和高韧性,使钢得到强化与韧化。     

Research on the mechanism of a newly developed levitation frame with mid-set air spring

To reduce the vehicle/guideway-coupled vibration and improve the levitation stability of medium–low-speed maglev vehicle, a new type of levitation frame with air springs installed in the middle of the longitudinal beams is developed. This levitation frame with mid-set air spring (LFMAS) is studied comparatively with the levitation frame with end-set air spring (LFEAS) in electromagnetic levitation mode. The coupling degrees of the two kinds of frames are analysed by vertical motion equations; the energy consumptions for levitation control system to overcome the spring resistance in the whole adjustment process are calculated by the energy method; and the vibration accelerations are compared by dynamics analysis and bench test. The equations indicate that the LFMAS has a better decoupling effect and lower energy consumption than that of the LFEAS in any adjustment process. Simulation and test results show that the LFMAS can effectively reduce the vibration acceleration at a low-speed and achieve a better levitation stability in working conditions, validating that the LFMAS has a better levitation performance and adaptability to the guideway, which is attributed to the mechanical decoupling of the levitation module. It is expected that this new levitation frame will be very helpful in enhancing levitation stability and the ride index of medium–low-speed maglev vehicle.     

Technology for measuring and diagnosing the damping force of shock absorbers and the constant of coil springs when mounted on a vehicle

Diagnosis of the individual function of shock absorbers and coil springs has been simplified by an off-the-car-type tester. We studied methods of analyzing coil springs and shock absorbers independently without removing them from the vehicle. The damping force of the shock absorber itself, excluding the spring effect, can be indicated according to the axle weight/road wheel at the point of displacement 0.     

钢板弹簧悬架系统设计与优化(1)

悬架系统作为整车重要系统之一,对整车承载能力及舒适性有着重要的影响。钢板弹簧系统设计与优化,涉及板簧系统的整车布置、钢板弹簧本体结构的分析与优化、钢板弹簧材料的选择以及钢板弹簧本体设计等。     

少片簧优化设计

通过举例和理论计算分析少片簧的片数、长度和应力状态对少片簧质量的影响,指出在少片簧设计中其产品质量与应力状态成反比关系,与其片数和长度无关系,进而得出在少片簧设计中提高设计应力和选择较少片数和较短长度是生产成本最低、质量最轻的优化设计方法。     

电喷摩托车是否选用怠速控制阀的研究

摩托车电喷系统采用的怠速控制阀,在摩托车起动性能、暖机性能、怠速性能和起步性能等方面发辉的作用十分明显,特别是对寒冷地方的用户,有无怠速控制阀或将成为购车的一个主要考虑要素。摩托车企业应根据摩托车的排量和售价,综合考虑是否采用怠速控制阀,对于排量较大、定位较高、销售目标区域在寒冷地区或出口的摩托车,应慎重考虑是否取消怠速控制阀,并需要做大量的试验来验证取消后对整车性能是否有影响及影响的大小,不能一并取之而后快。     

高性能新型弹簧钢在汽车弹簧上的应用研究

根据汽车弹簧的国产化、轻量化和国际化要求，介绍了一种高性能新型弹簧钢。它具有较好的力学性能、高的性能贮备、优良的疲劳性能、抗弹性松驰性能、较好的淬透性及较低的价格等特点。并通过在奥拓轿车后悬架簧、夏利轿车前悬架簧及NJ6400轿车板簧上应用试验加以说明。     

空气弹簧的使用要求及故障分析

空气弹簧因其良好的非线性特性在车辆上得到广泛的应用,但其在使用中却容易产生故障。本文介绍空气弹簧的使用要求,并分析空气弹簧故障产生的主要原因及防范措施。