A Comparision of Spacing and Headway Control Laws for Automatically Controlled Vehicles1

SUMMARY

This paper investigates two different longitudinal control policies for automatically controlled vehicles. One is based on maintaining a constant spacing between the vehicles while the other is based upon maintaining a constant headway (or time) between successive vehicles. To avoid collisions in the platoon, controllers have to be designed to ensure string stability, i.e the spacing errors should not get amplified as they propagate upstream from vehicle to vehicle. A measure of string stability is introduced and a systematic method of designing constant spacing controllers which guarantee string stability is presented. The constant headway policy does not require inter-vehicle communication to assure string stablity. Also, since inter-vehicle communication is not required it can be used in systems with mixed automated-nonautomated vehicles, e.g for AICC (Autonomous Intelligent Cruise Control). It is shown in this paper that for all the autonomous headway control laws, the desired control torques are inversely proportional to the headway time.     

Design and Evaluation of Robust Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control Systems in Parameter Space

This paper is on the design of cooperative adaptive cruise control systems for automated driving of platoons of vehicles in the longitudinal direction. Longitudinal models of vehicles with simple dynamics, an uncertain first order time constant and vehicle to vehicle communication with a communication delay are used in the vehicle modeling. A robust parameter space approach is developed and applied to the design of the cooperative adaptive cruise control system. D-stability is chosen as the robust performance goal and the feedback PD controller is designed in controller parameter space to achieve this D-stability goal for a range of possible longitudinal dynamics time constants and different values of time gap. Preceding vehicle acceleration is sent to the ego vehicle using vehicle to vehicle communication and a feedforward controller is used in this inter-vehicle loop to improve performance. Simulation results of an eight vehicle platoon of heterogeneous vehicles are presented and evaluated to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed design method. Also, the proposed method is compared with a benchmark controller and the feedback only controller. Time gap regulation and string stability are used to assess performance and the effect of the vehicle to vehicle communication frequency on control system performance is also investigated.     

基于预测恒定车头时距策略的自适应巡航控制研究

为了进一步提高车辆跟车过程中的跟踪性、安全性、舒适性和燃油经济性，针对已有间距策略表现过于保守或反应过于激烈等不足之处，提出了一种预测恒定车头时距策略。该策略考虑了相对加速度，建立了一种预测型期望车间距模型，进而应用于模型预测控制的多目标自适应巡航控制系统中，能进一步提高模型预测控制对多个控制目标的综合协调能力。搭建上层控制器、下层PID控制器、油门制动切换、逆纵向动力学模型。在多工况下仿真，通过建立性能评判指标对多目标进行量化分析。结果表明，所提出的间距策略在保证安全性的前提下，提升了自适应巡航控制系统的综合性能。在不同驾驶风格的车头时距下，跟踪性、舒适性和燃油经济性均有良好表现。     

基于自然驾驶数据的跨江大桥小客车跟驰特性研究

为明确跨江大桥的跟驰行为特征以及驾驶模式,在重庆菜园坝大桥展开了30位被试的小客车实车驾驶试验,使用华测航姿测量系统和前视碰撞预警系统Mobileye 630采集自然驾驶状态下汽车的连续行驶速度、车头时距和车头间距等数据。通过筛选得到了725条有效跟驰轨迹数据,对比分析发现跨江大桥与城市一般道路的跟驰行为存在一定差异性,明确了菜园坝大桥车头时距和车头间距的分布特征,并且对强跟驰(小于1.6 s)、过渡区间(1.6~2.6 s之间)以及弱跟驰(大于2.6 s)3种跟驰状态和驾驶人性别差异下的跟驰数据进行了分析。结果表明:桥梁段车头时距分布集中在1.6 s处,车头间距分布集中在18 m处;超过1/3的跟驰轨迹处于强跟驰状态,此状态下前车驾驶行为对跟驰车辆具有较强制约性;当车辆处于弱跟驰状态时,前车对于后车的约束性会随车头时距的增大而快速降低;过渡区间的设立更好地揭示了强/弱跟驰状态之间的转变并不是只有一个临界值,而是存在一个转换过程,并且其间车辆跟驰特性的变化与驾驶人本身的操作行为存在较大关联;驾驶人的性别差异对跟驰距离几乎没有影响,但男性驾驶人往往会采取更加冒险的驾驶行为,平均车头时距、车头间距以及相对速度均高于女性驾驶人。     

Radar Health Monitoring for Highway Vehicle Applications

Monitoring the health of the radar sensor on a highway vehicle poses a special challenge. This is because the radar measures the distance to other independent vehicles on the highway and the motion of these other vehicles may be completely unknown to the fault detection system. Traditional observer-based approaches to fault diagnostic system design cannot be used. A number of new approaches are therefore explored in this paper in an attempt to create a reliable fault detection system for the radar. These include: (a) Use of inter-vehicle communication; (b) Use of a geographic database of pre-identified roadside radar targets; (c) Detection of abrupt failures using fuzzy logic and a knowledge of vehicle acceleration abilities; (d) Use of a redundant sensor that is inexpensive but of poor quality. The performance of each of these approaches is evaluated. Experimental results indicate that a combination of approaches (c) and (d) would provide the most reliable method for radar health monitoring. This combination would work effectively even in the absence of inter-vehicle communication in a realistic highway environment.     

智能车辆安全辅助驾驶技术研究近况

论述了安全辅助驾驶技术的研究现状、研究的必要性以及研究进展。安全辅助驾驶技术包括车道偏离预警与保持、前方车辆探测及安全车距保持、行人检测、驾驶员行为监测、车辆运动控制与通讯等。分析了各种传感器的优缺点及其在实际应用过程中存在的问题,基于单一传感器不能很好地解决安全辅助驾驶技术可靠性和环境适应能力的要求,应结合激光雷达技术解决图像模糊问题,利用红外传感器增强机器视觉识别的可靠性,未来的安全辅助驾驶技术应该采取多种传感器融合的技术,结合毫米波雷达和激光雷达系统具有深度测量精确的特点,将极大的推动汽车安全辅助驾驶系统的应用和推广。     

考虑道路因素的智能车辆纵向运动决策与控制研究

针对智能车辆纵向运动时的交通道路适应性问题,考虑路面附着系数和前车运动速度等因素,研究了智能车辆纵向运动决策与控制方法。论文研究了基于车头时距的纵向运动决策方法并建立不同驾驶行为的目标车速模型,运用变论域模糊推理算法设计了目标加速度模型。基于纵向动力学模型,运用自适应反演滑模控制算法建立了驱动控制器和制动控制器。对高附着系数路面和低附着系数路面的行驶工况进行仿真试验验证,结果表明,在不同的附着系数路面和前车变速行驶条件下,智能车辆能实时、合理地决策目标车速、目标加速度,实现安全、高效、稳定的跟驰。     

基于双MCU的纯电动汽车整车控制器硬件设计

根据长城汽车某传统车型改装成纯电动车的实际需求,及对整车控制系统的要求设计整车控制器,详细介绍电源管理、CAN通信、输入信号处理以及继电器驱动等电路的设计方法。基于双MCU的硬件设计方案增强了整车控制系统的硬件故障自诊断能力,大大提高了整车控制器的可靠性。     

队列行驶车辆间距对气动特性的影响

为了研究车辆前后间距和车辆数目对智能交通系统中队列行驶车辆气动特性的影响,首先对单辆车进行数值模拟,并将模拟结果与风洞试验结果进行对比,然后对两辆车在5种不同间距下以及3～7辆车在固定间距下队列行驶的情况分别进行了数值模拟及分析。研究表明:单辆车数值模拟结果与风洞试验结果基本吻合。队列行驶车辆随着车辆间距的减小,各车阻力系数不断降低。在固定间距下,随着队列中车辆数目的增加,平均阻力系数可降低20%～30%,阻力最低的车大致处于车队的中心位置。     

雾天驾驶人车辆操纵行为特性及其与追尾风险相关性分析

为分析驾驶人在雾天环境下的车辆操纵行为特性及其与追尾风险的内在关系,设计并开展驾驶模拟试验,采用方差分析,混合效应模型等对晴天、雾天2种环境下驾驶人的车辆操纵行为特性进行对比分析,并利用相关性分析及二元Logistics回归模型对避撞过程中行为间的相互作用及其与追尾风险间的关系进行挖掘.结果表明:雾天环境下驾驶人的车道...     

Establishment and verification of three-dimensional dynamic model for heavy-haul train–track coupled system

For the long heavy-haul train, the basic principles of the inter-vehicle interaction and train–track dynamic interaction are analysed firstly. Based on the theories of train longitudinal dynamics and vehicle–track coupled dynamics, a three-dimensional (3-D) dynamic model of the heavy-haul train–track coupled system is established through a modularised method. Specifically, this model includes the subsystems such as the train control, the vehicle, the wheel–rail relation and the line geometries. And for the calculation of the wheel–rail interaction force under the driving or braking conditions, the large creep phenomenon that may occur within the wheel–rail contact patch is considered. For the coupler and draft gear system, the coupler forces in three directions and the coupler lateral tilt angles in curves are calculated. Then, according to the characteristics of the long heavy-haul train, an efficient solving method is developed to improve the computational efficiency for such a large system. Some basic principles which should be followed in order to meet the requirement of calculation accuracy are determined. Finally, the 3-D train–track coupled model is verified by comparing the calculated results with the running test results. It is indicated that the proposed dynamic model could simulate the dynamic performance of the heavy-haul train well.     

基于站点群体聚集性客流的公交串车调度优化

为提升城市公交准点率、减少延误，解决车辆串车问题，研究基于站点群体聚集性客流的公交调度优化方法。以乘客出行意愿、乘车属性、到站规律等标识公交客流变化特征，以车辆载客限制、站点延误、到达率、下车率等描述串车形成场景。考虑准时性、客流需求、调控策略等约束，采用实时混合控制策略，实现车头时距偏差与乘客总行程时间最小的多目标优化。提出的公交串车调度方法，考虑到乘客到达率的不确定性，并通过调控公交车辆站点驻站时间以及路段平均行驶速度，可满足站点时段性群体聚集公交客流出行需求，防范潜在的公交串车。在模型求解上，考虑到双目标优化视角的差异性，运用超车规则对串车场景下的出站车辆重新排序，设计基于NSGA-II的求解算法，以拥挤距离标定序度关系，以精英策略获取新种群，改进交叉算子，并基于TOPSIS法对获取的Pareto解集择优。最后，以实际公交线路为例进行案例分析，结果表明：基于站点群体聚集性客流的公交串车优化调度模型，系统考虑了乘客乘车属性与车辆载客限制，能够输出最优的车辆滞站与车速调整方案，并且能运算得出车辆离站时间、车头时距偏差、准点率、乘客等待时间以及乘客行程时间等多项运营指标。优化前后对比表...     

认知分心对车辆跟驰过程操控安全性的影响

为了研究车辆跟驰过程中驾驶人认知分心与驾驶安全的关系,采用驾驶模拟器构建城市道路车辆跟驰场景,并设计3种难度等级的认知分心次任务,采集35名被试驾驶人在试验过程中的方向盘转角、油门开度、制动踏板力等操作参数,以及车辆位置、速度、加速度等车辆运动参数。采用重复测量一般线性模型,分析不同等级认知分心对上述参数的影响。研究结果表明：在横向操控方面,随着认知分心程度增高,方向盘回转率增大,但车辆横向位置标准差减小,表明驾驶人处于认知分心时,采取频繁修正方向盘的补偿方式,降低车辆横向位置波动,过度补偿车辆横向安全性,且该补偿行为与认知分心程度正相关;在纵向操控方面,认知分心时,油门开度、制动踏板位置方差增大,且制动踏板位置均值增大,同时车头间距及时距未观察到显著性变化,表明认知分心时驾驶人采取频繁操作油门、制动踏板,增大制动幅度等方式进行补偿,使车头间距及车头时距等表征车辆纵向跟车安全性参数处于正常驾驶水平,但加速度标准差增大,表明跟车稳定性降低。研究结果为涉及分心的人车交互装置优化设计及考虑分心状态的驾驶人状态管理系统开发提供了一定的理论依据。     

信号交叉口基于出发时刻预测的生态驾驶方法

在城市道路交通中,信号交叉口区域内车辆频繁停车启动的现象,加剧了整体交通流的能源消耗、污染排放与车辆延误。为了减少信号交叉口启停波现象对整体交通流产生的负面影响,以面向未来人工驾驶车辆(HDV)/智能网联车辆(CAV)混合构成的新型混合交通环境为基础,提出了一种基于出发时刻预测的生态驾驶方法,通过优化CAV的驾驶轨迹,减少交叉口区域的车辆延误和能源消耗。首先,对混合交通流的基本图模型进行了分析,根据启停波影响范围,划分CAV通过交叉口的驾驶场景;然后,建立了子区渗透率对饱和车头时距的影响关系,预测了CAV以当前饱和车头时距通过交叉口的时间;最后,结合车辆与交叉口的距离,利用分段三角函数模型,生成其通过交叉口的速度限制曲线,并将优化速度嵌入到智能车辆的跟驰模型中作为限制速度,从而使CAV在无法通过当前绿灯窗口的条件下,实现提前减速,在通过交叉口区域后解除速度限制,切换回自身的跟驰模型。此外,还提出了平均综合效能这一指标来综合评价驾驶策略在效率和能耗2个方面的性能,并将提出的基于出发时刻预测的生态驾驶方法与传统网联车辆控制方法、经典交叉口节能控制方法进行了对比。研究结果表明:提出的出发时刻预测方法可以精确预测CAV在交叉口的出发时刻,有效减少车辆的能源消耗与污染排放,同时提高信号交叉口的通行效率;在渗透率大于60%情况下,该方法对系统效能的提高达到12%左右,在10%渗透率条件下也可以达到6%的效能增益;在交通饱和流率在0.5~0.9的范围内时,系统的效能增益较明显。     

网联环境下基于精简车头时距特性的驾驶风格分类

基于现有网联数据获取技术与条件，从车联网系统提取车头时距参数并将3 s内的车头时距特征值定义为驾驶模式，根据驾驶模式进而对驾驶风格（即驾驶人的驾驶行为习惯）进行分类。通过车头时距特性对驾驶模式进行量化分类，根据标定好的驾驶风格结果，辨识每种驾驶风格包含的典型驾驶模式；运用模糊分类方法赋予典型驾驶模式相应分值，通过计算每位驾驶人分值并结合已标定的驾驶风格结果设定每种驾驶风格的阈值；利用该阈值对测试集中的驾驶人风格进行识别，以验证识别准确率。采集了44名驾驶人网联环境行车数据将驾驶人标定为激进型、普通（即既不保守也不激进）型和保守型。按上述方法设置各驾驶风格阈值，结果表明:各驾驶风格的阈值分别为:S < 64.67为保守型，64.67 ≤ S < 181.20为普通型，S ≥ 181.20为激进型；使用所提方法来识别驾驶人风格，总体准确率为85.7%。所提出的基于车头时距的驾驶风格分类方法，使用了极精简的驾驶行为参数，为驾驶风格分类应用提供了新思路。      

汽车ACC跟随控制策略研究

提出了ACC车辆与前车之间的速度一位移关系以及分别以车距控制和相对车速控制为目标的2种LQR模型，并根据两车的速度一位移关系的不同实现2种模型之间的转换，以生成符合驾驶员操作行为的ACC车辆控制目标，建立了实现控制目标的车速控制模型。仿真计算表明控制策略满足乘坐舒适性和保持安全车距的要求。     

Design of a headway distance control system for ACC

A headway distance control system for adaptive cruise control (ACC) must provide the driver's desired response at all times while maintaining stability. Therefore, a two- degree-of-freedom model was adopted for the headway distance control unit to allow response and stability to be designed as independent parameters. The desired response was decided based on the results of various driving tests and driving simulations. Using these results as the reference model has achieved the smooth response and stability required for ACC.     

La surestimation de la distance intervéhiculaire dans le brouillard

The difficulties of driving in fog are usually perceived in terms of lower sight distances and reduced ability to anticipate. However, the fall in the quality of visual information can also lead to errors in judgement by affecting the way drivers perceive their environment and their movement within it. We have conducted a series of experiments in a fog chamber and on a driving simulator, with the main aim of investigating the influence of fog on vehicle headway perception. Our results have revealed that distances are seriously overestimated in fog, and that this is likely to contribute to lower headways under such conditions, In fog an overestimation of headway between 20 and 55% was observed when vehicles were visible only as a result of their rear lights, which is the case in night-time or thick daytime fog. Under these conditions, the characteristics of vehicle lights become extremely important. Overestimation of distance becomes greater when vehicles have only one rear light instead of two, and when their two reac lights are close together. Perception of vehicle distance is therefore improved by two rear lights, placed as far apart as possible to indicate the dimensions of the vehicle. No significant overestimation of headways was found during thin or moderate daytime fog, when the vehicle outline remained visible. The results have shown the importance of the familiar size of vehicles as an indicator of distance in the situations we have investigated. They confirm the hypothesis that basic mechanisms of space perception are modified in fog.     

面向瓶颈多簇运动波消除的拥堵吸收智能驾驶模型

高速公路瓶颈运动波是诱发通行延误与事故风险主要原因.智能网联下精细化感知与精准化控制为消除运动波影响提供了技术环境.在构建一种在线、主动消除广域运动波的拥堵吸收智能驾驶模型的基础上,解析车头间距与运动波传播关联机制,确定运动波完全消除设计实施条件,提出消除单个运动波最佳驾驶策略;面向多簇运动波形成时间[位置[规模等特性...     

车队认知能力增强的通信区块间隙优化方法

为了在单车超越车队的过程中缩短超车车辆与车队间通信范围，减少车队通信压力，锁定影响车辆入队的关键车队区块，同时通过将待进入关键区块的车队进行间隙优化调整，为驾驶人提供定制化换道入队引导服务，提出了基于驾驶人超车风格特征参数的车队内信息传输关键区块锁定算法，通过分析影响驾驶人换道入队位置范围的关键因素，将驾驶人换道入队过程分为本车道速度调整过程与入队速度调整过程，利用非参数贝叶斯算法获取驾驶人超车换道特征数据并提出基于关键区块所在车队位置序列的车辆间隙优化调整策略。研究结果表明：超车车辆加速度、与前车预计碰撞时间、与车队相对速度是影响驾驶人换道入队范围的关键因素；通过非参数贝叶斯算法将超车车辆运行数据分类获取的驾驶人换道入队驾驶操作基元，可准确提供驾驶人行为特征关键参数；通过将驾驶人换道特征分为48个子类型，可锁定驾驶人换道入队范围且车队关键区块范围随着超车车辆与车队速度差值不同在各个特征类型上呈现不同变化趋势；针对驾驶人入队特征对待进入车队关键区块的车辆间隙进行优化调整，不仅可以为驾驶人提供可接受的驾驶辅助信息，同时减少了车队间隙产生过程中车辆加速度范围，提升了车队运行的舒适性。