Hydrodynamic characteristics of double permeable breakwater under regular waves

The wave transmission, reflection, and energy dissipation of the double vertical wall with permeable lower part (horizontal slots) were experimentally and theoretically studied under normal regular waves. The effect of different wave and structural parameters on the hydrodynamic characteristics was investigated e.g. the wave length, the upper part drafts, the lower part porosities, and the space between the double walls. Also, the theoretical model based on an EigenFunction Expansion Method was developed to study the hydrodynamic breakwater performance. In order to examine the validity of the theoretical model, the theoretical results were compared with the present experimental results. Comparison between experiments and predictions showed that theoretical model provides a good estimate to the wave transmission, reflection, and energy dissipation coefficients when the friction factor f = 3. The hydrodynamic efficiency of the proposed breakwater is strongly affected by changing the following: (1) The two upper part drafts together, (2) The upper part draft of the first barrier, (3) The two lower part porosities together, (4) The lower part porosity of the first barrier.     

新型透空板式防波堤消浪效果试验研究

为增大双层板式防波堤的波能耗散和防波堤结构的稳定,提出了的一种新型桩基双层板式防波堤,通过物理模型试验,对比分析了该防波堤结构（模型 c）与另两种结构型式的防波堤（模型 a、b）在不同的波浪参数下透射系数、反射系数的变化关系,探讨了新型桩基双层板式防波堤（模型 c）透射系数、反射系数随相对波高、相对水深及相对淹没深度的变化关系,分析了其波能损耗情况。结果表明,在试验范围内,对于长周期波,模型 c 比其他两种型式的防波堤消波效果好;当水深与模型顶平齐时新结构（模型 c）对波能的消耗大于淹没和出水两种情况,说明防波堤高程与水位平齐时其消波效果较好。     

基于FLOW-3D的新型桩基透空堤消浪性能研究

针对新型附带消浪板桩基透空堤消浪性能,对波浪作用下该新型透空堤的反射系数、透射系数以及波能分布进行研究.采用FLOW-3D数值模拟方法,得出消浪板的开孔率、相对入水深度以及倾斜角度变化时透空堤反射系数、透射系数以及波能分布.结果显示:1)该新型附带消浪板桩基透空堤具有较好的消浪性能,开孔率越小,其反射系数越大、透射系数...     

波能转换型浮式防波堤的水动力性能研究（英文）

The integration of wave energy converters(WECs) with floating breakwaters has become common recently due to the benefits of both cost-sharing and providing offshore power supply. In this study, based on viscous computational fluid dynamics(CFD) theory, we investigated the hydrodynamic performances of the floating box and Berkeley Wedge breakwaters, both of which can also serve as WECs. A numerical wave flume model is constructed using Star-CCM+software and applied to investigate the interaction between waves and wave energy converters while completing the verification of the convergence study of time and space steps. The effects of wave length on motion response and transmission coefficient of the floating box breakwater model are studied. Comparisons of our numerical results and published experimental data indicate that Star-CCM+ is very capable of accurately modeling the nonlinear wave interaction of floating structures, while the analytical potential theory overrates the results especially around the resonant frequency. Optimal damping can be readily predicted using potential flow theory and can then be verified by CFD numerical results. Next, we investigated the relationship between wave frequencies and various coefficients using the CFD model under optimal damping, including the motion response, transmission coefficient, reflection coefficient,dissipation coefficient, and wave energy conversion efficiency. We then compared the power generation efficiencies and wave dissipation performances of the floating box and Berkeley Wedge breakwaters. The results show that the power generation efficiency of the Berkeley Wedge breakwater is always much higher than that of the floating box breakwater. Besides, the wave dissipation performance of the Berkeley Wedge breakwater is much better than that of the floating box breakwater at lower frequency.     

Amplitude decay and energy dissipation due to the interaction of internal solitary waves with a triangular obstacle in a two-layer fluid system: the blockage parameter

Experiments were carried out in a wave flume to examine the propagation of depression-type internal solitary waves (ISWs) over a submerged triangular-shaped obstacle. We observed the distortion and breaking of the ISW depression in a two-layer stratified fluid system as induced by the obstacle on the bottom. Physical factors, such as the amplitude of the wave, the thickness of the two layers, and the height of the submerged obstacle were utilized in our analysis of the wave–obstacle interaction. Wave breaking was determined in relation to input parameters arranged before the experimental runs. A classification scheme based on the blockage parameter ζ was proposed. The various degrees of ISW-obstacle interaction were visually classified with three schematic forms (ζ < 0.55 for a weak encounter; 0.55 < ζ < 0.7 for a moderate encounter; and 0.7 < ζ for wave breaking). Furthermore, the reflection and transmission coefficients were utilized to explore the resultant influence on changes in amplitude and energy of an ISW. The wave characteristics (e.g., amplitude-based wave reflection, energy-based reflection, amplitude-based transmission, and energy-based transmission) during the wave–obstacle interaction showed an approximately linear relation with the blockage parameter. Influenced by the submarine obstacle, the transmitted waves were found to always consist of a leading pulse (solitary wave) followed by a dispersive wave train. Moreover, due to bottom friction the energy budget of the leading pulse was reduced by a factor of at least 5% which could approach 50% in cases with strong breaking.     

基于物模试验的平板与弧板式防波堤水动力特性对比

为探求一种消浪效果优良且受力较小的新型结构,通过物理模型试验,对比单平板式与单弧板式防波堤的水动力特性,分析不同波浪参数情况下,透射系数、反射系数、压力以及结构物周围流场的变化关系。结果表明,结构物出水状态时,弧板式防波堤对波浪的透射系数明显小于平板式防波堤,入水状态时则相反,静水面处两者相当;结构物出水状态时,弧板式防波堤对波浪的反射系数略大于平板式防波堤,而在静水面及入水状态时,平板式防波堤对波浪的反射系数明显大于弧板式防波堤;两种结构上表面不同测点处的压力差别较大,而下表面的差别不显著。     

对称波形底箱型水面防波堤性能试验研究

为了提高箱型水面防波堤的消波性能,将箱型水面防波堤的主体底部外形进行了改造,即将主体底部由平底改造为对称波形底,提出了一种对称波形底水面防波堤。对平底和对称波形底箱型防波堤分别进行了物理模型试验研究。试验时,将平底和对称波形底的方箱型消波主体通过支架固定在小型波浪水槽中,保持水槽水深不变,改变箱体吃水、波陡、波长,进行了系列试验。给出两种模型的透射系数、反射系数和能量损耗系数随相对宽度BL的变化规律。通过比较发现:对称波形底的消波性能比平底的优良,增加的消波效果高达60%左右;两种模型的反射系数相差无几,说明改变箱型底部结构对于防波堤反射性能的影响不大;对称波形底对于波能的损耗作用要强于平底。     

采用有限差分方法模拟穿孔式防波堤规则波中水动力性能研究（英文）

Using a discretized finite difference method, a numerical model was developed to study the interaction of regular waves with a perforated breakwater. Considering a non-viscous, non-rotational fluid, the governing equations of Laplacian velocity potential were developed, and specific conditions for every single boundary were defined. The final developed model was evaluated based on an existing experimental result. The evaluated model was used to simulate the condition for various wave periods from 0.6 to2 s. The reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient of waves were examined with different breakwater porosities, wave steepnesses, and angular frequencies. The results show that the developed model can suitably present the effect of the structural and hydraulic parameters on the reflection and transmission coefficients. It was also found that with the increase in wave steepness, the reflection coefficient increased logarithmically, while the transmission coefficient decreased logarithmically.     

高桩梁板式透空防波堤透浪特性的研究

通过规则波作用下高桩梁板式透空防波堤断面波浪模型试验,重点研究影响防波堤透浪系数的主要因素（包括相对水深、相对透空率、入射波高和波周期等）及其规律,通过与现有防波堤透浪系数理论公式的对比找出误差原因。针对防波堤上部越浪的情况,考虑波浪超高和相对堤宽等因素的影响,修正防波堤透浪系数公式并进行验证。本研究成果可作为相关理论研究和工程实践的参考。     

Coupled analytical-numerical approach for determining hydrodynamic responses of breakwater with multiple OWCs

A coupled analytical-numerical approach has been developed that allows one to study the hydrodynamic responses of breakwaters of arbitrary geometry that have multiple OWCs with horizontal openings. The approach incorporates the eigenfunction of the OWC fluid domain into the boundary element method, which automatically satisfy the boundary condition at the OWC opening. As a result, the exact geometry of the OWCs no longer needs to be modelled and the number of elements will be largely reduced especially when dealing with 3D breakwaters. With the present approach, a class of 2D OWC-integrated breakwater concepts in existing literature was simulated for validation and parametric study. The approach was then applied to the 3D breakwater with multiple OWCs under slender OWC assumptions, and the numerical results obtained are compared to data from a reduced scale model test. The 2D case studies show that the present approach is able to generate accurate results on reflection and transmission, wave loads, and energy extraction efficiencies with a higher efficiency than conventional boundary element method. Comparison of 3D results with the model test results shows that the prediction of the natural frequency and the wave reflection and transmission coefficients are in good agreement.     

透空式梳式防波堤的数值模拟和波浪透射系数的研究

基于FLUENT求解器,采用源函数造波方法建立了三维数值波浪水槽,应用不同的造波源函数生成线性波浪、二阶Stokes波浪和不规则波浪.建立了规则波浪和不规则波浪与梳式防波堤相互作用的数值模型,验证了水平波浪力折减系数和堤前反射率的数值结果;并对梳式防波堤有效减小波浪力的机理进行数值解释.对透空式梳式防波堤的透浪特性进行...     

U型防波堤与波浪相互作用的数值模拟

半淹没式固定U型防波堤,通过在自由水面附近设置挡浪结构增加能量耗散而达到降低港内波浪的目的;为了减小U型防波堤波浪反射,在其左侧设置成可渗透型沉箱。本文基于Navier-Stokes方程,采用k-ε模型封闭雷诺方程,以spatially-averaged方程作为孔隙流的控制方程,用VOF方法跟踪自由表面,建立了波浪与建筑物相互作用的数学模型,采用该模型模拟了规则波入射时波浪与可渗透型U型防波堤的相互作用,针对不同尺寸U型防波堤,进一步讨论了U型防波堤对波浪传播中反射和透射的影响。     

波浪非线性对斜坡堤透浪特性影响研究

利用三维动压模型NHWAVE模拟了不越浪斜坡堤的透浪试验,并使用物理模型数据进行了验证。通过厄塞尔指数和波陡研究波浪非线性对斜坡堤透浪特性的影响,并采用相对长度(相对堤宽B/L)而不是绝对长度(B)来表示静水面处的堤身宽度。在此基础上计算得到新的透浪系数K L,同时讨论了堤后透浪系数与波浪非线性等因素之间的关系。结果表明,波浪非线性对透浪系数有着非常显著的影响。最后根据试验结果拟合出斜坡堤透浪系数的经验公式,为防波堤工程建设提供一定的参考依据。     

基于数值和实验方法的非透浪梳式防波堤的水动力学特性研究

采用源函数造波法建立了三维数值波浪水槽模型,模拟了不同随机种子数(NW)下的随机波浪,与目标谱对比的结果证明当NW=200时,采用文中的数值方法可以得到较好的模拟精度;建立了随机波浪对一种非透浪梳式防波堤作用的数值模型,通过数值模拟结果和实验结果的比较,验证了该数值模型的有效性。对该非透浪的梳式防波堤的水力学特性进行了实验研究,并应用上述数值方法对结构的所受冲击波浪力机理进行了分析,数值结果证明在该结构的危险水位下,由结构的翼板和胸墙下底板所构成的异型空腔结构是导致翼板上产生较大冲击压力的主要因素。在此基础上,为了消减翼板的冲击压力,提出一种改进的结构型式,最后对该改进结构的翼板上波浪力特性和波浪反射系数进行了实验研究。     

双层开孔斜挡板透空式防波堤消浪性能研究

针对一种新型双层开孔斜挡板透空式防波堤消浪性能问题,研究挡板开孔率和挡板倾斜角度对防波堤消浪性能的影响。采用物理模型试验方法,得出其反射和透射系数、波能分布和堤后波幅频谱特征结果。结果表明,斜挡板开孔率越大,防波堤透射系数也越大,但在试验范围内,透射系数均小于0. 5;该类型防波堤对波浪有较好的消能性,对较长周期波以反射为主,较短周期波以消浪室消能为主,整体透射系数较短周期波略大;防波堤设计斜挡板比平挡板透射系数小,具有更好的消浪性能,最小透浪仅为后者的39%。     

多排槽式防波堤的水动力性能（英文）

This study examines the hydrodynamic performance of multiple-row vertical slotted breakwaters. We developed a mathematical model based on an eigenfunction expansion method and a least squares technique for Stokes second-order waves. The numerical results obtained for limiting cases of double-row and triple-row walls are in good agreement with results of previous studies and experimental results. Comparisons with experimental measurements of the reflection, transmission, and dissipation coefficients(CR, CT, and CE) for double-row walls show that the proposed mathematical model adequately reproduces most of the important features. We found that for double-row walls, the CR increases with increasing wave number, kd, and with a decreasing permeable wall part, dm. The CT follows the opposite trend. The CE slowly increases with an increasing kd for lower kd values, reaches a maximum, and then decreases again. In addition, an increasing porosity of dm would significantly decrease the CR, while increasing the CT. At lower values of kd, a decreasing porosity increases the CE, but for high values of kd, a decreasing porosity reduces the CE. The numerical results indicate that, for triple-row walls, the effect of the arrangement of the chamber widths on hydrodynamic characteristics is not significant, except when kd0.5.Double-row slotted breakwaters may exhibit a good wave-absorbing performance at kd0.5, where by the horizontal wave force may be smaller than that of a single wall. On the other hand, the difference between double-row and triple-row vertical slotted breakwaters is marginal.     

水下上弧形板结构的水动力特性研究

文章应用边界单元法,依据波浪绕射和辐射理论研究了一种新型的板式防波堤结构—上弧形板结构。研究中通过与另外三种板式防波堤结构(下弧形板结构,单板结构,双层板结构)的对比,验证了这一新型结构具有更好的消波效果。文中重点分析了这种新型结构的散射波浪力、透射系数和反射系数,并且为了进一步揭示这种结构的消波原理,对该结构周围的流场进了分析。研究发现：（1）上弧形板结构在横荡方向上所受波浪力最小。（2）当潜深波高比为0.05时,该结构的消波效果比其他三种结构增强约50%。（3）通过对上弧形板结构的速度流场分析,发现上弧形板结构上部有明显回流。     

Statistical and dynamical analyses of propagation mechanisms of solitary internal waves in a two-layer stratification

The blocking effect of submarine ridges on the propagation of internal solitary waves (ISWs) over the topography of the seabed results in the fission of the solitary waves that accompany the generation of reflected and transmitted waves. In this study, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is used to investigate the inseparable relationship between the transmission and reflection. An examination of the error sums of squares and cross-products (SSCP) matrix and the correction matrix shows that the correlation between the transmission (at/ai) and reflection coefficients (ar/ai) is quite low (0.284). Moreover, from multivariate testing, including Pillai’s trace, Wilks’ lambda, Hotelling’s trace and Roy’s largest root, we conclude that the ridge height has a large effect (η = 0.456) on both the amplitude of the transmitted and reflected waves, as well as large (η = 0.411) and very large (η = 0.469) effects on the amplitudes of the transmitted and reflected waves, respectively. In conclusion, the results in the present study highlight the importance of the role played by ridge height in coherent ISW transmission and reflection during oceanic wave–ridge interactions.     

不同护面块体潜堤的消浪特性试验研究

以斜坡式潜堤为研究对象,通过物理模型试验的方法,选取相对淹没水深、护面结构形式的糙渗系数、坡度等因素的变化对潜堤消浪特性的影响进行了研究。首先,分析了在规则波作用下相对淹没水深、护面结构形式的糙渗系数、坡度等因素对潜堤透射系数的变化规律,得到了各因素对潜堤透射系数影响程度,同时给出了波浪在潜堤附近传播时沿程波高变化情况。其次,采用与规则波相同的研究方法,分析了在不规则波作用下相对淹没水深、护面结构形式的糙渗系数、坡度等因素对潜堤透射系数的变化规律,得到了各因素对潜堤透射系数的影响程度,并给出了波浪在潜堤附近的沿程变化情况。     

消能室式桩基透空堤消浪特征的试验比较研究

根据对已有桩基透空式防波堤结构型式的分析，提出一种新型桩基透空堤结构型式。并通过波浪模型试验，将这种结构型式和已有的几种结构型式从反射系数和透射系数两方面进行消浪特性的比较研究。