管道完整性管理技术在城镇燃气管线中的应用

主要介绍管道完整性管理技术在西宁市城镇燃气管线中的应用.管道完整性管理技术是美国机械工程师协会推荐的一种方法.它主要包括数据采集、风险评估、完整性评价、维修改造等环节.管道完整性管理技术在西宁市城镇燃气管网中的应用取得了明显效果,管道泄漏事故大幅度减少,并且节省了管线维护资金.     

天然气管道的完整性分析

随着煤层气和页岩气等非常规天然气的大量开发,对管道安全提出了更高的要求。文中阐述了管道完整性的理念和管理流程,对导致天然气管道失效的危险因素和爆炸事故后果进行了分析,探讨了天然气管道完整性管理的关键技术,主要包括管道风险评价技术、基于风险的检测技术、管道完整性评价、维修与维护。在此基础上,对国内天然气管道完整性管理的发展提出了具体的建议。     

输气站场管道完整性检测评价技术体系

输气站场是天然气输送系统的重要组成部分,输送介质属于易燃易爆气体,管道系统结构复杂。通过对输气站场工艺系统分析和损伤模式识别,辨别出最可能存所在缺陷的管道位置,应用在线监测和检测技术,确定缺陷尺寸和扩展趋势,并预测含缺陷管道系统的使用寿命和最大承压能力,最终建立输气站场完整性检测评价体系。完整性检测评价系统为站场管道系统安全管理和预知性维修提供决策,对于保障输气站场的安全运行具有重要意义。     

输油管道完整性检测评价应用分析

以某条输油管道为例,建立基于完整性管理的专业性检测技术体系,开展基于完整性的专业性检测,并对管道缺陷进行合于使用评价,分析占压管段的安全可靠性,为输油管道安全管理和预知性维修提供参考。     

新管道建立外腐蚀完整性管理的实践

管道外腐蚀管理是管道完整性管理的重要组成部分。目前,各管道公司都在探索如何快速建立新建管道外腐蚀完整性管理的数据。文中采用相互配合的方式,以腐蚀调查为基础,通过杭州-嘉兴输气管道工程实例,介绍如何建立管道外腐蚀完整性管理数据的途径,以及实施过程中需注意事项,为新建管道实施管道外腐蚀完整性管理提供一种解决思路。     

湿气管道内腐蚀直接评价方法

湿气管道内腐蚀直接评价方法(WG-ICDA)是独立的内腐蚀评价方法,不依赖智能检测器、水压试验和在线检测。在美国腐蚀工程师协会2010年颁布的"湿性天然气管道内腐蚀直接评价"标准的基础上,阐述了该方法的4个步骤,对影响WG-ICDA的关键因素进行定性分析。建议加强湿气管道内腐蚀直接评价方法的工程实际应用,有利于补充内检测方法,完善管道完整性管理,提高湿气管道内腐蚀的预防和维修水平。     

动态规划算法在管道运行优化的应用研究

采用动态规划算法,利用SynerGEE Gas软件建立川气东送管道模型并进行优化分析,通过对比管道实际运行方案和动态规划算法优化方案,发现管道实际运行方案可优化空间较大,平均可减少电力能耗费用约3万元/d。同时验证了输气管道优化问题可以应用动态规划方法来解决。总结出管道优化运行的基本规律,对管道未来运行调度具有参考作用。     

长输油气管道的完整性管理

文中对管道完整性管理的背景、理念和原则、管理的标准体系、管理方法,以及新建管道完整性和站场完整性管理等进行了阐述,介绍了国内长输管道完整性的主要成果和做法,总结了长输管道完整性管理具备的一般特征.     

天然气管道的完整性管理

根据天然气管道完整性管理技术的研究现状,概述了天然气管道完整性管理的框架流程。阐述了天然气管道完整性管理的主要内容,分析了影响管道安全的主要因素、天然气管道事故后果,介绍了管道完整性检测方法,提出了天然气管道腐蚀控制措施以及天然气管道完整性管理体系发展建议。     

四维时空下管道完整性数据管理

对管道进行四维管理是完整性管理的一种发展趋势。文中研究了四维时空(三维空间和时间维度)下管道的完整性数据管理,建立管道完整性数据四维管理模型,并对其进行综合分析评价:对管道腐蚀速率预测模型及管道裂纹疲劳寿命进行研究;对基于风险的检测进行了研究,提出RBI的管理流程;利用管道应力应变变化对管道地质灾害进行监测预警。将管道完整性数据进行四维管理,可显著提高管道大数据的利用效果,提升完整性管理水平,保障管道安全、可靠、高效运行。     

Optimal choice of capacity,toll and government guarantee for build-operate-transfer roads under asymmetric cost information

The private provision of public roads via the build-operate-transfer (BOT) mode has been increasingly used around the world. By viewing a BOT contract as a combination of road capacity, toll and government guarantee, this paper investigates optimal concession contract design under both symmetric and asymmetric information about the marginal maintenance cost of private investors. Under asymmetric information, the government guarantee serves as an instrument to induce a private investor to reveal his true cost information. Compared with the situation under symmetric information, the government will suffer a loss of social welfare; the private investor will charge a higher toll that increases in his reported marginal maintenance cost, and specify a lower capacity that decreases with the reported cost. The results also show that the private investor obtains extra information rent beyond the reservation level of return and the rent decreases with his reported cost. However, the resulting volume-capacity ratios of the BOT road under both information structures are the same.     

Application of path analysis methodology to transit system maintenance performance

This paper develops a conceptual framework for bus maintenance based on path analysis and applies it to forty-eight bus transit systems. The application determines the total, direct, and indirect effects of the variables identified as having significant causal links with maintenance cost per mile. These variables are identified using the stepwise regression method. The findings are that the wage rate and fleet size increase maintenance cost directly and indirectly. In terms of the standardized regression coefficients, fleet size has been found to be the most important factor affecting maintenance cost per mile, followed by the proportion of articulated buses, the wage rate and local subsidy in that order. The proportion of articulated buses has been found to reduce maintenance cost per mile directly and to increase it indirectly. The indirect path coefficient of the proportion of articulated buses is 0.1794 whereas the direct path coefficient is –0.351. Similarly local subsidy as a proportion of revenue increases maintenance cost per mile directly and reduces it indirectly. The corresponding path coefficients for the direct and indirect effects of local subsidy are 0.2553 and –0.1073. In addition population density and the peak-base ratio are positively and significantly associated with miles between roadcalls. The implications of these findings are briefly examined in this paper. Because the path analysis methodology allows the direct and indirect effects of a causal variable to be determined, it is recommended for policy analysis.     

Road Pricing models with maintenance cost

According to the Federal Highway Administration of the United States, maintenance expenditure takes up more than 25% of road revenue disbursement and this percentage has been increasing gradually. The reason for the increment in maintenance cost is that there lacks incentives for road users to take this cost component into their driving behavior. That is, different classes of vehicles should be levied different levels of congestion tax due to the different degrees of damage on the highway if a road pricing policy is implemented. This paper intends to incorporate this concept into road pricing literature by introducing two types of vehicles. After the analysis of the problem, we find that different types of vehicles should be charged different tolls. The toll includes not only the travel delay cost of one's own vehicle and the other types of vehicles, but also the marginal maintenance cost that is dependent on the traffic flow. A set of numerical examples is provided to demonstrate the theoretical analyses. The result shows that both the welfare and cost coverage rate will increase when the road pricing mechanism takes the maintenance cost factor into account.     

Multi-objective optimization for asphalt pavement maintenance plans at project level: Integrating performance,cost and environment

Traditionally, asphalt pavement maintenance mainly considers pavement performance and cost and largely ignores the environment while substantial amount of environmental burdens are released in the process. In this study, a multi-objective optimization model was developed integrating the three elements in order to optimize the asphalt pavement maintenance plans at the project level. Pavement performance element was decided as the multiplier of pavement serviceability index and traffic volume. Cost element was represented by the net present value, including components of agency cost, vehicle operation cost and salvage value. Environmental element, integrating energy consumption, global warming potential, acidification potential and respiratory effects potential, was measured by the life cycle assessment model. A hypothetic asphalt pavement maintenance case study was conducted using the developed multi-objective optimization model and harvested 103 sets of feasible combinations of maintenance plans, each of which is non-dominated by the others. Trade-offs analysis was performed among the three objectives and visualized in both two- and three-dimension forms. It is found there is an opportunity of reducing the cost and environmental impacts to 80.3% and 77.8% and increasing the pavement performance to 146.6% compared to the base case. However, they are mutually compromised and cannot be reached simultaneously. The developed model reveals the quantitatively interactive relationship of the three objectives and helps optimize the asphalt pavement maintenance plans.     

An optimization model for aircraft maintenance scheduling and re-assignment

The aircraft maintenance scheduling is one among the major decisions an airline has to make during its operation. Though maintenance scheduling comes as an end stage in an airline operation, it has potential for cost savings. Maintenance scheduling is an easily understood but difficult to solve problem. Given a flight schedule with aircraft assigned to it, the aircraft maintenance-scheduling problem is to determine which aircraft should fly which segment and when and where each aircraft should undergo different levels of maintenance check required by the Federal Aviation Administration. The objective is to minimize the maintenance cost and any costs incurred during the re-assignment of aircraft to the flight segments.This paper provides a complete formulation for maintenance scheduling and a heuristic approach to solve the problem. The heuristic procedure provides good solutions in reasonable computation time. This model can be used by mid-sized airline corporations to optimize their maintenance costs.     

高速公路养护作业成本控制对策

文章分析了高速公路养护作业在时间、空间和资源的使用方面受到诸多限制,从而呈现出高成本的特性,提出了高速公路养护作业成本的控制对策.     

基于等效面积法的沥青路面预防性养护措施效果评价

本文基于安徽省高速公路路面历史性能数据,采用多元线性回归模型建立了预防性养护措施路面性能发展模型,评价了各预防性养护措施的适用性。针对实际情况采用"等效面积法"评价路面养护效益,考虑到预防性养护措施寿命较短,本文提出二次养护效益费用比的概念,对典型的预防性养护措施的实施效果进行了评价,并对影响养护效益的因素进行了分析。     

钱江盾构隧道设计速度标准及交通安全分析

通过对6车道钱江盾构隧道工程的通行能力与服务水平、隧道建设与运营养护成本、超大直径盾构机械制造可行性及施工可靠性等方面的综合分析,确定了钱江隧道80 km/h的设计速度标准;通过对内侧3.5 m车道宽度、不设紧急停车带和检修道等横断面设计带来的交通安全风险的分析,提出了相应的交通安全对策,得出了钱江过江通道采用15 m直径盾构隧道的可行性结论。     

The abatement cost function for a representative vehicle inspection and maintenance program

Mandatory inspection and maintenance programs require on-road vehicles to be tested regularly and repaired if they are not in compliance with air emission regulations. We estimate the abatement cost function for a representative inspection and maintenance program. This is done by constructing a model of the statistical process that leads to non-compliance, parameterizing the model, and then by simulating the total abatement cost function. The model predicts that the marginal abatement cost for a major representative program is so high that even a small reduction in the abatement target leads to substantial cost savings to motorists. In addition, even for quite high levels of the abatement target, the optimal minimum testing age is substantially higher and the frequency of testing is much lower than is common in many jurisdictions.     

A stochastic fleet size and mix model for maintenance operations at offshore wind farms

A fleet of vessels and helicopters is needed to support maintenance operations at offshore wind farms. The cost of this fleet constitutes a major part of the total maintenance costs, hence keeping an optimal or near-optimal fleet is essential to reduce the cost of energy. In this paper we study the vessel fleet size and mix problem that arises for the maintenance operations at offshore wind farms, and propose a stochastic three-stage programming model. The stochastic model considers uncertainty in vessel spot rates, weather conditions, electricity prices and failures to the system. The model is tested on realistic-sized problem instances, and the results show that it is valuable to consider uncertainty and that the proposed model can be used to solve instances of a realistic size.