竞争环境下考虑顾客忠诚的供应链定价研究

本文研究在相对封闭的双寡头垄断竞争市场下,零售商和制造商的最优定价策略以及顾客忠诚与价格选择偏好对竞争定价的影响。论文从"社区零售场景"提炼出"零售竞争"和"顾客忠诚"两个主要特征,从竞争零售商的市场需求函数出发,综合考虑社区相对封闭的范围内消费者的选择偏好和选择忠诚等影响产品价格的因素,探讨这些因素对竞争零售商、制造商定价及其收益的影响,从而研究社区零售场景下的供应链定价策略。通过对分散决策和集中决策两种情形的讨论,得出在假设双寡头竞争条件下,分散决策可以得出最优定价,集中决策下的产品销量与零售商定价决策无关,只与封闭环境内的市场规模和顾客对零售商的忠诚度有关。     

我国航空货运市场特征及定价策略研究

航空货运是我国航空运输市场发展的新增长点,在社会经济发展中占据重要的位置。为提高我国航空货运收益,本文首先分析了航空货运市场特征,包括季节性变化规律、行业集中度和航线网络布局等,并结合专业访谈与文献调研初步确定货运定价影响因素。定性分析的基础上进行定量研究,基于某速运公司年度货运数据,借助SPSS软件做因素相关性分析,根据相关性的强弱最终确定航空货运定价影响因素,从而为航空公司提供合理有效的货运定价策略,实现货运收益的提升,并促进我国航空货运市场的稳健发展。     

Y配餐公司市场营销优化策略

本文运用\"波特五力\"模型阐述了航空配餐行业的现状及发展趋势,并以Y配餐公司为例,对其进行市场细分、目标市场选择及市场定位,制定出该公司在产品、价格、分销和促销组合方面的改进措施,对其发展有一定的参考价值,同时,对于国内其他航空配餐企业具有实际的借鉴意义。     

考虑风险偏好的航班延误旅客行为选择模型

目前,航班延误在我国还很普遍。研究航班延误后旅客行为选择倾向,对提升航班延误后服务补救具有一定的实际意义。本文利用前景理论,构建了航班延误后旅客行为选择模型,在基于航班延误规模、旅客属性确定的动态参照点的基础上,进行风险偏好系数的修正,并以北京-上海航线大规模延误为研究背景,分别计算风险偏好系数相同及不同两种情况下旅客选择行为的前景值,确定不同延误情形下旅客的最优行为选择。通过调查问卷及实地调查两种方式得到航班延误后旅客的实际选择行为,并与理论计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明,前景理论能够较好的解释旅客的选择行为。同时,在充分考虑旅客风险偏好的基础上,理论模型与实际行为的契合度更高。     

欧洲典型国家铁路运输市场引入竞争对比研究

欧洲三个典型国家德国、英国、法国对于在铁路运输市场引入竞争持有不同的态度,采取了改革力度各不相同的鼓励竞争的举措,本文通过对上述三个国家在铁路运输市场引入竞争的绩效、问题和对策的对比研究,以此说明铁路运输市场引入竞争的程度对行业发展的作用和影响。研究发现,引入竞争对提高铁路运量、改善公司经营绩效、提高政府补贴效率起到了一定的促进作用,但同时也产生了铁路系统协调难度上升、成本增加、铁路全覆盖和服务大众的优势被弱化等问题。要实现有效的市场竞争,不仅需要政府资金的持续支持,还需要在分散、有利于竞争的市场结构与保持铁路行业的整体性之间寻找到平衡点。     

基于消费者需求的出租客运市场细分设想

出租客运作为城市公共交通的重要补充,在满足城市居民出行需求方面发挥着重要作用。其中,出租客运有狭义和广义两种理解方式。狭义上讲,出租客运仅指以小型汽车为主要运输工具,按乘客意愿呼叫、停歇、上下、等待,按里程计费或以里程为主、辅以时间计费的一种区域性旅客运输方式。广义上讲,出租客运泛指除固定线路、固定客运站点、固定停靠站点的班车客运以外的其它不定线、不定时、不定点的一切客运方式,其内容涵盖传统意义上的包车客运、旅游客运、出租车客运、汽车租赁等范畴。     

考虑消费者感知的品牌服装零售商绿色产品设计决策

随着消费者的可持续消费意识不断提升,越来越多的消费者愿意购买更具绿色环保服饰。本文以参与产品设计且密切联系消费者的品牌零售商作为研究对象,将消费者的环保意识和质量感知纳入消费者支付意愿函数,在给定绿色度的绿色产品与普通产品竞争下,得到品牌零售商最大利润化的最优决策,并分析影响机理。得到以下结论：（1）品牌零售商可以通过降低绿色产品的批发价、提高产品质量等手段提高消费者从环保意识到实际消费的转化率;（2）当消费者的环保意识或者绿色产品质量越高,可以接受绿色产品的溢价越高;（3）提高消费者的环保意识,品牌零售商更容易盈利。最后从企业和政府的角度给出管理学启示,旨在鼓励可持续生产与消费。     

关于单条航线上航空公司定价策略研究

在单条航线上航空公司在制定票价、运量策略时不仅要顾及到消费者的需求,还需要考虑到竞争对手的策略,本文运用博弈论的方法,构造了在单条航线上的双寡头博弈模型,研究航空公司在产出无法轻易改变的情况下的运营策略。发现无论是在一条航线上占优势地位的航空公司或是占有率较低的航空公司,都存在这样的策略性行为,即在航班计划无法改变的情况下一次性将价格降至特定范围,并不会引发价格战,反而会增加博弈双方的收益。依此还可以推导出差异化定价可以使航空公司获得更高的利润。     

考虑碳税与消费者碳敏感的竞争性供应链采购策略研究

在低碳减排背景下,构建两条竞争供应链,提出四种采购策略组合：传统采购纯策略（TT策略）、混合采购策略（LT策略、TL策略）、低碳采购纯策略（LL策略）。分别建立博弈模型并求解,分析碳税与消费者碳敏感对供应链决策的影响。研究发现,考虑消费者碳敏感的情况下,无论碳税取值如何,LL策略始终是供应商与零售商“双赢”的均衡策略。消费者碳敏感可提高LT/TL策略和LL策略下的减排水平和供应链利润;但与LT/TL策略相比,LL策略下零售商相同的采购策略导致同质化竞争,将削弱供应商的减排积极性。碳税对供应商的减排水平有促进作用,但存在显著的阈值效应。数值分析发现,碳税对供应链碳排放的影响比消费者碳敏感更明显;随着碳税的增大,对环境影响最小的采购策略将由LL策略向LT/TL策略转变,再变为TT策略,说明为了环境效益最优,政府不宜制定过高的碳税。     

乡村振兴背景下农产品冷链物流发展策略研究

冷链物流可以有效保障农产品的新鲜、环保、绿色和高品质,为了推动农产品冷链物流产业的可持续、一体化发展,以乡村振兴战略为背景,具体阐述农产品冷链物流发展的意义,分析现存的问题,并以此提出解决对策,以期为相关工作人员提供参考。     

How might potential future plug-in electric vehicle buyers differ from current “Pioneer” owners?

The entry of various plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) into the passenger vehicle sector provides novel opportunities to learn about the potential for future PEV markets. However, early PEV buyers (or “Pioneers”) can substantially differ from present conventional vehicle owners that have interest in purchasing PEVs in the future (or the “Potential Early Mainstream buyers”). To compare the characteristics, preferences, and motivations of Pioneers and Potential Early Mainstream buyers, we draw data from the Canadian Plug-in Electric Vehicle Study, a three-part mixed-mode survey with samples of PEV owners (n = 94) and conventional new vehicle buyers (n = 1754). We identify several significant differences in household characteristics, including income, education, and recharge access. In terms of preferences, Pioneers express extremely high valuation of PEVs and prefer pure battery electric vehicle (BEV) designs over plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV) designs. In contrast, Potential Early Mainstream respondents prefer PHEVs. Both Pioneer and Potential Early Mainstream respondents are similarly cautious about controlled charging programs, but Pioneers place five times as much value on using electricity generated from renewable sources than the Potential Early Mainstream. Pioneers also tend to have different motivations, including significantly higher levels of environmental concern, and higher engagement in environment- and technology-oriented lifestyles. Policymakers, automakers, and electric utilities that anticipate a transition to electric mobility ought to consider how potential future PEV buyers may differ in their vehicle preferences, usage and motivations relative to current PEV owners.     

Post-entry container port capacity expansion

Port capacity development is a critical strategy for the growth of a new port, as well as for the development of existing ones, when both new and existing ports serve the same hinterland but have different competitive conditions. To study this strategy, we develop a two-stage duopoly model that comprises the pricing and capacity decisions of two heterogeneous players serving an increasing market. We identify the necessary condition for a port to increase its profit through capacity expansion, and characterize the condition when preemptive pricing by the dominant player is neither credible nor effective in preventing the smaller player from gaining market share. We also find the pure-strategy Nash equilibrium in the capacity expansion game for two ports that have different price sensitivities, as well as different operation and capacity investment costs. We apply the model results to the container port competition between Hong Kong and Shenzhen after Shenzhen port started its container operation in 1991. Our analysis explains the transition of market power from monopoly to duopoly, the fast development of Shenzhen Port, and the possible market structure changes with the continuing increase in demand.     

Who will buy electric vehicles? Identifying early adopters in Germany

Electric vehicles (EVs) have noteworthy potential to reduce global and local emissions and are expected to become a relevant future market for vehicle sales. Both policy makers and car manufacturers have an interest to understand the first large EV user group, frequently referred to as ‘early adopters’. However, there are only a few empirical results available for this important group. In this paper, we analyse and discuss several empirical data sets from Germany, characterising this user group from both a user and a product perspective, i.e. who is willing to buy an EV and who should buy one. Our results show that the most likely group of private EV buyers in Germany are middle-aged men with technical professions living in rural or suburban multi-person households. They own a large share of vehicles in general, are more likely to profit from the economical benefits of these vehicles due to their annual vehicle kilometres travelled and the share of inner-city driving. They state a higher willingness to buy electric vehicles than other potential adopter groups and their higher socio-economic status allows them to purchase EVs. In contrast to this, inhabitants of major cities are less likely to buy EVs since they form a small group of car owners in general, their mileage is too low for EVs to pay off economically and they state lower interest and lower willingness to pay for EVs than other groups. Our results indicate that transport policy promoting EVs should focus on middle-aged men with families from rural and sub-urban cities as first private EV buyers.     

Grouping travelers on the basis of their different car and transit levels of use

Market segmentation studies in travel behavior research are ordinarily based on socioeconomic characteristics and personality traits. This study explores the usefulness of a different approach, where the actual overall mobility levels across different ground transportation modes, along with desired changes in the use of cars and transit, are used as clustering variables. Using a given mode can in fact influence the personal representation of that mode, which in turn has been proven to be a key element in transport behaviours. We form such multimodality-based clusters from two field studies, one involving employees of the French transportation research institute INRETS and the other a representative sample of residents of the US San Francisco Bay Area. We find that strong users of a given mode would like to bring more balance to their “modal consumptions” by decreasing the use of this mode more than the average, and increasing the use of the alternative mode. However, concerning ground transport travel budgets, the desire to travel more (or less) overall seems less strongly related to the composition of the modal balance. The US dataset shows also a greater latent demand for travel than the French one. Socioeconomic characteristics of the clusters could not explain the patterns that were found, confirming the importance of taking into account multimodality issues in travel behavior research. Some policy implications from these findings are finally reported.

Anticipating PEV buyers’ acceptance of utility controlled charging

Utility controlled-charging (UCC) of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) could potentially align vehicle charging with the availability of intermittent, renewable electricity sources. We investigated the case of a nightly charging program where the electric utility can control home PEV charging. To explore consumer acceptance of this form of UCC, we implemented a web-based survey of new vehicle buyers in Canada (n = 1470). The survey assessed interest in PEVs, explained UCC, and elicited openness to UCC through attitudinal questions and a stated choice experiment. We find potential for UCC support among one-half to two-thirds of respondents interested in purchasing a PEV, depending on the scenario. However, some respondents express concerns with privacy and loss of control. To quantify preferences for UCC, we estimated a latent class choice model where respondents chose between different PEV charging programs. The model identified four distinct respondent segments (or classes) that vary in their acceptance of UCC, as well as their valuation of renewable electricity, saving money on their electrical bill, and undergoing charging inconvenience. The overall sample was more sensitive to cost incentives than to renewable incentives, where cost-based UCC programs garnered 63–78% enrollment while renewable-based programs garnered only 49–59% enrollment. Overall, we observe the potential for widespread acceptance of UCC programs among Canadian PEV buyers, but program design and deployment will need to carefully acknowledge the various motivations and concerns of different vehicle buyer segments.     

Forecasting electricity demand of electric vehicles by analyzing consumers’ charging patterns

The spread of electric vehicles (EVs) and their increasing demand for electricity has placed a greater burden on electricity generation and the power grid. In particular, the problem of whether to expand the electricity power stations and distribution facilities due to the construction of EV charging stations is emerging as an immediate issue. To effectively meet the demand for additional electricity while ensuring the stability of the power grid, there is a need to accurately predict the charging demands for EVs. Therefore, this study estimates the changes in electricity charging demand based on consumer preferences for EVs, charging time of day, and types of electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) and elucidates the matters to be considered for constructing EV infrastructure. The results show that consumers mainly preferred charging during the evening. However, when we considered different types of EVSEs (public and private) in the analysis, people preferred to charge at public EVSEs during the day. During peak load time, people tended to prefer charging using fast public EVSEs, which shows that consumers considered the tradeoffs between the full charge time and the price for charging. Based on these findings, this study provides key political implications for policy makers to consider in taking preemptive measures to adjust the electricity supply infrastructure.