LNG泊位靠泊设施及结构设计

LNG船型干舷高、外侧弧度大、船体中心不对称于管汇中心,靠泊时会遇到船舶与护舷接触点过高、与护舷接触面积过少的问题,常规靠船结构及设施难以适应多等级船舶的停靠要求,存在靠泊安全隐患。针对此问题,结合嘉兴港某LNG码头进行靠泊结构设计和靠泊设施布置,通过不同船舶在不同作业工况下的船岸匹配,分析橡胶护舷和船体平行舯体长度的匹配度,提出在靠船墩内侧上方设置反向靠船构件,优化内、外侧橡胶护舷布置高程,以满足多种等级船型靠泊适应性,保证船舶与护舷的接触面积,避免护舷局部压强变大,船体受损。采用物模试验测定船舶运动量、系缆力和撞击力等物理量,验证靠船构件和护舷布置的合理性,确保满足LNG船舶安全靠泊的作业要求。     

LNG船舶系泊试验对比分析研究

以目前国内设计可接卸26.6万m~3LNG船舶中泊位最短的某液化天然气(LNG)码头工程为例,针对码头长度仅370 m时,26.6万m~3LNG船在不同风浪流组合作用下的船舶运动量、系缆力和撞击力进行了研究,以达到LNG船舶安全系泊的要求。主要通过不规则波及规则波作用、物理模型和数学模型、船艏艉对调试验对比等进行了多手段研究,研究结果表明:不规则波作用船舶运动量、系缆力和撞击力普遍大于规则波;物理模型试验中,45°斜浪的作用对船舶运动量、系缆力和撞击力的影响最大,30°斜浪次之;船舶艏艉对调停靠时船舶运动量与未对调前的运动量、系缆力和撞击力相差不大,艏、艉缆受力位置分布有所改变。     

大型开敞式原油码头船舶作业和系泊安全条件试验研究

为保障某大型开敞式原油码头船舶作业和系泊安全,采用整体物理模型,试验测量了不同风浪流组合作用下,系泊船舶的运动量、系缆力和撞击力,并分别以运动量和系缆力为衡量标准,分析得到不同风流条件下45万t和10万t油船作业和系泊的允许波高及周期。结果表明:油船纵、横移运动量最大允许值取2 m较为合适;我国现行规范对10万t油船允许作业波高及周期的规定时合适的,而单横浪作用下,45万t油船的允许作业波高则可提高至2.0 m,对应平均波周期为8 s。     

40万吨级超大型油轮船舶系泊动态响应的试验研究

为探讨超大型油轮在现有码头停靠、作业时的系泊情况,采用船舶系泊物理模型试验方法,分析研究了40万吨级油轮系泊作业时在长周期波及波浪、风、流联合作用下,系泊船舶的动态响应及对系缆力、护舷撞击力的影响。得出了40万吨级油轮在系泊作业过程中在不同波高及周期的波浪作用下运动量、缆力、撞击力的变化规律,提出在试验条件下40万吨级油轮停靠码头系泊作业的系缆方式及应注意问题。可为40万吨级油轮系泊作业提供依据。     

基于AQWA的渔船排列形式对运动和系泊力响应的影响分析

渔船作为海洋渔业的重要经济载体,渔船安全一直备受关注,但极端天气下港内锚泊渔船倾覆、断缆的情况时有发生。利用水动力分析软件AQWA,分别建立的单船、双船并排与三船并排首尾锚泊模型,计算不规则波作用下首尾锚泊渔船的时域运动响应与系缆力,分析不同波高和周期条件下船舶排列形式对横摇角度和系缆力的影响。计算结果表明,双船或三船并排锚泊能有效抑制横浪作用下船舶的横摇角度;三船并排锚泊时,中间船的横摇角度会大于两侧船只;并排锚泊时,系泊力随波浪周期的增大而增大;出于渔船安全考虑,渔港内波高与波周期均较大的区域,宜采用多船并排锚泊形式。     

波浪与系缆方式对系泊船舶响应的影响研究

系泊船舶响应的影响因素很多,且十分复杂。针对影响系泊船舶响应的主要因素（波浪和系缆方式）开展研究,通过船舶系泊物理模型试验,研究波浪条件及系缆方式对系泊船舶响应的影响规律,其中波浪条件包括不同的波向及波浪周期,系缆方式包括不同缆绳配置（有无缆尾索）和不同系缆布置方案。研究结果表明,45°斜向浪作用下系泊船舶的运动量和系缆力均明显小于横浪作用下的结果;试验波浪周期范围（T=3.5~6.0 s）内,系泊船舶的运动量和系缆力均随着波浪周期的增大而变大;从船舶系泊安全角度看,设置缆尾索是有利的;码头前后沿共同系缆布置可明显提高船舶系泊（非装卸作业时）的抗风浪流能力。     

抛石堤长周期波浪透浪作用及对码头系泊条件的影响

长周期波浪作用于抛石堤时,部分波能透过石间孔隙,从而影响港内泊稳。结合印尼工程实例,采用波浪断面物理模型试验,对透射系数随周期、波高、波类型等因素的变化规律进行了研究。通过波浪整体系泊物理模型试验,对驳船码头和散货船码头的相应泊稳条件进行了研究。结合试验结果分析了透浪对码头系泊条件的影响。结果表明:抛石堤透射系数随波高的增大而减小,随周期的增大而增大;周期越长,船舶允许作业波高越小;长周期波浪的透浪作用对系泊影响程度大,设计时应纳入考虑。试验结果可为抛石堤后方码头设计提供参考。     

船舶系泊动力分析数值模拟计算研究

利用动力分析方法的数学模型SHIP-MOORINGS对船舶系泊过程中的运动、波浪载荷及橡胶护舷的碰撞力进行了数值模拟计算。试验中,系泊船舶运动量、系缆力和撞击力随着波高的增大而增大,随着波浪周期的增大一般也增大,其变化关系还与船舶本身的自摇周期有关。当45°斜浪和90°横浪作用时,横移<1.0 m(PIANC,1995)的要求最容易超标,为该浪向作用下船舶作业标准的主要控制指标;当0°顺浪作用时,升沉<1.0 m的要求最容易超标,为顺浪作用下船舶作业标准的主要控制指标。在45°斜向浪作用时,沿船长方向布置的护舷所受碰撞力分布不均衡,艏、艉处的碰撞力较大,而在90°横浪和0°顺浪作用时,作业和系泊条件略好,因此控制浪向为艏来45°斜浪作用。其中,10 000DWT的船型由于吨位相对较小,风浪流作用下,运动量较大,其中横摇、横移表现最为明显。对于各泊位所选择的护舷型号,计算表明,系缆力控制工况下,护舷所受到的最大撞击力均小于其设计反力,护舷型号选择合理。     

大型LNG船舶在风浪流共同作用下的系泊试验研究

为满足山东LNG项目接收站码头工程设计和码头使用指南制定依据的需要,进行了LNG船模物理模型试验以测定船舶在风、浪、流联合作用下、不同工况组合条件下船舶运动量最大值、最大缆绳拉力、以及船舶对护舷撞击能量和撞击力,同时试验针对26.6万m3船型分别在370 m和390 m两种泊位长度进行了对比论证,并对两种系缆方式(3322和4222)进行了对比试验。结果表明,系泊条件随着泊位长度缩短有改善趋势,运动量平均减少约10%,系缆力减幅约4%¹1%,撞击力改变不明显。试验条件下各运动量均能够满足PIANC推荐值,系缆力除波周期在10 s和12 s时个别组次有超标外均能满足缆绳设计要求,其中系缆方式3322比4222要略好一些。各船型对护舷的撞击力和撞击能量均小于所选护舷的设计标准值,均满足设计要求。     

远东码头船靠船靠泊作业风险评估与操作措施

相对于船舶靠码头作业,二程船靠泊一程船的船靠船靠泊作业要额外考虑两船之间的靠球、靠泊角度、系缆条件、作业协调和吃水差等风险因素,作业风险更大。对此,从二程船对一程船的撞击力、靠球的选型与配置、二程船靠泊时机、靠泊角度、靠泊速度、拖船配置以及靠球弹性的应对等角度出发,对远东码头二程船靠泊一程船作业进行靠泊方案风险评估、实景模拟验证、模拟操纵训练和多次靠泊实践探索,并提出相应的操作措施。该操作措施较好地解决了二程船特殊条件下在远东码头11#泊位靠泊一程船外当的安全靠泊问题。     

Use of 3D compartment model for simplified full ship FE model. Part I: construction of FE model

Classification societies cannot cover the torsional strength assessment with simple empirical formula as the size of a containership increases drastically over 10 000 TEU in recent years. Torsional strength of a container ship is very difficult to estimate with an analytical method due to its alternatively varying cross sections, i. e. an open and a closed section. This article proposes an approach to construct a simplified FE model using a 3D compartment model available from the beginning of ship design process. The model is cut to pieces of lots of small pieces of lines by a set of transverse, longitudinal and horizontal planes. Two algorithms are developed for mesh generation of internal structures; one for assembling the broken lines into closed loops and the other for automatically generating mesh from the loops. Another algorithm is proposed to generate mesh for outer hull using outermost nodes of the FE model built for internal members. The validity of the simplified model is discussed along with a beam theory based approach in J Mar Sci Technol (2008)     

Error correction of a predictive ocean wave model using local model approximation

Constructing models from time series with nontrivial dynamics is a difficult problem. The classical approach is to build a model from first principles and use it to forecast on the basis of the initial conditions. Unfortunately, this is not always possible. For example, in fluid dynamics, a perfect model in the form of the Navier–Stokes equations exists, but initial conditions and accurate forcing terms are difficult to obtain. In other cases, a good model may not exist. In either case, alternative approaches should be examined. This paper describes an alternative approach of combining observations and numerical model results in order to produce an accurate forecast. The approach is based on application of a method inspired by chaos theory for building nonlinear models from data called Local Models. Embedding theorem based on the time lagged embedded vectors is the basis for the local model. This technique is used for analysis and updating of numerical model output variables to forecast and correct the errors created by numerical model. The local model approximation is a powerful tool in the forecasting of chaotic time series and has been employed for wave prediction in a forecasting horizon from a few hours to 24 h. The efficacy of the local model as an error correction tool (by combining the model predictions with the observations) compared with the predictions of linear auto regressive models has been brought up. In the present study, the parameters driving the local model are optimized using evolutionary algorithms.     

Validation of vessel seakeeping model tuning algorithm based on measurements at model scale

Wave-induced vessel motion prediction plays a critical role in ensuring safe marine operations. The operational limiting criteria can usually be calculated by applying presumed linearized vessel motion transfer functions based on the specified vessel loading condition, which may deviate from the real vessel condition when the operation is executed. Reducing the uncertainties of the onboard vessel loading condition can therefore improve the accuracy of vessel motion prediction and hence improve the safety and cost-efficiency for marine operations. However, parameters related to the onboard vessel loading condition can be difficult to measure directly, such as the center of gravity and moments of inertia. In addition, the hydrodynamic viscous damping terms are always subject to significant uncertainties and sometimes become critical for accurate vessel motion predictions. A very promising algorithm for the tuning of these important uncertain vessel parameters based on the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) that uses onboard vessel motion measurements and synchronous wave information was proposed and demonstrated previously by application to synthetic data. The present paper validates the UKF-based vessel seakeeping model tuning algorithm by considering measurements from model-scale seakeeping tests. Validation analyses demonstrate rational tuning results. The observed random errors and bias in relation to the measurement functions due to the applied simplification and linearization in the seakeeping simulations can lead to biased tuning. The importance of designing the state space and the measurement space is demonstrated by case studies. Due to the nonlinear relationship between the uncertain vessel parameters and the vessel motions, the tuning is shown to be sensitive to the mean state vector and selection of the surrounding sigma points.     

导弹分段刚体模型和弹性体模型的动响应区别

针对目前一种新提出来的潜射导弹分段刚体模型的试验方案,通过求解在同一载荷作用下分段刚体模型与实际弹性体模型的动响应,来定量分析该模型试验所测得极大载荷值和实际情况下极大载荷的偏差.     

Use of a 3D compartment model for simplified full ship FE model. Part II: validation of the simplified FE model

This is Part II in a series of papers. Part I (J Mar Sci Technol 13:154–163) deals with an approach employed to construct a simplified FE model using a 3D compartment model available from the beginning of the ship design process. This paper begins by describing the limitations of an analytical approach based on shear warping beam theory for assessing torsional strength. Next, the structural parts of a container ship that have a negligible effect on hull girder bending strength and torsional strength are determined. This is verified by removing these parts from a conventional FE model and comparing the results obtained using this modified model with those yielded by the original model. The fore end part, the aft end part and the deck house are examined. Since these parts have complicated structures and relevant drawings for them are issued later than cargo structure drawings, modeling them exactly can result in a delay in the completion of the full ship FE model. This paper also verifies the validity of the simplified FE model built by applying the method proposed in Part I and comparing the results obtained with it with those given by a conventional full ship FE model. The stresses on hatch coaming top, the maximum diagonal elongations of the hatch coaming, and the maximum hatch corner movements are evaluated to check the validity of the simplified model.     

船闸闸首有限元模型土体指标取值的离心模型试验

以南水北调东线工程京杭运河八里湾船闸上闸首为原型,通过离心模型试验研究得到闸首结构在完建期工况下的结构变形以及地基反力,并依据离心试验的缩尺模型建立闸首有限元分析模型,采用参数反分析的方法拟定土体的弹性模量并进行有限元分析。将计算结果与离心模型试验值进行对比分析后得到土体指标在有限元软件中的最合理取值,可为类似地质条件的工程设计提供理论参考。     

港口锚地选址海域适用性评价及优化模型

合理的锚地选址可以保障船舶锚泊安全性,同时可以优化港口的平面布置,提高港口运营效率。总结解决锚地选址问题的现有方法,分析GIS技术在选址问题中的运用,明确锚地选址影响因素并建立综合评价指标体系,同时确定各指标权重值,通过海域适用性评价模型对所有栅格进行综合评价。基于海洋功能区划等约束条件,获得锚地选址的可行方案集,优化比选出最优方案。通过算例分析,验证本文提出的模型合理、可行,可作为锚地选址优化的一种方法。     

基于模型的耙吸挖泥船溢流损失估计及模型验证

对大型耙吸式挖泥船的装舱作业过程做了充分研究,重点解决了泥舱模型的溢流损失估计问题。利用多组实测数据,对3种泥舱沉积模型的估计效果进行了数据验证和评估分析,给出最终的评估结果。这一理论成果将应用于以后的挖泥船辅助决策和自动控制应用中。     

不同波导环境下反舰导弹末制导雷达捕捉能力分析

大气波导环境通过改变电磁波传播特征会影响反舰导弹末制导雷达对海面舰船目标的捕捉。在此针对地形抛物模式(TPEM)的不足及应用于分析末制导雷达时存在的误差,引入垂直递变衰减率计算方法对该模式进行了改进;结合雷达性能评估方法,利用试验对改进后的模式进行了验证;在不考虑信号处理的情况下,仿真分析了不同波导环境下末制导雷达对小目标的捕捉能力,并同时考虑了开机高度,制导频率带来的影响。     

船员综合素质指标量化模型

为提高航运企业经济效益和船舶航行安全性，根据不同技术参数的船舶对船员的实际技术要求建立船舶需求系数模型，针对船员个人情况建立员工素质模型，并为各类船舶对船员需求素质内容赋予不同的权重，在对船员各项素质指标进行量化的基础上，借助计算机辅助功能，为船舶制订最优船员调配计划。