Hydroelastic analysis of a rectangular plate subjected to slamming loads

A hydroelastic analysis of a rectangular plate subjected to slamming loads is presented. An analytical model based on Wagner theory is used for calculations of transient slamming load on the ship plate. A thin isotropic plate theory is considered for determining the vibration of a rectangular plate excited by an external slamming force. The forced vibration of the plate is calculated by the modal expansion method. Analytical results of the transient response of a rectangular plate induced by slamming loads are compared with numerical calculations from finite element method. The theoretical slamming pressure based on Wagner model is applied on the finite element model of a plate. Good agreement is obtained between the analytical and numerical results for the structural deflection of a rectangular plate due to slamming pressure. The effects of plate dimension and wave profile on the structural vibration are discussed as well. The results show that a low impact velocity and a small wetted radial length of wave yield negligible effects of hydroelasticity.     

客滚船首尾部砰击计算研究

客滚船的特殊线型——艏部外飘幅度较大和艉部的扁平肥大型结构,在营运过程中易受到砰击载荷的作用。由于该类船舶砰击问题显著,故一直是业内研究的热点。以某客滚船为例,针对其艏艉结构进行砰击计算,采用计算量适中,且可实现砰击载荷预报的频域法,将砰击载荷映射到相应各部分的有限元计算模型上,经计算分析,得到艏艉结构在砰击压力下的应力结果,最终实现对客滚船砰击强度的安全评估。整个计算探讨过程,可供同类船舶的设计研究人员借鉴。     

砰击载荷作用下双体船强度计算方法研究

舰船的砰击载荷与结构响应的研究一直备受关注.对于双体船来说,砰击按部位可分为底部砰击、外飘砰击和甲板上浪,和连接相邻船体的甲板下侧,即湿甲板砰击.目前对于双体船的砰击计算还不完善,因此对于该船型的砰击研究十分必要.本文分别利用规范计算和直接计算的方式,对砰击载荷作用下双体船强度影响进行研究.规范计算主要基于中国船级社规范计算砰击载荷,直接计算则是通过线性势流理论预报船波相对速度,借助相关规范确定砰击压力系数,实现砰击载荷的直接计算.通过有限元软件加载计算,分析比较2种载荷计算方法对双体船强度的影响,以指导砰击载荷作用下双体船局部结构的设计实践.     

半潜式支持平台恶劣海况下运动性能试验研究

半潜式支持平台的研发面临一系列技术难题，尤其是恶劣海洋环境对平台的影响。恶劣环境下，平台会出现严重的非线性载荷特性，严重时会危害平台安全，因此在研发设计阶段，有必要开展半潜式支持平台在恶劣海洋环境下的运动性能研究。针对我国自主开发设计的某型深水半潜式支持平台，基于模型试验方法开展恶劣海况下运动性能研究。在完成水平系泊系统和气隙、砰击载荷测试方案设计的基础上，开展试验研究，获得了平台固有周期、阻尼系数、恶劣海况下的运动响应以及气隙、砰击等非线性载荷。结果显示，在恶劣海况下，目标平台运动响应较大，不具备作业条件。平台多处气隙出现负值且发生较为显著的砰击现象，砰击次数及砰击压力均较大。结果为半潜式支持平台总体设计提供了有效的支撑数据。     

作业水深对浮式半潜平台波浪砰击的影响

结合模型试验,基于数值重构和外推的计算模型,采用时域全耦合分析方法,对浮式半潜平台全尺寸锚泊系统以及风、浪、流载荷的联合作用进行模拟,针对动力辅助锚泊定位平台与锚泊定位平台在不同作业水深下的波浪砰击进行对比研究。研究结果表明：浮式半潜平台关注点处波浪砰击次数受作业水深的影响敏感。平台在同等环境工况下,关注点处负气隙以及波浪砰击次数随着作业水深的增加而加剧。动力辅助锚泊定位平台较之于锚泊定位平台的随动性更好,可有效减小平台与水质点的相对运动,作业水深变化引起的动力辅助锚泊定位平台同一关注点的砰击次数、气隙变化以及改善幅值明显优于锚泊定位平台。在平台设计过程中,作业水深对平台气隙和波浪砰击的影响应引起重视。     

Review of ship slamming loads and responses

The paper presents an overview of studies of slamming on ship structures. This work focuses on the hull slamming, which is one of the most important types of slamming problems to be considered in the ship design process and the assessment of the ship safety. There are three main research aspects related to the hull slamming phenomenon, a) where and how often a slamming event occurs, b) slamming load prediction and c) structural response due to slamming loads. The approaches used in each aspect are reviewed and commented, together with the presentation of some typical results. The methodology, which combines the seakeeping analysis and slamming load prediction, is discussed for the global analysis of the hull slamming of a ship in waves. Some physical phenomena during the slamming event are discussed also. Recommendations for the future research and developments are made.     

宽幅平底船型砰击载荷研究

针对宽幅平底船型在风浪中航行,其船艏底部易遭受砰击从而引发船体高频振动的现象,对某型宽幅平底船型进行了研究.通过对目标船艇开展理论计算、船模试验、实船测量等多项工作.研究了非常规船型的砰击载荷.运用理论研究和试验相结合的方法,开展了复杂船型的砰击载荷研究,提出了理论预报的估算公式.通过大量计算和相关试验,得出了船型、航速和海况是影响宽幅平底船型砰击载荷的三大主要因素的结论.     

作业水深对半潜平台气隙影响的比较研究

结合水池试验结果,对数值模拟粘滞曳力和辐射阻尼进行了修正。考虑平台所受的风、浪、流载荷以及全尺寸锚泊系统对平台运动的影响,基于锚泊和ATA定位方式,选取四种典型计算工况,对平台在不同作业水深下气隙和波浪砰击进行研究。研究结果表明:平台在同等工况下,工作水深对两种定位方式下平台运动响应能量谱、关注点气隙响应能量谱影响敏感。关注点处负气隙以及波浪砰击次数随着工作水深的增加而加剧。ATA定位平台较之于锚泊定位平台的随动性更好,可有效减小平台与水质点相对运动。工作水深引起ATA定位下平台关注点的砰击次数、气隙变化以及改善幅值优于锚泊定位。在平台设计过程中应该重视工作水深对平台气隙和波浪砰击的影响。     

Benchmark study on slamming response of flat-stiffened plates considering fluid-structure interaction

This paper presents a benchmark study on the slamming responses of offshore structures’ flat-stiffened plates. The objective was to compare the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulation methodologies, modeling techniques, and established researchers' experiences in predicting slamming pressure. Three research groups employing the most common commercial software packages for numerical FSI simulations (i.e. LS-Dyna ALE, LS-Dyna ICFD, ANSYS CFX, and Star-CCM+/ABAQUS) participated in this study. Wet drop test data on flat-stiffened aluminum plates of light-ship-like bottom structures available in the open literature was utilized for validation of the FSI modeling. A summary of the experimental conditions including the geometry model and material properties, was distributed to the participants prior to their simulations. A parametric study on flat-stiffened steel plates having actual scantlings used in marine installations was performed to investigate the effect of impact velocity and plate rigidity on slamming response. The FE simulation results for the total vertical forces acting on the stiffened plates and their structural responses to those forces, as obtained from the participants, were analyzed and compared. The reliable and accurate predictions of slamming loads using the aforementioned commercial FSI software packages were evaluated. Additionally, equivalent static slamming pressures resulting in the same permanent deflections, as observed from the FSI simulations, were reported and compared with analytical models proposed by the Classification Standards DNV and existing experimental data for calculation of the slamming pressure. The study results showed that the equivalent load model depends on the water impact velocity and plate rigidity; that is, the equivalent static pressure coefficient decreases with an increase in impact velocity, and increases when impacting structures become stiffer.     

基于混合两步法的船舶砰击载荷预报研究

文章针对船舶结构设计时重点关注的艏部砰击载荷问题,综合考虑计算效率及精度,提出了基于势流理论和计算流体力学方法的混合两步法。第一步,采用三维势流理论预报波浪中有航速船舶的运动响应,分析船波相对运动;第二步,根据预报砰击载荷所在位置的船体横剖面,建立等截面的三维立体模型,采用基于有限体积法与动网格技术的计算流体力学方法,基于第一步得到的相对运动结果模拟落体入水过程,计算砰击压力。使用该两步法预报了某超大型油轮在压载工况顶浪航行时候的艏部砰击压力,并讨论了相对运动和砰击压力的时域历程规律。文中数值预报结果得到了水池模型实验的验证,表明该方法的可行性和预报结果的合理性。     

Prediction of slamming pressure considering fluid-structure interaction. Part II: Derivation of empirical formulations

This is Part II in a series of papers. Part I [1] investigated the slamming responses of flexible flat stiffened steel and aluminum plates using the nonlinear explicit finite element code LS-Dyna with the Multi-Material Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (MMALE) solver. Subsequently, a simplified finite element FSI model of water hitting structures that is realistically close to the slamming phenomenon occurring on the bottom part of offshore structures was proposed. The proposed FSI methodology presented in Part I was verified by comparison with the relevant test data. It was evident that the use of the proposed numerical method presented in Part I was very effective for a benchmarking investigation of slamming load considering the hydroelastic effect. However, the method required much effort in terms of computation time and power analysis resources. The present study, Part II, aimed, as an alternative to the FSI analysis approach, to develop empirical formulae for prediction of slamming loads acting on deformable flat stiffened plates used in marine applications. This paper begins by describing the limitations of the existing approaches based on theoretical, experimental and even numerical studies conducted in the past for estimation of slamming loads. Next, it presents, based on the simulation methodology developed in Part I, rigorous parametric studies that had been performed on actual scantlings of marine-seagoing structures. The effects of structural geometry and water impact velocity on slamming pressure are then investigated in detail. Subsequently, the parametric results are analyzed and utilized to derive empirical formulations for the prediction of slamming loads acting on flat stiffened plates of marine structures. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed formulations are established by comparison with the results of the test and other existing formulations. The proposed formulations are expected to be used for the purposes of the design without any time-consuming FSI analysis of advanced and optimal structures that are robust to slamming.     

砰击载荷作用下船艏结构瞬态响应研究

砰击现象对高速舰船艏部局部结构破坏相当严重,对舰船和人员的安全构成较大威胁,然而由于砰击载荷的瞬态性和强非线性,其计算理论还很不成熟,舰船艏部结构在砰击作用下的应力响应更鲜有人研究。基于此,利用设计波下确定的砰击压力极值,结合以往试验测定的砰击压力随时间的变化关系,计算得到砰击压力的时空分布,然后将其施加在船艏精细有限元模型上,利用中心差分法进行数值计算,并对计算中一些关键参数的设置值做不同尝试,得到了较理想的艏部结构应力响应历程。     

一种考虑砰击载荷的双体船湿甲板疲劳强度的计算方法

提出一种实用的计算和分析方法来考虑砰击载荷对双体船湿甲板处结构疲劳强度的影响,保证疲劳寿命预报的精度。首先,根据线性理论计算船体与波浪之间的相对运动和相对速度,并计算船体结构在波浪载荷作用下的应力响应;然后,计算湿甲板在砰击载荷作用下的非线性响应,再将线性响应与非线性响应通过方向性进行叠加,得到波浪载荷与砰击载荷联合作用的应力响应时历;最后,通过雨流计数法计算双体船在危险工况下的湿甲板疲劳损伤。研究结果可为考虑砰击载荷的双体船湿甲板疲劳强度评估提供一些参考。     

Equivalent design pressure for ship plates subjected to moving slamming impact loads

When a ship navigates at sea, the slamming impact can generate significant load pulses which move up along the hull plating. The effect of the moving pressure has so far not been explicitly considered in the Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Ships. Based on a modal superposition method and the Lagrange equation, this paper derives analytical solutions to study the elastic dynamic responses of fully clamped rectangular plates under moving pressure impact loads. The spatial variation of the moving slamming impact pressure is simplified to three types of impact loads, i.e. a rectangular pulse, a linearly decaying pulse and an exponentially decaying pulse. The dynamic responses of fully clamped rectangular plates under the moving slamming impact pressure are calculated in order to investigate the influence of the load pulse shapes and moving speed on the plate structural behaviour. It is found that the structural response of the plate increases with the increase of the moving speed. The response of the plate subjected to a moving pressure impact load is smaller than the case when the plate is subjected to a spatially uniform distributed impact load with the same load amplitude and load duration. In order to quantify the effect of the moving speed on the dynamic load, a Dynamic Moving Load Coefficient (DMLC) is introduced as the ratio between the dynamic load factor for the moving impact load and that under the spatially uniform distributed impact load. An expression for DMLC is proposed based on analyses of various scenarios using the developed analytical model. Finally an empirical formula which transforms the moving impact loads to an equivalent static load is proposed.     

基于改进Wagner方法的轴对称体入水“后时段”砰击载荷数值计算

文章基于三维边界元方法研究了三维轴对称体入水砰击载荷的数值算法。算法从三维力学模型出发,继承Wagner自由液面抬升理论,引入浸深因子Cw以确定自由液面抬升高度,将自由液面线性化处理,同时考虑网格运动,在自由液面附近对网格进行截断重构,以确保水下湿面积的精准。算法中使用考虑加权运动项的非线性伯努利方程计算得到入水结构的表面压力,进一步积分可得入水结构的总体受力;另外,算法中引入虚拟面元的概念,将砰击载荷计算时历延长至液面高于坠物制高点之后,扩大了传统入水载荷计算的时历范围,并且文中引用Alaoui半球入水试验,对算法的正确性及适用性进行了验证。     

下水式升船机船厢底缘形式研究*

通过比尺为1:20的船厢出入水过程概化物理模型,对下水式升船机船厢主体底缘形式进行系统研究,探讨不同底缘形式的船厢对出入水过程船厢池水面波动、吸附力、拍击力及附加水动力荷载的影响。研究表明：船厢底缘角度的增大可有效降低船厢出水吸附力与入水拍击力,同时考虑到船厢底缘角度的增大会引起船厢质量的增加,提出船厢底缘较优角度为4°。     

拖航工况下半潜平台撑杆波浪砰击敏感性研究

半潜式平台在拖行过程撑杆等细长结构承受的波浪砰击对结构安全影响较大,相关船级社规范中明确要求结构分析过程中需要考虑波浪砰击载荷。基于传统势流理论的数值方法已经被广泛的应用于浮式海洋平台的水动力和砰击载荷的研究,但是对于复杂的粘性干涉效应、波浪爬升、波浪破碎和波浪砰击等实际工程问题不能够运用势流理论准确模拟。非定常的计算流体力学CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)方法能够较为准确解决上述问题。因此,本文以982半潜式海洋平台为研究对象,采用计算流体力学中的动态重叠网格方法和流域体积域方法VOF(volume of fluid),结合水池物理模型试验结果,对平台在拖行工况下撑杆的波浪砰击进行研究。主要对半潜平台撑杆在三种不同流速和风速的拖航工况下撑杆受到的砰击压力的敏感性进行了分析研究,分析波浪砰击下撑杆的瞬态砰击压强分布情况,得到波浪砰击压力危险区域,同时给出拖航工况下撑杆砰击压力系数的变化规律,为分析预报半潜式平台撑杆在复杂的拖航海况下受到的砰击压力提供了参考。     

Bottom slamming on heaving point absorber wave energy devices

Oscillating point absorber buoys may rise out of the water and be subjected to bottom slamming upon re-entering the water. Numerical simulations are performed to estimate the power absorption, the impact velocities and the corresponding slamming forces for various slamming constraints. Three buoy shapes are considered: a hemisphere and two conical shapes with deadrise angles of 30° and 45°, with a waterline diameter of 5 m. The simulations indicate that the risk of rising out of the water is largely dependent on the buoy draft and sea state. Although associated with power losses, emergence occurrence probabilities can be significantly reduced by adapting the control parameters. The magnitude of the slamming load is severely influenced by the buoy shape. The ratio between the peak impact load on the hemisphere and that on the 45° cone is approximately 2, whereas the power absorption is only 4–8% higher for the 45° cone. This work illustrates the need to include slamming considerations aside from power absorption criteria in the buoy shape design process and the control strategy.     

基于SPH方法的M型快艇入水载荷仿真分析

[目的]为研究M型快艇典型截面结构入水过程中受到的水动力载荷,[方法]基于光滑粒子动力学(SPH)液-气两相流算法,模拟平板和弓形模型的入水过程,以验证所用算法的精确性。在此基础上,模拟M型快艇典型截面结构的入水过程,并与相关文献的试验结果进行比较。[结果]结果显示:两种结构入水过程的仿真结果与试验结果吻合较好。M型快艇入水过程中存在二次砰击现象,即在主船体斜升角较大时会导致第1次砰击载荷较小,若斜升角过大时第2次砰击过程中结构则受到的砰击载荷会显着增加。[结论]研究结果表明,SPH两相流算法可以很好地模拟M型快艇入水过程,斜升角的设计大小应适当。     

空气层对高速三体船连接桥砰击压力峰值影响二维仿真研究

利用LS-DYNA仿真软件研究了高速三体船连桥结构的砰击问题,建立了二维有限元模型,对高速三体船结构以不同的速度进行等速入水的情况进行了计算.研究发现,存在于高速三体船主船体和辅船体与水之间的空气层充当了缓冲垫,大大减小了连接桥的砰击压力峰值.通过对压力峰值与速度平方比值的无量纲系数的回归分析,发现该系数随着入水速度的增加成二次指数递减趋势;其次是假想不存在空气层进行仿真计算,与考虑空气层的计算进行比较分析,量化空气层对高速三体船连接桥砰击压力峰值的影响,并得出随着砰击速度的增加,空气层对压力峰值影响逐渐变小.