钦州湾湾口填海对茅尾海水交换能力的影响

以溶解态的保守物质作为示踪剂,建立茅尾海水交换平面二维数学模型,采用开边界污染物浓度梯度与内侧一致假定考虑了边界污染物回归,计算分析了钦州湾湾口两侧大范围填海工程对茅尾海纳潮量和水体半交换周期的影响情况。研究表明：龙门海峡通道顺畅是维持茅尾海纳潮量的关键因素,湾口宽度保持9.4 km以上茅尾海内纳潮量和水体半交换周期基本不受湾口填海工程影响。     

Temporal variations of water flow between the Venetian lagoon and the open sea

Long-term measurements of the water flow at three Venice Lagoon inlets with the bottom-mounted ADCPs show that the main part of the variance (>90%) is associated with the tidal variability. Semi-diurnal constituents (mainly M2 and S2) are responsible for about 80% of the flow variance. Phase-lag between the axial current and sea-level is on the order of 2 h for M2 and 4 h for the K1, the maximum inflow leading the sea-level maximum. Phase-difference of tidal flows between inlets shows that Chioggia leads both Malamocco and Lido, suggesting that tidal signal progresses northward, thus in the opposite direction of both the semi-diurnal and diurnal tidal signals in the open Adriatic currents. The sea-level slope between the open sea and the lagoon interior controls the inlet flow, which is due to the time lag being constant for all tidal constituents. It was shown that tidal oscillations at Punta Salute (lagoon interior) lag those in Lido by about 45 min. The pressure gradient due to the sea-level slope generates the flow acceleration. Only for large current speeds (>0.5 m/s), the bottom friction term becomes equally important as the local acceleration and the horizontal pressure gradient terms. Wind effects manifest as a remote forcing through Adriatic seiches at semi-diurnal and diurnal scales, and as a local forcing at very long time scales on the order of a month. This latter mechanism is limited to a winter period (November–January). Seiches are present over the entire year, being however, more energetic and frequent during autumn and winter.     

利用高低潮推算乘潮水位的方法

提出一种仅利用高低潮数据计算乘潮水位的新方法.以潮汐表中我国不同潮汐类型站点的高、低潮数据和逐时潮位数据为基础,采用按规范方法计算的结果对新方法的结果进行验证,从多角度分析计算误差.结果表明,新方法的计算结果误差多在10 cm以内,径流和浅水分潮影响明显区域的最大误差在20 cm左右,结果精度能够满足工程需求.此方法含...     

Advection schemes for shelf sea models

Numerical models of shelf seas must handle sharp gradients in thermoclines and fronts, and at the edges of patches of passive tracer, often in the presence of strong tidal currents, without introducing excessive numerical diffusion or spurious oscillations. In a sigma coordinate model there is an additional problem, since then purely horizontal motion over a sloping sea bed may introduce strong numerical diffusion in the vertical, which can artificially erode thermoclines.In this paper, two advection schemes applicable to shelf sea models are examined. They are based on TVD (Total Variation Diminishing) and PPM (Piecewise Parabolic Method) techniques. They are demonstrated to give satisfactory performance for tracer advection in one, two and three dimensions. They are both monotonic, and the PPM scheme has particularly low numerical diffusion. In two and three dimensions directional splitting is used, which is handled by following advection with each horizontal velocity component by adjustment of the sigma levels in each water column using the same advection scheme. The artificial vertical diffusion is then small, particularly with PPM.The two schemes are also compared in a three-dimensional model of a cylindrical eddy of relatively fresh water, released from rest in an open sea region. Here, both salinity and momentum are advected. Laboratory experiments show that after an initial period of adjustment the eddy should become unstable, with a growth of cyclonic-anticyclonic eddy pairs. This is reproduced in the model, with the PPM scheme again producing sharper results than the TVD scheme.Integrated second moment calculations are used to compare the schemes. These demonstrate the lower numerical diffusion of the PPM scheme. This advantage is achieved at the cost of greater computing time.     

A note on the age of radioactive tracers

The age of a water mass is often estimated experimentally using the radio-age computed from the distribution of a radioactive tracer (radiocarbon, helium–tritium). Deleersnijder et al. [J. Mar. Syst. 28 (2001) 229.] have shown that the radio-age underestimates the age of the water and is larger than the age of the radioactive tracer used for its evaluation. This result is generalized here to radio-ages computed from the ratio of two radioactive tracers. The differences between the different ages are also studied analytically and numerically as functions of the decay rate of the radioactive tracers.For small decay rates, the difference between the age of the water mass and the radio-age is shown to be proportional to the decay rate. It depends also on the level of mixing in the system; even radioactive tracers with small decay rates can provide poor estimates of the age of the water mass in a strongly diffusive flow. For small half lives, both the radio-age and the age of radioactive tracers decrease as the inverse of the square root of the decay rate.The same analysis applies to some extent to the estimates of the age of a water mass from stable tracers with known time dependent sources (e.g. chloroflurocarbons).     

基于余水位的潮位实时推算系统

为了有效控制附近海域潮位,保证通航安全和合理有效地利用水深资源,详述了余水位的基本原理和潮汐差分方法,提出了基于此理论的验潮方案和潮位推算算法,并开发了一个潮位实时推算系统.系统采用多线程、串口通信等技术,与GPS接收机、潮位遥报仪、电脑主机等硬件进行实时通讯,获取定位信息和遥报潮位等数据,利用差分潮位推算施工船舶所在...     

潮段平均流速计算方法研究

在海岸、河口、海湾等地区,潮流是最基本海水运动和主要的水动力因素之一,受海底地形、岸线和岛屿的影响,潮流运动基本呈现为往复运动,即涨潮流速和落潮流速方向相反,相差180°左右。描述往复运动潮流动力强弱的重要指标之一是潮段平均流速和潮平均流速。结合实际海区的实测潮过程,文中对潮段平均流速的3种计算方法和对水文全潮的潮平均流速的3种计算方法进行了对比研究。研究结果表明,不同的计算方法其结果存在着误差,建议潮段平均流速采用积分平均方法,潮平均流速计算采用加权平均法。     

Distributed mass/discrete floe model for pack ice rheology computation

A new model, called the distributed mass/discrete floe model, is proposed for performing practical computations of mesoscale pack ice rheology. This model possesses the advantages of both the continuum and the discrete element models: it can express the discrete nature of pack ice, for which it is difficult to use a continuum model, and requires a much shorter computation time than a discrete element model. The pack ice is divided into ice bunches in which the floes, assumed to be distributed uniformly, are modeled as inelastic disks or rectangles floating on the water. The ice interaction forces are formulated from the relationship between the impulse on the bunch and the variation of momentum in the bunch. The ocean flow is calculated simultaneously with the floe movement using a multilayer model. In a circulating water channel, drift tests of physical model floes were performed in order to investigate the characteristics of their motion and interaction with ocean structure models. Near the structure, the floe motion depends on the floe shape. Disk floes show a lateral motion in front of the structure. They flow out around both sides of the structure and the number of floes in front of the structure decreases with the lapse of time. On the other hand, rectangular floes scarcely flow laterally. The number of floes in front of the structure remains constant over time. These experiments indicate that when the motion of pack ice around a structure is simulated, it is important to consider the floe shape. The disk floe motion and the rectangular floe motion can be regarded as extreme cases of pack ice motion. Actual pack ice motion may be between these two extremes. Computations were carried out using the distributed mass/discrete floe (DMDF) model. Simulation results were compared with the circulating water channel experiment results and sea ice motion in the southern part of the Sea of Okhotsk. The DMDF model predicted the circulating water channel drift test results quite closely. The DMDF model results also compared quite well with the sea ice motion.     

台山核电厂重要厂用水系统纳潮取水口潮流及泥沙研究

文章研究了台山核电厂重要厂用水系统纳潮取水工程。根据实测资料分析了自然条件和岸滩演变。分别建立了工程海区二维波浪、潮流、泥沙数学模型,并根据实测资料对夏季和冬季全潮水文进行了验证。在经验证的数学模型基础上,研究了重要厂用水系统纳潮取水工程实施后的潮流变化及泥沙回淤情况。结果表明,重要厂用水系统纳潮取水工程实施后,流场变化仅局限于安全取水工程附近小范围海域,进水前池附近水域泥沙年冲淤和骤淤都不大。因此,从潮流、泥沙角度考虑,重要厂用水系统纳潮取水工程是可行的。     

海上半浮体漂移轨迹研究

通过水上半浮体漂移过程的模拟研究,总结出一种循其轨迹,寻其“源头”的模拟计算方法。首先分析外海流系,沿岸流系,风海流、潮流,并以数学方程式描述之,然后作半浮体漂移的推算,最后以实例验证。本研究可给海事查证工作作参考。     

Management considerations for accreting shorelines

Abstract

Natural coastal accretion in the United States occurs at river mouths, spits across embayments, inlets, capes and cuspate forelands, and pocket beaches. Human‐induced accretion occurs updrift of groins and jetties, landward of breakwaters, and in locations which are artificially nourished. Coastal accretion is usually temporary (years to tens of years). Erosion may occur due to deflection of streams and tidal current channels or to changes in sea level, weather patterns, or sediment budgets. A focus on ownership disputes or use of accreted land draws attention away from the long‐term problem of the development of land which may be subject to future erosion. Control mechanisms should be in place to direct development on accreting shorelines to make more effective use of the resource.     

浙江沿海特征潮位与工程设计水位关系

针对岛屿地区长期潮位资料缺乏,给工程设计水位确定带来一定困难的问题,利用浙江沿海16个潮位站一年的潮位资料,推算本海域各站特征潮位及设计水位,并采用线性相关分析法对特征潮位与设计水位间关系进行研究,得到两者间规律性的成果,可为浙江沿海港口工程前期规划、设计等阶段估算工程设计水位提供参考。     

钦州湾围滩工程前后潮流场的数值模拟

基于双时间层的有限差分方法(ADI),建立了水深平均二维浅水潮流数学模型,采用逆风格式和追赶法求解二维浅水方程,通过建立钦州湾二维潮流数值模型重现钦州湾的潮位和潮流变化状况。模拟结果与同步进行的岸边潮位及海上潮流的观测值校验结果表明,实测潮位资料与对应时间的计算结果吻合良好,实测潮流与对应时间的计算结果十分接近。模拟计算结果真实地反映钦州湾的潮位变化和潮流运动状况。钦州湾围滩工程实施前后的潮流场数值模拟研究结果表明该工程建设不会对海域水动力学条件产生较大影响。     

环抱式港池水体交换与改善措施研究*

环抱式港池既有防浪挡沙的优势,也有港区内外水体交换不畅的不足.以规划中的连云港港徐圩港区为例,利用对流扩散模型,模拟计算潮流作用下环抱式港池水体半交换周期,研究探讨改善港池水质的工程措施及其效果.研究结果表明:水动力条件是影响港池水体半交换周期的主要因素,包括作用的潮型和港池位置;工程措施的效果取决于其对水动力条件的改善程度和水体交换量的大小.     

港珠澳大桥对伶仃洋水沙环境的影响

利用珠江口伶仃洋海域实测水文、泥沙及水深测量等现场实测资料分析,建立了南起万山群岛、北至虎门、东起汲水门、西至珠海—澳门的港珠澳大桥整体物理模型,研究工程实施对伶仃洋诸港口、伶仃航道、铜鼓航道及附近海域流场、潮位和水深变化的影响。结果表明:港珠澳大桥实施对潮流、潮位的影响仅在桥轴线上下游各4 km的范围内,对伶仃航道、铜鼓航道通航基本没有影响。     

秦皇岛海域水文泥沙特征分析

基于现场实测水文泥沙资料和水深测图资料,对秦皇岛海域的水文泥沙特征进行了分析。分析结果表明:研究海区靠近半日潮无潮点,潮差小,潮流动力较弱,水体含沙量低,泥沙来源有限,泥沙运动不活跃,岸滩整体保持稳定。秦皇岛海域水文泥沙环境较好,为海岸带开发利用提供了良好的条件。研究成果可作为本海域海岸开发利用的基础资料和依据。     

大连太平湾海域潮位特征分析

根据太平湾海域实测潮位资料,对该海域的潮汐性质、潮位特征值、理论最低潮面、平均海平面、设计高水位、设计低水位等进行了分析计算。结果表明:太平湾海区的潮汐属不正规半日混合潮性质,日潮不等现象明显;平均海平面在国家85基面下0.05 m,理论最低潮面在国家85基面下1.70 m;设计高水位1.62 m,设计低水位-1.36 m(国家85基面)。     

Risk zone of wrack hitting marine structure simulated by 2D hydraulic model

The wrack or the ship out of control will drift with flow.One of the most important factors that drive the ship is flow current which moves circularly in tidal area.The wrack from same place always drifts in different ways if the start time is different.So,during the ship drifting period,the drift trace is also determined by both wave and wind forces.The drift direction is limited by water depth which must be deeper than ship draft. These marine structures that can not afford the hit of wrack or will destroy the wrack must be well considered when they are placed near harbor and waterway or other water area with ship running.The risk zone should be consulted according to tide and weather conditions to protect structures and ships in necessary.A method is presented here to simulate the risk zone by 2D numerical hydraulic model with tidal current,wave,wind and water depth considered.This model can be used to built early-warning and protect system for special marine structure.     

葫芦岛海域潮流泥沙数值模拟

使用TK-2D软件建立了基于不规则三角形网格的葫芦岛海域的潮流场和悬沙场数学模型,根据现场实测资料对模型进行了充分的验证,对葫芦岛海域的潮流泥沙场进行了数值模拟,根据模拟计算结果,对该海域的潮流场和泥沙场特征进行了分析。研究结果表明:(1)葫芦岛海域海区的潮流运动为半日潮流类型;(2)该海区的潮流运动基本为平行岸线的往复运动;(3)该海区的潮流动力中等;(4)正常天气条件下水体含沙量很小,且分布均匀。     

连云港港主体港区水交换三维数值模拟

利用基于有限体积法的三维海洋数值模型FVCOM,建立了连云港浅滩海域的三维潮流数值模型和对流扩散模型。运用对流扩散模型,对连云港港主体港区的保守物浓度进行三维模拟计算,并对港池的三维水交换特征进行分析。结果表明,港池口门处的水交换能力最强,并向港池底部逐渐减小,港池表、底层水交换能力差别很小,主体港区的平均滞留时间、半交换时间和冲洗时间分别约为13、5、84 d。