Flag states and safety: 1997-1999

This paper examines the casualty rates of flag states in order to determine whether Flags of Convenience have a worse record than other types of register. The analysis uses the Lloyd's casualty database for the years 1997-1999. The data reveal that FOCs do, indeed, have a worse record than either second/international registers and national flags, but that there are considerable variations within the FOC group itself. This leads the authors to conclude that it is the newer, faster growing FOCs that are most likely to have inferior records to other flag states, and that this is due to the very nature of their, largely profit-making, regimes.     

Flag states and safety: 1997-1999

This paper examines the casualty rates of flag states in order to determine whether Flags of Convenience have a worse record than other types of register. The analysis uses the Lloyd's casualty database for the years 1997–1999. The data reveal that FOCs do, indeed, have a worse record than either second/international registers and national flags, but that there are considerable variations within the FOC group itself. This leads the authors to conclude that it is the newer, faster growing FOCs that are most likely to have inferior records to other flag states, and that this is due to the very nature of their, largely profit-making, regimes.     

The UN’s 2030 Agenda for sustainable development and the maritime transport domain: the role and challenges of IMO and its stakeholders through a grounded theory perspective

In September 2015, the United Nations (UN) officially adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development together with 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) (UN, 2016). The attainment of the SDGs requires a strong commitment by all UN Member States, not least by the Member States at the International Maritime Organization (IMO). This empirical research aims to identify the role and challenges of stakeholders at IMO, when implementing the UN’s 2030 Agenda in the international maritime transport domain using a grounded theory approach. This paper describes the methodology and the analytical process undertaken and presents the main findings based on empirical data. The results are presented as a set of six propositions. The first proposition presents the phenomena engulfing Member States at IMO stemming out from lack of knowledge and policy incoherency on the 2030 Agenda at national level. The other five propositions suggest how these challenges could potentially be best alleviated through an IMO-led strategy on sustainable development within the context of the 2030 Agenda, supported by an appropriate governance structure that sees the introduction of strategic actors for coordinating the implementation of the SDGs at national level. With the support of a Task Force, and by also making use of the IMO Member State Audit Scheme (IMSAS), to create more awareness and ownership, the strategic actors could work towards balancing the three dimensions of sustainable development—the economic, the environmental, and the social dimensions—which were found to be imbalanced in the international maritime transport domain.     

船舶设计相关IMO安全和环保法规研究

影响船舶设计的海事规则种类繁多,主要可分为国际性法规、区域性法规、挂旗国和港口国要求、船级社规范和工业界指南五类。文章仅就国际海事组织（IMO）在安全和环保方面对船舶设计的国际性法规进行简要介绍,阐述其带来的重大影响,同时指出了今后的发展方向。     

International cooperation in Maritime casualty Investigations: an analysis of IMO RESOLUTION A.637 (1 6)

On 19 October 1989, the International Maritime Organization adopted a joint uslliberian resolution meant to advance international cooperation in maritime casualty investigations. This resolution reflected an international determination to achieve greater cooperation between different states in investigative matters, in a manner consistent with international law. This paper examines how the IMO resolution addresses some of the inherent problems in such a multi-national industry. It also examines the question of whether us lawmakers may, or should, impose stricter controls and restrictions unilaterally on foreign-flag ships which call on us ports.     

International cooperation in Maritime casualty Investigations: an analysis of IMO RESOLUTION A.637 (1 6)

On 19 October 1989, the International Maritime Organization adopted a joint uslliberian resolution meant to advance international cooperation in maritime casualty investigations. This resolution reflected an international determination to achieve greater cooperation between different states in investigative matters, in a manner consistent with international law. This paper examines how the IMO resolution addresses some of the inherent problems in such a multi-national industry. It also examines the question of whether us lawmakers may, or should, impose stricter controls and restrictions unilaterally on foreign-flag ships which call on us ports.     

港口国监督中人为因素的检查

港口国监督已逐渐成为保证船舶安全和防污染的重要措施,在防止船舶发生事故方面起到巨大的作用。人为因素一直被认为是海上事故发生的主要原因,本文将从港口国监督检查人为因素防止事故方面进行探讨。     

方便旗船舶对海运的影响

方便旗船是在一定历史条件下,国际经济、政治和各国航运立法等因素的综合性产物,其存在和发展有积极的一面,但从整体上看一些方便船籍国忽视了对方便旗船的有效管辖与管制,给世界航运经济带来一系列负面影响。介绍船舶入注方便旗的各种原因,阐述其所带来的种种弊端,最后介绍为提高其营运安全所采取的措施以及有关专家对正常登记国的建议。     

IMO防止船舶污染公约的制定和修改进程

防止船舶造成海洋污染是国际海事组织的宗旨之一,国际海事组织通过制定公约并促进其在世界范围内的实施,在防止船舶造成海洋污染方面已经取得了卓著的成绩.文中分析了国际海事组织防止船舶污染公约的制定和修改的背景、途径,为相关机构和研究人员提供参考.     

防止船舶污染公约的制定和修改进程

防止船舶造成海洋污染是国际海事组织的宗旨之一,国际海事组织通过制定公约并促进其在世界范围内的实施,在防止船舶造成海洋污染方面已经取得了卓著的成绩。文中分析了国际海事组织防止船舶污染公约的制定和修改的背景、途径,为相关机构和研究人员提供参考。     

International container design regulations and ISO standards: are they fit for purpose?

Increasing stack heights on container ships and growing volumes of high density cargo have increased the loads and stresses placed on containers, requiring an assessment of current container strength specifications. Growing adoption of terminal automation is also requiring greater standardisation in the codification and marking of containers. However, it is shown that there is widespread misunderstanding of the roles of the IMO and the ISO in regulating and promoting standards in the design, dimensions, ratings, coding, marking and strength of containers. In this paper the legal status of the IMO’s Convention for Safe Containers (CSC) and ISO standards is clarified, and a common container specification framework is developed to assess the extent to which international regulations and standards are aligned. The analysis identifies gaps and inconsistencies between regulations and standards and assesses the impact these have on operations and safety. The study highlights to policy makers anomalies arising from the recent inclusion in the CSC of direct references to ISO standards. Finally, in providing a comprehensive definition of container specifications the paper provides a knowledge base to promote theory building for applied researchers in the field of container technology and operations.     

基于AHP、Fuzzy 理论的船舶操纵性能的综合评估

为了了解各船舶之间的操纵性能是否满足安全的要求,运用IMO等有关船舶操纵性能的衡准,确定了综合评估指标;基于AHP、Fuzzy理论集成的方法建立了综合评估模型,并对该模型进行了验证。结果表明,该评估模型是正确的,对操纵者掌握、了解各船舶总的操纵性能和实际操纵具有指导意义。     

A risk appraisal system regarding the implementation of maritime regulations by a ship operator

The shipping industry operates in a regulatory framework, where the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is the leading regulatory body. The role of the IMO is to propose maritime regulations to its member states. The successful worldwide implementation of a maritime regulation depends on how many member states adopt it. However, many maritime regulations are not adequately implemented worldwide. As a result, ship operators have found themselves in an uncomfortable position in developing their business in an unstable regulatory regime. This paper proposes an extendable and applicable methodology involving a System of Hierarchical Scorecards (SHS) to measure the implementation costs and benefits of a newly introduced or existing maritime regulation by ship operators. The regulators may use the results in evaluating newly introduced and/or existing regulations through taking into account the economic burden that will be generated to ship operators. In this paper, SHS is extended to demonstrate its applicability on evaluating a ship operator’s organization with regard to his regulatory implementation performance by the means of a case study.     

e-Navigation发展研究

近年来在IMO主导下,e-Navigation研究方兴未艾。文中结合世界航海技术的发展现状介绍了e-Navigation产生的背景、概念的形成、IMO等国际组织对其发展所起到作用,重点介绍了国际海事界目前在e-Navigation发展方面取得的最新成果,并结合中国海事局现状,对我国e-Navigation的发展提出了相关建议。     

The voluntary IMO Member State Audit Scheme: An accountability regime for states on maritime affairs

In this article, the issue of monitoring compliance of State obligations and responsibilities that are derived from them being parties to the various international maritime treaties adopted under the purview of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) will be explored. The genesis of why monitoring compliance of State actors is now topical and the development of the Voluntary IMO Member State Audit Scheme in response thereto will be highlighted. The positive outcome of the audits conducted under the voluntary Scheme and the level of participation of Member States in the Scheme have now brought to the fore the need to consider developing a mandatory audit regime applicable to all Member States of the IMO. In this respect, this article will proffer a possible way forward for the further development of the Audit Scheme.     

国际海运温室气体减排趋势及对我国的影响

本文回顾了国际社会关于温室气体减排的谈判进程。介绍了国际海运温室气体减排的现状和特征,分析了IMO对国际海运温室气体减排的立法趋势及其可能对我国造成的影响,提出了相应的参考建议。     

对中国商船预防和应对索马里海盗的相关思考

综合分析一些国家政府和国际组织针对索马里海盗问题采取的一系列措施和建议,以及中国航运界目前应对索马里海盗的状况,对于制定中国商船预防和应对索马里水域海盗袭击指南中提出应考虑的事项。     

Large oil tankers and the Baltic marine environment: A statistical survey

The short Baltic export route for Russian oil is an attractive source of supply for the European energy market. The article examines the Russian oil export trade in the Baltic based on Automatic Identification System (AIS) data from 2005 matched with supplementary data. The first part of the article gives a survey of activities and characteristics of 261 large crude oil tankers, their flag states and owner countries. The second part views the data in the context of accidental oil spill risk. Greek and Russian owners are leading carriers in this trade. Russia plays a double leading role as oil exporter and shipowning country, securing major cargo shares for nationally owned vessels, while also giving a preferential spot in the trade to Greek owners. Where environmental aspects are concerned, previous research has linked vessel characteristics with the risk of casualty. Knowledge of flag, age, ownership and activity levels adds useful information about environmental risk. The data show that flags associated with very high casualty or detention probabilities were represented by 18% of the activity in this trade. Older vessels have a similar share, and at this particular time probably represent the more serious threat of accidental oil spills.     

IMO成员国自愿审核机制在VTS领域的审核及对策

为了进一步加强实施海上安全和环境保护公约，国际海事组织（IMO）自2006年起在全球推行“IMO成员国自愿审核机制”。文中对审核机制的背景、内容及影响进行了分析，对VTS方面的审核和我国VTS管理现状进行了探讨，并提出了履约建议对策。     

Factors influencing the choice of flag: empirical evidence

The aim of this paper is to analyse the decision-making process of shipowners when adopting flags of registration. More specifically, it is interested in examining the relative importance of the factors related to an individual company's decision to flag out. The decision to change flag is viwed as similar to any other strategic decision by a profit maximizing firm (shipping company) and therefore those variables which influence the attractiveness, for a given firm, of taking the flagging out decision are analysed. The approach is two-fold in that it employs both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The research is innovative in the sense that it uses an econometric approach and the analysis is based on original data which has been obtained by the authors via a questionnarie and personal interviews with members of the UK shipping industry. The results deal with two particular sectors namely the tanker and general cargo markets and provide an insight into the magnitude and significance of various factors which affect the choice of flag. It is able to provide indications of the likelihood of a particular vessel being flagged out under different cirumstaces and, further, to consider how changes in these circumstances might affect the probability of the event occuring. The paper is structured in six parts comprising an introduction, back ground, methodology, qualitative analysis, econometric analysis, and conclusions.