渗流作用下软硬互层砂岩边坡稳定性研究

文章利用Midas GTS有限元岩土分析软件,建立了软硬互层砂岩边坡模型,模拟开挖边坡内部土体的变化特征,并把渗流引入计算中,分析渗流作用下边坡的稳定性及影响因素。研究表明:互层边坡滑动特征为土体滑动,切割砂岩形成破坏;渗流对边坡影响显著,但是边坡稳定性对入渗边界和入渗水头压力不敏感;土层厚度对边坡稳定性影响显著。     

土抗拉强度试验研究进展

土体张拉破坏是一种常见的破坏形式,它可能导致边坡失稳、地表开裂等工程灾害。一直以来,土工试验只有比较系统的测试土体抗剪强度的方法,而对土体抗拉强度的测试还不完善。文章对国内外既有的几种测试土体抗拉强度的方法进行分析和比较,对今后测试土体抗拉强度有积极的借鉴意义。     

岩质边坡砂岩裂隙特征对应力应变特征的影响试验研究

为研究含初始裂隙的岩质边坡砂岩的力学特征,文章设计了裂隙倾角、裂隙数量、裂隙深度三个因素影响下的含初始裂隙砂岩三轴力学试验,并基于试验结果开展了应力应变分析。结果表明：裂隙倾角、裂隙数量两因素均不会影响砂岩应变破坏特征,保持同一围压下,两因素下的试样应力应变曲线趋势具有一致性;裂隙深度会影响试样破坏特征,裂隙深度>0.08 mm时,试样塑性强化显著;围压效应仍是试样变形破坏的最主要因素;裂隙数量、裂隙深度与试样破坏强度呈负相关,裂隙数量增多,试样破坏强度受之影响愈显著,但裂隙深度梯次变化下,破坏强度降幅具有均衡变化特征,各深度下试样降幅接近;而裂隙倾角与试样破坏强度呈正相关,裂隙倾角与加载面的分布关系改变了破坏强度的变化趋势。研究成果可为岩质边坡危害处理提供试验依据。     

扩底抗拔桩极限承载力半经验半理论计算方法与试验验证

文章考虑了土体力学特性,以及桩身材料性质、桩长与桩径(含扩底直径)、桩顶埋深、桩顶卸载与加载、群桩效应等诸多因素的影响,结合工程经验给出了计算扩底抗拔桩极限承载力的半经验半理论方法;根据扩底抗拔桩破坏面位置不同,将扩底抗拔桩破坏模式分为三类(即破坏面延伸至地表的整体剪切破坏、破坏面介于地表与扩孔段之间的局部剪切破坏与破坏面位于扩孔段附近的冲剪破坏),推导出了整体剪切破坏模式的极限平衡状态方程;并依据扩底抗拔桩轴对称条件与土体抗拉强度小的力学特征,给出了求解整体破坏面的微分筒数值解法;利用经验法估算了局部剪切破坏、冲剪破坏模式下的端阻力,进而给出了任意土层中扩底抗拔桩承载力计算步骤与方法;最后,结合一足尺试验的计算分析与承载力测试比较,验证了计算方法的可靠性与精确度。     

石灰处治湿陷性黄土的强度及其影响因素分析

石灰处治法是平凉-绵阳高速公路庄浪湿陷性黄土区域施工中常用方法之一,因此,了解和分析石灰处治庄浪湿陷性黄土强度的影响因素很有必要。文章对庄浪湿陷性黄土进行了物理性质、矿物成分、击实特性等测试,并对石灰处治后的黄土进行了无侧限抗压强度试验,获得了不同灰土比、不同压实度条件下的湿陷性黄土的强度特征和破坏模式,得出如下结论:(1)石灰处治庄浪湿陷性黄土强度受灰土比和压实度的双重影响。随着压实度的增加,无侧限抗压强度均有不同程度的提高。但在低压实度条件下,无侧限抗压强度并不随灰土比线性增加,压实度达到96%及以上时,灰土比越大,无侧限抗压强度才越大。(2)石灰处治黄土的无侧限抗压强度试验的破坏模式表明,当灰土比越大时,土体剪坏之后越易呈现出锥形的破坏模式,且灰土比越大,土体脆断的突然性越强。在相同灰土比条件下,压实度越大,破坏模式越体现出脆性。     

软土深基坑外侧土体位移场的经验解析

笔者在学习了大量的国内外有关专业文献的基础上，根据现场实测成果，运行综合分析和函数逼近方法揭示了软土深基坑外侧土体的位移场。笔者在建立平面应变位移场的过程中充分考虑到墙体刚度、土体刚度和强度、支撑时间、支撑预应力和刚度、基坑宽度和硬土层距地表的深度等多种因素对计算值的影响，使计算公式与实测结果基本吻合。此外笔者介绍了各种施工因素对基坑外侧土体位移场的实际影响程度。论文中的公式可用作预估软土深基坑开     

考虑盾构隧道壁后间隙与注浆分布模式的地表沉降随机预测方法

盾构隧道施工中的壁后间隙、注浆分布模式、开挖面土体变形是影响地表沉降的三个主要因素,而这些因素又与地层条件和施工工艺密切相关,但现有研究中对这些因素量化分析的成果较少。文章基于随机介质理论,将上述三个影响因素分别用等效间隙量Δ1、等效间隙分布角α和负土体损失量Δ2来表示,推导出了盾构隧道施工中三维地表沉降预测公式,并将计算参数Δ1和α对地表沉降的影响进行量化分析;同时,根据实际工程中的沉降监测数据对参数取值进行反演分析,得出了盾构隧道施工中预测地表沉降的三维解。将文章提出方法的计算值与实测沉降值、修正Peck公式的计算值分别进行对比发现,该方法能更真实地预测实际地表沉降的大小和分布特征,证明了提出方法的合理性和反分析参数的可靠性。     

基于变维分形的公路隧道围岩空间分布特征探讨

公路隧道围岩是由地质环境的多种因素共同作用的结果,且因子之间往往存在叠加效应与耦合作用,它们共同推动了隧道围岩的演化与发展,进而控制着不同围岩级别的空间分布。文章以滇西保泸高速公路老营特长隧道为例,基于分形理论,运用变维分形方法,对隧道围岩与地质环境影响因子的关系进行了量化分析。研究结果表明:隧道围岩分布与断层、水系、地层岩性的因子间均呈现变维分形特征,且均呈2阶累计和分形分布;断层与Ⅴ类围岩的分维值最大,D_2=1.499 6,断层对隧道Ⅴ类围岩分布的控制最为复杂,影响程度最大;Ⅳ类围岩分布对水系特征最敏感,D_2=1.492 3;地层岩性对Ⅲ类围岩分布的贡献最大,D_2=1.464 4。总之,累计和变换分形的阶数及分维值的大小,能够从分形角度反映出不同围岩级别对地质环境各影响因素的敏感程度,为深入研究隧道围岩的空间分布特征提供了思路。     

强膨胀土边坡干湿循环条件下改良土力学特征试验研究

为分析强膨胀土边坡改良土体力学特征及渗透特性,文章针对百色高速公路强膨胀土边坡工程实际特点,提出采用改性剂物理改良方法提高土体力学稳定性,并基于改良土三轴剪切破坏试验及变水头渗流测试,探讨了改良土力学特征及渗透特性。结果表明：改良土抗剪切能力高于原状土,围压每增大100 kPa,改良土、原状土抗剪强度分别平均可增大11.6%、18.5%,改良土变形能力弱于原状土;干湿作用与土体剪切能力呈负相关,干湿循环次数愈多,土体延性变形较大,但变形差异集中在屈服剪切应力及剪切破坏阶段;各组试样中以掺量6%改良土抗剪效果最优,该掺量下改良土渗透系数最低,干湿效应不影响合理掺量,但可提升非合理掺量土体的渗透水平;围压增大,虽不改变干湿作用及改性剂掺量对渗透特性的影响,但可限制整体渗透水平。     

浅埋铁路隧道松动土体力学行为分析

采用有限差分软件,对不同围岩、不同埋深的单线和双线电化铁路隧道进行了数值模拟,对围岩松动土体的力学行为进行研究,得出松动土体的破坏范围,并与理论解进行比较.得出结论:朗肯解与规范解分别反映单线和双线电化铁路隧道松动土体的破裂角;破裂角规范解对围岩参数的变化不敏感;隧道跨度对松动土体的破坏范围有重大影响.     

Soil Body Deformation Caused by Construction of a Double-Line Shield Tunnel with Multiple Factors北大核心CSCD

Considering the influence of many factors (soil loss, frontal additional thrust, the friction force of the shield shell and the additional grouting force), a method for improving the uniform soil body movement model is pro-posed, and a mechanical calculation model is established to study the calculation method for soil body deformation caused by double-line parallel shield driving. Based on the Mindlin solutions of elastic mechanics, the theoretical solutions for soil body deformations caused by the last three factors are calculated; considering the uniform soil body movement model, the theoretical solutions for soil body deformations caused by soil loss are calculated, then the to-tal theoretical solutions for soil body deformations under multiple factors are obtained by means of superposition. The vertical surface settlement, vertical horizontal displacement, and vertical displacements of the soil body at different depths of Hangzhou Metro Line 1 are calculated to analyze the variation laws. Meanwhile the influential factors for horizontal displacement variation are studied. The research shows that with a change of depth, the settlement of the soil body changes within the scope of 10 to 13 m in the horizontal direction near where the maximum settlement occurs;the direction of the horizontal displacement of the soil body changes with a change of the positional relationship be-tween the calculation points and the tunnel; and with an increase of interval J for the two tunnels, the horizontal dis-placement of the soil body of a deep double-line tunnel decreases while the displacement near the surface changes slightly. © 2018, Editorial Office of "Modern Tunnelling Technology". All right reserved.     

EDTA滴定法测定水泥剂量存在的问题

EDTA滴定法适用于新拌细粒水泥稳定土,但EDTA滴定法应用于工程实践中还有许多限制。文章根据EDTA滴定原理,结合工程实践,从水泥稳定土的龄期、土粒粒径、试验条件等分析了对滴定结果的影响因素,并针对存在的问题提出了相关的建议。     

多年冻土区公路路面路基管理系统设计

我国多年冻土地区公路受气温及水分变化等影响,公路病害发生严重。为了使公路养护部门合理利用资金,最大限度避免冻土病害,有必要建立冻土区公路路基路面评价预测系统。文章介绍了冻土区公路路基的评价指标和评价方法。在常规路基路面评价预测的方法上,还使用了马尔可夫等预测方法,以适合冻土区公路路面破坏机理复杂、影响因素多的实际情况。     

Diet and body size of North American mammal road mortalities

Previous studies suggest roadkill may not be evenly distributed among species or within species due to life history characteristics. We examine published data on mammalian roadkill surveys conducted in North America for a relationship between diet type, body size and roadkill frequency. Eight studies with comparable methods are used in the analysis for a combined survey mileage of 224,354 km that includes 3.101 individuals killed from 38 species. Carnivores were less likely to be found in roadkill surveys than omnivores or herbivores. After controlling for diet type, a peaked relationship was found between body size and roadkill frequency with the model predicting the highest roadkill for body sizes of about 1.06 kg. These results may be explained by both biological factors and sampling methods.     

Full-scale Test on Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Tunnel Segment Lining with Staggered Joints北大核心CSCD

Aiming at the serious effect of soil and water loss on tunnel operation and safety, full-scale quasi-static loading tests were conducted regarding the ultimate bearing capacity of staggered erected tunnel linings in unload- ing situation. The design of tested lining and loading schemes were introduced. The test results, including the evolu- tion of deformation, segment crack, joint opening and bolt stress, were presented. The bearing capacity and failure mechanism of tested linings were discussed and analyzed. It shows load-displacement curve is of elastic-plastic form and the tendency of load-displacement curve is linearly rising; strength failure of circumferential joint occurs and the interaction between segments decreases, leading to decrease of integral rigidity; shearing failure of concaveconvex connector of circumferential segment joint, compression induced concrete failure of longitudinal joint and bending failure of the segment finally cause stability loss of the tunnel structure. © 2018, Editorial Office of "Modern Tunnelling Technology". All right reserved.     

金属软管内部的波纹管失效原因分析

某金属软管暴露在炼钢炉产生的烟尘10个月左右时,其内部的波纹管发生开裂。文中主要采用扫描电镜对波纹管的断口及表面进行微观形貌观察和能谱分析;采用金相显微镜对波纹管进行显微组织分析、晶粒度评级及晶间腐蚀试验;并结合波纹管基体的化学成分和硬度对失效的波纹管进行全面评估。综合分析后得出波纹管的应力腐蚀开裂导致金属软管失效的结论。     

Private road competition and equilibrium with traffic equilibrium constraints

Toll road competition is one of the important issues under a build-operate-transfer (BOT) scheme, which is being encountered nowadays in many cities. When there are two or more competing firms and each firm operates a competitive toll road, their profits are interrelated due to the competitors' choices and demand inter-dependence in the network. In this paper we develop game-theoretic approaches to the study of the road network, on which multiple toll roads are operated by competitive private firms. The strategic interactions and market equilibria among the private firms are analyzed both in determining their supply (road capacity) and price (toll level) over the network. The toll road competition problems in general traffic equilibrium networks are formulated as an equilibrium program with equilibrium constraints or bi-level variational inequalities. Heuristic solution methods are proposed and their convergences are demonstrated with simple network examples. It is shown that private pricing and competition can be both profitable and welfare-improving.     

管道开挖缺陷点破损程度评价研究

开挖检查是挖开管道直接观察和测试管道腐蚀及防护状况的过程,是管道外检测的重要工作之一。目前对管体存在的缺陷点破损程度的判断,主要由现场工作人员根据经验,由管道防腐层的缺陷点尺寸来判断破损程度。但是影响缺陷点破损程度的还有管体的阴极保护、杂散电流、管体表面腐蚀等情况。为了综合评价各种因素对缺陷点破损程度的影响,通过分析2007年、2008年西气东输东段3个标段的开挖数据,考虑管体的腐蚀情况、土壤腐蚀性、是否漏出管体、杂散电流干扰情况、缺陷点在管体上所处位置、管段类型（直管、弯头等）等6个方面对缺陷点破损程度的影响,提出一种新的判断管体缺陷破损程度准则。     

Multiobjective bilevel optimization for transportation planning and management problems

Many previous studies have formulated the decision‐making problems in transportation system planning and management as single‐objective bilevel optimization models. However, real‐world decision‐making processes always have several social concerns and thus multiple objectives need to be achieved simultaneously. In most cases, these objective functions conflict with each other and are also not simple enough to be combined into a single one. Therefore it is necessary to apply multiobjective optimization to generate non‐dominated or Pareto optimal alternatives. It can be foreseen that the multiobjective bilevel modeling approach can become a powerful, and possibly interactive, decision tool, allowing the decision‐makers to learn more about the problem before committing to a final decision. Such multiobjective bilevel models are difficult to solve due to their intrinsic nonconvexity and multiple objectives. This paper consequently proposes a solution algorithm for the multiobjective bilevel models using genetic algorithms. The proposed algorithm is illustrated, using the numerical example taken from the previous study. It is found that the proposed algorithm is efficient to search simultaneously the Pareto optimal solutions.     

Revisiting the notion of induced traffic through a matched-pairs study

In investigating the question of the existence of "induced demand" in connection with highway expansion projects, Hansen et al. (1993) studied eighteen California state highway segments whose capacities had been improved in the early 1970s. For the present study, these segments were paired with control segments that matched the improved segments to unimproved ones with regard to facility type, region, approximate size, and initial volumes and congestion levels. Taking annual data for average daily traffic (ADT) and design-hour-traffic-to-capacity (DTC) ratios during the 21 years 1976–1996, three approaches were used to compare growth rates between the improved and unimproved segments: overall growth comparisons for the matched pairs, repeated measures analysis, and analysis of matched mean profiles. We found the growth rates between the two types of segments to be statistically and practically indistinguishable, suggesting that the capacity expansions, in and of themselves, had a negligible effect on traffic growth over the period studied. Reasons for the differences between these results and those of aggregate cross-sectional models finding a significant induced demand effect are discussed. Our analyses suggest that the aggregate models may overestimate induced traffic due to the attribution of at least a fraction of the observed traffic growth to "induced demand" rather than to some of the confounding factors which were not controlled for in such studies. At the same time, it is noted that the traffic induced by capacity expansion may in certain circumstances be larger than that observed in the present study, with the effect of new highway construction on traffic growth being a prime candidate for scrutiny in this regard. The results of this study nonetheless suggest that, for existing facilities, the size of the induced-traffic effect that can be attributed to capacity enhancements may be sufficiently small that its detection in a case-control study would be difficult, if not impossible, without a substantially larger sample size.