On the practicality of the UNCTAD 40–40–20 Code for liner conferences

The potential effects of a rigid adherence to the UNCTAD Code are analysed for 26 developing countries. A brief commentary is given on the advantages of a more liberal application of the Code, including reciprocal sharing of liner tonnages by regions of developing countries with regions of developed market-economy countries.     

The problem of universal acceptability of the Convention on a Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences

In light of the Reveiw Conference on the UN Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences to be in November 1988, this paper highlights some of the Major problems impinging upon the universal acceptability of the Code. These include the reservation (known as the Brussels Package) by EC and certain other OECD countries that discriminates aganist developing and Socialist countries; reservations of a controversial nature with regard to the establishment of joint shipping lines established on the basis of intergovernmental bilateral agreement; and the question of compctition by non-conference lines that diminishes the share of cargo available to National Lines by virtue of the Code.     

Critical factors for successful implementation of the ISM Code in some Pacific Islands states

Although the International Safety Management (ISM) Code was fully implemented from July 1st 2002, not all countries signatories to the Code, particularly developing countries such as Pacific Islands states, are successful in the introduction and implementation of the instrument. In this paper, we aim to determine factors that facilitate the successful implementation of the ISM Code particularly for the above-named region. Through a thorough literature review, a model of 11 critical factors for the Code implementation success was proposed. These factors were empirically tested using the triangulation of a survey of a group of maritime administration personnel and shipping companies in Fiji and two indepth interviews with senior officers in the Samoa Maritime Administration during the period June–August 2007. The proposed factors were verified by both survey respondents and interview informants, i.e., that maritime safety awareness rooted in a safety culture, senior management commitment and leadership across organisations and the industry, employee involvement and empowerment, enforcement capability of flag state administrations, application of quality management principles in safety management systems, rationalisation of documentation, among others, are essential to the successful implementation of the Code. This research hopes to contribute to the literature and to provide maritime administrations and shipping companies in the Pacific Islands states with additional reference and information that will help expedite the effective implementation of the ISM Code. The need for future research directions is expressed in this paper. Additional investigations, e.g., conducting the same research in other Pacific Islands states as well as in other developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region, would enhance the validity and reliability of this study’s findings.     

Emergence of ‘new professionalism’ among Chinese seafarers: empirical evidence and policy implications

In this paper some of the factors that were influential in establishing a Canadian shipping policy position à proposissues raised by the UNCTAD V meeting are examined. The first of these issues was the question of early ratification and entry in force of the Conventin on a Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences. The second involved the relationship between flages of convenience and fleet expansion in the developing countries (LDCs). The third concerned LDC participation in the carriage of bulk cargoes. The author concludes that Canada's stance was determined by the fact that she was a major user of shipping withouta significant fleet of her own, and shows how she attempted to balance her sympathy with Third World aspirations with the demands of her own national interests.     

Maritime transport and international seaborne trade

Drawing upon over four decades of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Review of Maritime Transport, this article considers selected key trends that have shaped the maritime transportation of today. Over the review period, a fundamental shift in the geography of trade has been observed, with developing countries increasingly driving growth in the world economy and seaborne trade, and becoming important players in global value chains. The specialization of countries, including in developing regions, in the provision of the maritime goods and services for which they have established a comparative advantage constitutes another major trend, a move away from previous patterns where developing countries were typically users of maritime transport services. The article also observes that bilateral freight sharing agreements between countries which were prominent in 1970s have largely lost their practical relevance, leading to a further liberalization of markets and resulting in overall relatively lower freight costs.     

《国际海运危险货物规则》(第35-10版)修订情况简介

文章从人员培训要求、包装罐柜、托运要求、类别划分和特殊规定等五个方面介绍了第35-10版《国际海运危险货物规则》的主要变化,并结合包装危险货物运输实际探讨了新修正案的影响。     

《国际危规》34-08版修正案生效后包装运输环境有害物质的分类简介

第34—08版《国际危规》于2009年1月1日开始全球自愿实施,12个月后强制实施。环境有害物质的分类方法和标准调整之后,如何做好我国对环境有害物质的检测和分类工作,构建合理可行的监管体系,将直接关系到规则强制生效后的履约质量。文中对纯净物和混合物分类方法分别作了介绍。     

Workshop report - Public transport markets in development

Developing countries and countries in transition represent between 85% and 90% of the world’s population and face unique public transport challenges that are not necessarily present in developed countries. Issues such as the affordability and accessibility of public transport, funding support and capacity to implement are some of the challenges these countries face. Barriers to strategy implementation in these countries could be a failure to understand the broader business and social environment, poor leadership, a lack of inter-disciplinary and inter-implementer collaboration, and weak monitoring and feedback loops. Weak institutional frameworks are evidenced in inappropriate structures often resulting in institutional inertia and conflict. Over-promising of potential impacts and benefits together with a failure to develop sustainable funding mechanisms often lead to a lack of implementation. The workshop argued that different competition and ownership solutions are needed for a range of factors. This poses a challenge to the THREDBO community as it could mean that the traditional concepts are either not relevant or not usable in the majority of the world’s developing countries, or that the traditional approaches are relevant in many respects but need to be substantially extended and adapted to be applicable and usable in the rest of the world.     

对规范JTJ 298—1998 的几点建议

在斜坡堤的设计中,堤心石规格选取关系到工程的实际施工可能性以及工程造价;人工护面块结构类型的选择关系到断面整体稳定性以及块体的使用耐久性;护面块稳定质量计算公式用于人工块体和自然块石时应有不同的要求。规范JTJ 298—1998《防波堤设计与施工规范》中的条文对上述几项内容只进行了简单描述。针对上述内容,对规范JTJ 298—1998的条文提出几点建议。     

浅谈集装箱船安全系固新要求

随着集装箱船运输的不断发展,集装箱的安全系固作业也越来越受到重视。为此,国际海事组织海安会对已有的《货物堆装和系固安全操作规则》,即CSS Code进行了修订,补充了有关甲板集装箱安全系固作业的新要求Annex 14,即《指南》,并已于2015年强制生效。文中结合集装箱船设计实例,简要分析《指南》的主要内容以及对集装箱船系固设计的主要影响。     

进港航道通过能力经验公式的比较分析

航道通过能力是评价进港航道是否满足港口发展需要的重要指标。由于我国现行规范中对航道通过能力未给出具体计算公式，因此，在工程实践中出现了许多种不同的方法和公式。通过搜集国内外计算航道通过能力的经验公式．分析讨论各公式的特点及适用性条件。     

潜艇作战环境及应对措施分析

随着世界各军事强国的反潜战术技术飞速发展,探潜设备和攻潜武器的多元化已经对潜艇的生存构成严重威胁。从潜艇面临的空中威胁种类、潜艇与航空反潜平台的对抗及我国周边主要国家和地区航空反潜能力三个方面分析了潜艇所面临的作战环境,并给出了应对措施。     

新规背景下的噪声控制技术应用

考虑到《海上噪声等级规则》将于2014年7月1日生效,为应对新规的强制性要求,以80.6 m平台供应船(PSV)为例,对其主要噪声源及噪声传递途径进行分析,并结合噪声控制技术在该船的有效应用,总结出新规背景下船舶的噪声控制要点及今后研究的方向。     

关于《国际海运危险货物规则》36-12套修正案新增条款5.4.1.5.15的国内履约合理化建议

文中从《国际海运危险货物规则》36-12套修正案新增条款5.4.1.5.15入手,通过比较公约要求和目前我国烟花类货物水路运输相关立法、履约现状,分析存在问题,提出《国际海运危险货物规则》36-12套修案新增条款5.4.1.5.15的国内履约合理化建议。     

Protectionism in practice

In the long debate about the UNCTAD Code, many opinions have been put forward about the consequences of cargo reservation. Some have been based on theory, whilist others have transposed behaviour patterns from other industries or other periods of time. Several countries, however, have been operating cargo reservation laws for sufficiently long to enable some initial observations to be made. This article outlines recent experience in Brazil.     

中美规范灌注桩单桩抗压承载力计算对比

灌注桩单桩抗压承载力的计算是高桩码头及公路桥梁设计的重要组成部分。随着国内设计单位走出去的步伐逐渐加快,设计人员应快速掌握并应用不同国家的设计规范。通过对比中国的《码头结构设计规范》《公路桥涵地基与基础设计规范》和美国的《公路桥梁设计规范》,得出不同规范在灌注桩侧阻及端阻计算细节、安全系数储备等方面的异同点。依托实际工程,结合钻探地质资料,比较3种规范对应的单桩竖向抗压承载力大小,并评价各规范优缺点。结果表明,两个中国规范操作相对简单但遇到特殊土质时受限,美国规范概念明确且适用范围更广,但计算过程相对复杂。     

ISM Code implementation: an investigation of safety issues in the shipping industry

Acknowledging that shipping safety continues to be a major topic of interest in the maritime community, the present study attempts to identify the critical factors of International Safety Management (ISM) Code implementation, to identify the dimensions that describe whether the ISM Code has fulfilled its intended purpose as well as to assess their interrelationships. Moreover, the present study aims to explore whether the fulfillment of the Code’s intended purpose is associated with accident reduction. Evidence was drawn from a sample of 63 masters and chief officers who have hands-on onboard experience on ISM Code implementation and data were analyzed through the use of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), correlation analysis, and binomial logistic regression. Findings indicate that the critical factors of ISM Code implementation can be categorized in the crew-related and the company-related dimensions. Also, the fulfillment of the intended purpose of the ISM Code consists of the factors of safety management system efficiency and increased safety, which were also found to be significantly associated with the crew-related dimension of ISM Code implementation. Finally, results showed that both safety management system efficiency and increased safety increase the probability of accident reduction at the highest level.     

香港地区实施ISM工作现状及思考

文中介绍了香港地区实施ISM规则(国际安全管理规则)机构、立法及实施的相关情况,着重分析了《香港商船(安全)条例》涉及ISM规则的有关规定和执行,总结了香港地区航运公司管理和实施ISM规则的特点,提出了国内ISM/NSM规则的实施及相关工作的建议。     

Port managment development—a strategy for the provision of a training capability in developing countries

The absence of formal career-development programmes and the apparent low priority given to the development of human resources in the ports of developing countries has led to a severe shortage of suitably qualified and experienced managers. At the centre of this problem lies the formidable barriers to the establishment of a local training capability to meet the diverse and often specialized needs of this industry. This paper examines the nature and scale of the management-training requirements of the ports of developing countries. Further, it briefly describes the background to UNCTAD's role in the field of management training and outlines the objectives of its training strategy for the 1980s. An important component of this strategy is the 'Improving port performance project which is designed to prepare structured learning materials using audio-visual techniques and is proposed as one solution to establishing a local training capability in developing countries.     

基于宁波港口的第四方物流发展态势与思考

第四方物流是第三方物流的管理者和集成者。阐述了宁波市第四方物流发展的态势及其面临的问题。介绍了欧美国家的第四方物流发展成功经验。对宁波市发展第四方物流提出了一些建议,指出发展第四方物流是一种不可阻挡的趋势。