Sensor fusion-based lane detection for LKS+ACC system

This paper discusses the market trends and advantages of a safety system integrating LKS (Lane Keeping System) and ACC (Adaptive Cruise Control), referred to as the LKS+ACC system, and proposes a method utilizing the range data from ACC for the sake of lane detection. The overall structure of lane detection is the same as the conventional method using monocular vision: EDF (Edge Distribution Function)-based initialization, sub-ROI (Region Of Interest) for left/right and distance-based layers, steerable filter-based feature extraction, and model fitting in each sub-ROI. The proposed method adds only the system for confining lane detection ROI to free space that is established by range data. Experimental results indicate that such a simple adaptive ROI can overcome occlusion of lane markings and disturbance of neighboring vehicles.     

A comprehensive review of the development of adaptive cruise control systems

It has been 15 years since the first generation of adaptive cruise control (ACC)-equipped vehicles was available on the market and 7 years since the ISO standard for the first generation of ACC systems was produced. Since the next generation of ACC systems and more advanced driver-assistant systems are at the verge of complete introduction and deployment, it is necessary to summarise the development and research achievements of the first generation of ACC systems in order to provide more useful experiential guidance for the new deployment. From multidimensional perspectives, this paper looks into the related development and research achievements to objectively and comprehensively introduce an ACC system to researchers, automakers, governments and consumers. It attempts to simply explain what an ACC system is and how it operates from a systematic perspective. Then, it clearly draws a broad historical picture of ACC development by splitting the entire history into three different phases. Finally, the most significant research findings-related ACC systems have been reviewed and summarised from the human, traffic and social perspectives respectively.     

基于双模式执行器的商用车自适应巡航控制系统

为实现商用车自适应巡航控制(ACC)系统的功能,开发了双模式制动执行装置和电子油门控制装置,即基于高速开关阀的商用车气压电控辅助制动系统和双模式油门控制系统,可以实现驾驶员和ACC系统的协同切换控制。在此基础上,以某商用车为对象,设计了ACC系统,结合比例-积分控制器和Smith预估补偿器设计了ACC的下位控制算法。结果表明:该ACC系统速度稳态跟踪误差小于1 m.s-1,距离稳态跟踪误差小于1.5 m;同时油门执行器和制动执行器具有安装方便、与原车电子油门及气压制动系统兼容性好的优点。     

Twenty First Century Transportation System Solutions - a New Type of Small, Relatively Tall and Narrow Active Tilting Commuter Vehicle

There are many problems that face transportation systems as the twenty-first century approaches, and many solutions will be required. Mass transportation systems are one large area of research that will provide some solutions. This paper presents another possible solution at the other end of the spectrum, small relatively tall and narrow tilting commuter vehicles for individual transportation. A historical overview of the various types of tilting vehicles built or proposed over the last forty years is shown and the results of these studies are discussed. If one considers a relatively tall and narrow vehicle, (under 1.0 meters or 40“ wide), to maintain high speed performance in cornering it becomes necessary to bank the vehicle into a corner to prevent overturning. The design of a modem active tilting suspension and control law for a small narrow, one-half width, commuter vehicles is presented. Analysis of the static and dynamic tipping limits illustrates which vehicles are considered tall and narrow requiring active tilting. The performance of such vehicles as they enter a steady corner is considered and how tilt dynamics may feel to passengers is discussed.     

Traffic Simulation with Consideration of Driver Models,Theory and Examples

SUMMARY

In the last five years the IKA (Institut für Kraftfahrwesen Aachen) and BMW created the microscopic traffic simulation program PELOPS. It simulates the traffic flow on motorways with a specific view on vehicle affairs. One application for PELOPS was the assessment of ACC (Adaptive Cruise Control) systems inside the PROMETHEUS program. It was shown, that PELOPS is a powerful tool for the analysis of new technologies. A new research period will extend the use of ACC about the functionality in urban areas. This requires an extension of PELOPS about some specific models. With this extension it is possible, to analyse new traffic technologies for the individual vehicles or the infrastructure. In a first step, PELOPS is extended about functions for suburban areas. This effects mainly the modelling of the driver behaviour. The driver behaviour is related to the traffic situation. In contrast to the normal traffic flow on motorways, the driver has to stop and go in the suburban area, he has to control lower distances and he has to react on other vehicles on cross-roads. New concepts for these functions are included in PELOPS and calibrated by detailed traffic data from a video observation and floating car measurements in the surrounding of Aachen. Based on the traffic measurement near Aachen, different scenarios are simulated to improve the traffic flow and to relieve the environment. These scenarios include ACC systems, inter-vehicle-communication and intelligent traffic lights. The paper shows some information's about the simulation technic and the results from the described analysis.     

基于MEMS技术的微惯性传感器及在汽车上的应用

基于微电子机械系统(MEMS)技术的原理,介绍了微机械加速度计、微机械陀螺和微惯性测量单元等微惯性传感器的研究发展状况与主要产品,以及目前微电子机械系统惯性传感器在汽车导航系统等系统总成上的应用现状。最后,从汽车工程应用的角度,分析了提高微惯性传感器测量精度的方法及其在汽车上安装使用应注意的关键问题。     

Nonlinear Design Approach to Four-Wheel-Steering Systems Using Neural Networks

Four-wheel-steering (4WS) systems have been studied and developed with remarkable success from the viewpoint of vehicle dynamics. Most of the control methods require a linearized bicycle model of the actual vehicle system which is however strongly influenced by tire nonlinearity. This paper proposes a new method to design the 4WS system taking into account the nonlinear characteristics of tires and suspensions. For this purpose integration of artificial neural network and linear control theory is introduced for the identification and control of a nonlinear vehicle model structured using a software for multi-body dynamic analysis (ADAMS). This model takes into account the nonlinear characteristics of actual vehicles with tires modeled by “magic formula“. The results of computer simulations show that the proposed nonlinear approach is efficient in improving the handling and stability of vehicles.     

光纤光栅传感器在钢桥面铺装长期监测中的应用

钢桥面板在车辆荷载作用下,容易产生较大的局部变形。国内对于桥面铺装应力应变分析多采用有限元,实桥长期监测仍然处于空白阶段。该文依托桃浦路蕴藻浜大桥项目,对实桥监测过程中的传感器布设进行了研究。从不同结构、不同用途传感器选取方面入手,对传感器的埋设方案,安装方法进行详细介绍,为以后工程中传感器使用提供了借鉴。     

自适应巡航及协同式巡航对交通流的影响分析

自适应巡航（ACC）和协同式自适应巡航（CACC）等自动驾驶技术正逐渐进入市场,未来一段时间内道路交通流将由人工驾驶车辆与不同等级、不同形式的自动驾驶车辆混合构成。为分析ACC和CACC对交通流的影响,利用实测交通数据NGSim建立人工驾驶车辆跟驰模型,并在综合已有ACC和CACC模型的基础上,提出基于安全间距的自动驾驶跟驰行为模型,进而得出不同ACC,CACC车辆渗透率下交通流的基本图模型。研究结果表明：自动驾驶可以提升交通容量;与ACC车辆比例r_a相比,CACC车辆比例r_c对交通容量的影响更为显著;当r_c>0.5时,饱和流量快速增加,当r_c=1时,饱和流量约为纯人工驾驶时的2倍。进一步,通过仿真考察车辆在车队中的跟驰响应和交通流在瓶颈处的运行情况。研究结果表明：自动驾驶改善了交通流的动态特性,对存在跟驰关系的连续车流来说,自动驾驶使得后车可以更加及时地响应前车的行为,车流会在更短的时间内进入稳态;在交通瓶颈处,自动驾驶降低了拥堵程度,提高了阻塞发生的临界流量。总体来看,自动驾驶对交通流静态和动态性能均有所提升,特别是在协同式自动驾驶场景下,车辆行为更加协调一致,交通流表现出良好的抗扰性,进一步验证了车路协同对自动驾驶的意义。     

A Simplified Framework for String Stability Analysis of Automated Vehicles*

Automated vehicles traveling in platoons must exhibit stability both individually and as a group, a property referred to as “string stability”. We propose a new framework for evaluating the longitudinal string stability properties of platoons of automated vehicles. In this framework, the platoon is considered to be a mass-spring-damper system with linear characteristics. The resulting closed-loop representation yields transfer functions and impulse responses that can be analyzed to determine the string stability properties of the platoon. This framework facilitates qualitative comparisons of the effects of various controller characteristics, such as time headway and intervehicle communication, on string stability.     

振弦式动态车辆计重收费系统

利用振弦式传感器的原理,构造出振弦式动态车辆计重收费系统,用于高速公路计重收费,已经在实际中得到应用。在借鉴已有研究成果的基础上,分析介绍了振弦式传感器的理论依据和振弦式动态车辆计重收费系统。     

Fault Diagnostics for GPS-based Lateral Vehicle Control

Summary This paper develops a fault diagnostic system to monitor the health of the lateral motion sensors on an instrumented highway vehicle. The fault diagnostic system utilizes observer design with the observer gains chosen so as to ensure that each sensor failure causes estimation errors to grow in an unique direction. The performance of the fault diagnostic system is verified through extensive experimental results obtained from an instrumented truck called the “Safetruck”. The fault diagnostic system is able to monitor the health of a GPS system, a gyroscope and an accelerometer on the Safetruck. It can correctly detect a failure in any one of the three sensors and accurately identify the source of the failure. A GPS-based geographic database containing information on road coordinates, curvature and bank angles plays a key role in ensuring accurate experimental performance of the observers.     

Autonomous Lateral Control of Vehicles in an Automated Highway System

SUMMARY

Lateral control of vehicles in IVHS requires the installation of on-board sensors as well as the installation of roadway hardware such as cables, magnets, etc. Existing control approaches in PATH require road curvature and vehicle lateral position (with respect to the center of the lane) information. Hence these approaches rely on roadway sensors to obtain relative lateral position. These methods will necessitate infrastructural changes to the highway.

This paper introduces the concept of autonomous lateral control or auto-tracking. The method allows us to use only line-of-sight sensor information to effect vehicle control. We present a detailed vehicle model. Controllers have been proposed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed auto-tracking scheme. We also examine the possibilities of using this method for lane change purposes in an automated highway system.     

Handling Cut-In Vehicles in Strings of Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control Vehicles

Cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) systems are a candidate to improve highway capacity by shortening headways and attenuating traffic disturbances. Although encouraging results have been obtained until now, a wide range of traffic circumstances has to be investigated in order to get reliable CACC systems driving on real roads. Among them, handling both vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications-equipped and unequipped vehicles merging into the string of CACC vehicles is a commonly mentioned challenge. In this article, an algorithm for managing the transitions in response to cut-ins from V2V- or non-V2V-equipped vehicles is developed and tested using a string of four CACC vehicles. A CACC controller is implemented in four production Infiniti M56s vehicles and tested in real traffic, where non-V2V-equipped vehicles can cut in. The effects of a vehicle performing a cut-out are also investigated. Then responses to cut-ins by equipped and nonequipped vehicles are simulated for longer strings of vehicles using car-following models for both the production adaptive cruise control (ACC) system and the newly developed CACC controller. Results demonstrate that the CACC system is able to handle cut-in vehicles without causing major perturbations, while also reducing significantly the impact of this maneuver on the following vehicles, improving traffic flow.     

针对铰接工程车辆的变角度全景环视系统研究

针对铰接工程车辆车头与车厢间存在铰接角度且车身长导致的视觉盲区大的问题，提出了一种可以根据铰接角度实时调整拼接图像的变角度全景环视系统。对于静态俯视图像的生成，提出一种用于将畸变图像转换为俯视图像并对齐到指定位置的查找表快速映射方法，实现了通过一步变换完成鱼眼校正、逆透视变换与图像配准，提升了静态俯视图像生成的速率。对于动态全景环视图像的生成，提出了一种根据铰接角度改变后对应的动态查找表直接生成变角度全景环视图像的方法，提升了角度改变时图像重新配准的速率。对于全景环视图像的融合，提出了一种循环颜色调整和透明度融合相结合的方法，从而对整幅变角度全景环视图像进行均衡化处理并降低拼接缝带来的图像损失。试验结果表明：在同样的硬件平台下，对于静态俯视图像的生成，该系统不仅将运行速度提升了接近1倍，并且有效减少了图像的失真程度；在图像融合方面，该系统不仅获得了较好的融合效果，并且保证了运行的实时性；通过实车验证，该系统可以生成全局均衡且无缝的变角度全景环视图像并在嵌入式处理器上实现了接近30 帧·s^-1的处理速度；该系统实时生成的变角度全景环视图像可以有效消除铰接工程车辆周围的视觉盲区，从而提升铰接工程车辆行驶的安全性和便捷性。     

A study of the environmental impacts of intelligent automated vehicle control at intersections via V2V and V2I communications

This article presents a novel intersection traffic management system for automated vehicles and quantifies its impact on fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of CO₂ relative to traditional traffic signal and roundabout intersection control. The developed intelligent traffic management (ITM) techniques, which are based on a spatiotemporal reservation scheme, ensure that vehicles proceed through the intersection without colliding with other vehicles while at the same time reducing the intersection delay and environmental impacts. Specifically, the spatiotemporal reservation scheme provides each vehicle a collision-free path that is decomposed into a speed profile along with navigational instructions. The integration of the developed microscopic traffic simulator with instantaneous emission model, provides improved assessments of the environmental impact of traffic control strategies at intersections. The simulator architecture integrates several ITM algorithms, vehicle sensors, V2V/V2I communications, and emission and fuel consumption models. Each vehicle is modeled by an agent and each agent provides information depending on the specific vehicle sensors. The ITM system is supported by V2V and V2I communications, allowing the exchange of information among vehicles and infrastructure. The data include the estimated vehicle position and speed. Compared with traditional traffic management techniques, the simulation results prove that the proposed ITM system reduces CO₂ emissions significantly. The research also shows that these reductions are more significant when the traffic flow increases.     

环保新技术——一种针对欧Ⅵ排放标准的新型AGR废气再循环系统

德国Kolbenschmidt Pierburg公司是一家专业从事商用汽车尾气后处理的公司,该公司研发出一套专门满足欧Ⅵ排放标准发动机所使用的AGR废气再循环系统以及相关的传感器和废气涡轮增压器。     

协同自适应巡航控制车辆占比对下匝道分流区混合交通流安全性的影响分析

在人工驾驶车辆、自适应巡航控制（ACC）车辆和协同自适应巡航控制（CACC）车辆的行车行为特征分析的基础上，运用跟驰模型和换道模型分别构建人工驾驶车辆、ACC车辆及CACC车辆在下匝道分流区混合交通流仿真环境，解析CACC车辆占比对混合交通流安全性的影响。选取全速度差模型、ACC跟驰模型、CACC跟驰模型分别作为人工驾驶车辆、ACC车辆、CACC车辆的纵向跟驰模型，利用随意换道模型、强制换道模型分别构建下匝道分流主线段、远近端区的横向换道模型。基于碰撞时间（TTC）、暴露碰撞时间（TET）、整合碰撞时间（TIT）等参数构建交通流安全性评价指标。利用MATLAB进行数值模拟，仿真分析不同CACC车辆占比下的混合交通流安全性。结果表明:CACC车辆占比为40%~50%时，混合交通流安全性恶化最严重，TET和TIT分别增加约68%和89%，车辆速度离散系数为0.9以上；通过在下匝道分流区设置远端强制换道区（设置长度≤ 1 000 m），可有效降低混合交通流的追尾碰撞风险。      

汽车ACC跟随控制策略研究

提出了ACC车辆与前车之间的速度一位移关系以及分别以车距控制和相对车速控制为目标的2种LQR模型，并根据两车的速度一位移关系的不同实现2种模型之间的转换，以生成符合驾驶员操作行为的ACC车辆控制目标，建立了实现控制目标的车速控制模型。仿真计算表明控制策略满足乘坐舒适性和保持安全车距的要求。     

Comfort enhancement by an active vibration reduction system for a flexible railway car body

In order to improve the ride comfort of lightweight railway vehicles, an active vibration reduction system using piezo-stack actuators is proposed and studied in simulations. The system consists of actuators and sensors mounted on the vehicle car body. Via a feedback control loop, the output signals of the sensors which are measuring the flexible deformation of the car body generate a bending moment, which is directly applied to the car body by the actuators. This bending moment reduces the structural vibration of the vehicle car body. Simulations have shown that a significant reduction in the vibration level is achieved.