微量氰戊菊酯诱导家蚕谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶omega家族基因的表达变化

昆虫谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶是广泛分布于多种需氧生物中的一类由多基因编码的、具有多种功能的重要酶系.从分子水平解析家蚕对微量菊酯类农药的响应及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶基因表达的变化,有助于从代谢生理研究家蚕对农药的抗性及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶与家蚕农药耐受性的关系.本实验采用实时荧光定量PCR方法,检测了添食微量氰戊菊酯后,不同时间点家蚕中肠和脂肪体3个GST酶omega家族基因(GSTo1、GSTo2、GSTo3)的转录水平.结果表明:添食氰戊菊酯农药后,3个被测GST基因在两个不同耐受性品种之间的表达水平变化差异较大,在家蚕Mysore添食氰戊菊酯后各时间点,GSTo2和GSTo3基因在中肠组织的转录水平显著上调,3个被测基因在脂肪体组织中的表达量均显著增加.谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶omega家族基因转录水平上调可能与家蚕不同品种对菊酯类农药的耐受性差异有关.     

家蚕滞育激素受体体外上调下游海藻糖酶基因的表达

家蚕滞育激素（Bombyx mori diapause hormone,BmDH）与滞育激素受体（BmDH receptor,BmDHR）结合,调控其信号通路中的下游基因的表达.在二化性家蚕中,受滞育信号的影响,蛹体卵巢膜上海藻糖酶的活性增强.为了证实 BmDHR对家蚕海藻糖酶基因（Bmtre）表达的调控作用,以 pcDNA3.1为载体,构建了4种由 ie -1启动子驱动的不同 Bmdhr 的表达质粒 pcDNA - ie1- Bmdhr1、pcDNA - ie1- Bmdhr3、pcDNA - ie1- Bmdhr4、pcDNA - ie1- Bmdhr5和（Bmtre 启动子驱动的萤火虫荧光素酶基因（luciferase,luc）报告质粒 p3Z - Bmtre - luc;用脂质体（Lipofectin）包埋1种 Bmdhr 表达质粒或不同摩尔比的 pcDNA - ie1- Bmdhr1/ pcDNA - ie1- Bmdhr5以及报告质粒后,分别共转染源于卵巢的家蚕细胞 BmN,在 DH 作用下体外检测 BmDHRs 对海藻糖酶基因启动子活性的影响.结果表明,4种滞育激素受体 BmDHR -1、BmDHR -3、BmDHR -4和BmDHR -5分别表达时,均能上调海藻糖酶基因启动子的活性;不同摩尔比（1：3,1：1,3：1）的 BmDHR -1/ BmDHR -5也均能上调海藻糖酶基因启动子的活性,由此证明 BmDHR 能上调其信号通路中下游基因 Bmtre 的表达.     

二通伺服插装阀高频响放大器PID设计及应用

文章介绍了二通伺服高频响放大器的工作原理,并基于工作原理,结合相关计算过程,设计出伺服高频响放大器电路。利用Matlab的电路仿真,仿真得到伺服高频响放大器的电路图,对仿真的波形图进行特性分析。最后增加一项跑合试验,测试所设计的伺服高频响放大器,结合仿真波形图与伺服高频响放大器的测试结果,构成了高性能的伺服高频响伺服控制器。给出了该放大器的功能和硬件结构以及软件流程设计。现场测试结果表明,该控制器符合设计的初衷,具有高集成度、灵活性、实时性、模块化特点;同时,工作性能稳定,参数调整方便,能较好地满足复杂环境下对伺服系统控制的要求。     

小水线面双体船典型节点抗疲劳设计

小水线面双体船结构形式特殊,结构疲劳问题突出.针对小水线面双体船特殊的结构形式,利用有限元方法对小水线面双体船典型舱段结构应力分布情况进行研究,得到了舱段结构高应力区域所在的位置;对板厚、结构形式、加强方式等影响船体结构节点应力的相关因素进行了详细的比较分析,提出了小水线面双体船典型节点抗疲劳设计方法;并利用该方法对1 350 t典型小水线面双体船进行节点形式优化设计,为小水线面双体船的抗疲劳设计提供参考依据.     

基于MATLAB的电力系统并网运行分析

运用MATLAB6.5软件做电力系统模型的发电机并网运行仿真实验,通过各种运行情况的仿真实验和分析,对实际的电力系统运行故障防范于未然,保证电力系统稳定运行;运用MATLAB6.5软件建立单机无穷大系统模型,并利用其仿真功能对该模型的各种运行情况进行仿真实验和分析,得到相关结论。     

基于面向对象贝叶斯网络的船用锅炉炉膛安全性定量分析

在对船用锅炉炉膛进行安全性分析时发现,故障隔离功能丧失在部件之间存在重复故障片段.借鉴面向对象贝叶斯网络建立故障模型,采用基于Bayes的蒙特卡罗仿真得到底事件概率先验信息.与故障树等传统方法比较,该模型直观简洁,有效缩小关键故障因子容量,诊断更加准确.     

耐压试验筒快开盖结构的刚度分析

对某压力试验筒的卡箍快开盖结构进行了有限元分析,并提取了与该结构刚度相关的分析数据,结果显示在进行高参数卡箍结构的设计时必须考虑其刚度问题.在该实例的基础上,改变部分参数的具体数值,利用有限元分析软件获取了与刚度相关的成组数据,讨论了各个参数的数值变化对卡箍结构刚度的影响,为今后类似结构的设计提供借鉴.     

高压氧对小鼠肿瘤生长,转移及化疗的影响

目的 观察高压氧（ＨＢＯ）对小鼠肿瘤生长、转移及化学治疗的影响。方法 用ＨＢＯ对小鼠Ｈ２２肿瘤、Ｓ－１８０肉瘤和Ｌｅｗｉｓ肺癌及注射顺铂（ＤＤＰ）治疗者分别进行处理,观察其对Ｓ－１８０肉瘤抑制、Ｈ２２肿瘤淋巴道转移及Ｌｅｗｉｓ肺癌肺转移的影响。     

基于NURBS表达的船舶静水力特性精确计算

在船体曲面NURBS表达基础上,对船舶静水力特性参数进行精确而全面的定义,并结合平面与曲面求交算法和基于曲面表达的几何特性计算方法,对各静水力特性参数进行计算.这种方法不仅适合于传统的静水力特性计算,又适合于任意浮态下的静水力特性计算.对实船正浮状态下的静水力特性进行计算,与传统方法的计算结果进行对比和分析,说明了该定义方法的通用性和实用性;对倾斜状态下的静水力特性进行计算,并总结静水力特性参数值随浮态的变化规律,为船舶自由浮态和静稳性精确计算提供基础.     

基于近似约简的基因选择方法

为了对癌症等疾病分型、诊断及进行病理学研究,利用基因微阵列数据识别疾病相关基因.考虑到了基因微阵列数据是典型的矛盾决策系统,在证明矛盾系统在近似分布集上是协调的这一事实的基础上提出了一套近似分布约简理论,讨论了不同近似分布集上约简之间的关系,提出了基于近似约简的基因选择方法.使用两组真实的基因表达数据对所提出的方法进行了验证.实验结果表明,该方法能在保持分类能力的情况下降低特征基因集的相关性,从而显著地减少特征基因的数量.     

Microbial food web responses to light and nutrients beneath the coastal Arctic Ocean sea ice during the winter–spring transition

We measured the abundance and biomass of phototrophic and heterotrophic microbes in the upper mixed layer of the water column in ice-covered Franklin Bay, Beaufort Sea, Canada, from December 2003 to May 2004, and evaluated the influence of light and nutrients on these communities by way of a shipboard enrichment experiment. Bacterial cell concentrations showed no consistent trends throughout the sampling period, averaging (± SD) 2.4 (0.9) × 10⁸ cells L^− 1; integrated bacterial biomass for the upper mixed layer ranged from 1.33 mg C m^− 3 to 3.60 mg C m^− 3. Small cells numerically dominated the heterotrophic protist community in both winter and spring, but in terms of biomass, protists with a diameter > 10 µm generally dominated the standing stocks. Heterotrophic protist biomass integrated over the upper mixed layer ranged from 1.23 mg C m^− 3 to 6.56 mg C m^− 3. Phytoplankton biomass was low and variable, but persisted during the winter period. The standing stock of pigment-containing protists ranged from a minimum value of 0.38 mg C m^− 3 in winter to a maximal value of 6.09 mg C m^− 3 in spring and the most abundant taxa were Micromonas-like cells. These picoprasinophytes began to increase under the ice in February and their population size was positively correlated with surface irradiance. Despite the continuing presence of sea ice, phytoplankton biomass rose by more than an order of magnitude in the upper mixed layer by May. The shipboard experiment in April showed that this phototrophic increase in the community was not responsive to pulsed nutrient enrichment, with all treatments showing a strong growth response to improved irradiance conditions. Molecular (DGGE) and microscopic analyses indicated that most components of the eukaryotic community responded positively to the light treatment. These results show the persistence of a phototrophic inoculum throughout winter darkness, and the strong seasonal response by arctic microbial food webs to sub-ice irradiance in early spring.     

Spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of particles, bacteria, and pEPS in Arctic winter sea ice

Abundances of particles, total bacteria, and particulate extracellular polymeric substances (pEPS) in Arctic sea ice were tracked through a winter season to examine the impact of combined extremes of low temperature and high salinity on the prokaryotic microbial community. Three horizons, centered at depths of 25, 45, and 65 cm from the ice surface, with mean seasonal temperatures of − 20, − 17, and − 13 °C, respectively, were sampled 16 times over the course of 12 weeks. Microscopic counts of bacteria (stained with DAPI) and particles (stained with acridine orange) reflected the dynamic conditions of the growing ice sheet, with greater abundances and variability in the upper ice horizons compared to the lower. The trend of higher particle and bacterial abundances in the upper ice was corroborated by several full-depth profiles taken during the expedition, which also displayed significantly decreasing cell abundance with depth. Bacterial abundance declined slowly and significantly with time in the upper and middle ice horizons, but not in the lowest, suggesting that much of the prokaryotic microbial community is resilient to extreme environmental conditions. We found that pEPS concentrations increased significantly with time and with decreasing temperatures in all depth horizons, which may lend support to the argument that sea ice bacteria produce EPS in situ as a cryoprotectant.     

Microbial community structure in the marginal ice zone of the Bellingshausen Sea

Phytoplankton, bacteria and microzooplankton were investigated on a transect in the Bellingshausen Sea during the ice melt period in November–December 1992. The transect along the 85°W meridian comprised seven stations that progressed from solid pack-ice (70°S), through melting ice into open water (67°S). The abundance, biomass and taxonomic composition were determined for each component of the microbial community. The phytoplankton was mostly dominated by diatoms, particularly small (<20 μm) species. Diatom abundance ranged from 66 000 cells l⁻¹ under the ice to 410 000 cells l⁻¹ in open water. Phytoplankton biomass varied from <1 to 167 mg C m⁻³, with diatoms comprising 89–95% of the total biomass in open water and autotrophic nanoflagellates comprising 57% under the ice. The standing stocks of autotrophs in the mixed layer ranged from 95 mg C m⁻² under the pack-ice to 9478 mg C m⁻² in open waters. Bacterial abundance in ice-covered and open water stations varied from 1.1 to 5.5×10⁸ cells l⁻¹. Bacterial biomass ranged from 2.4 mg C m⁻³ under pack-ice to an average of 14 mg C m⁻³ in open water. The microzooplankton consisted mainly of aloricate oligotrich ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates and these were most abundant in open waters. Their biomass varied between 0.2 and 54 mg C m⁻³ with a minimum at depth under the ice and maximum in open surface waters. Microheterotrophic standing stocks varied between 396 mg C m⁻² under pack-ice and 3677 mg C m⁻² in the open waters. The standing stocks of the total microbial community increased consistently from 491 mg C m⁻² at the ice station to 13 155 mg C m⁻² in open waters, reflecting the productive response of the community to ice-melt. The composition of the microbial community also shifted markedly from one dominated by heterotrophs (82% of microbial stocks) at the ice station to one dominated by autotrophs (73% of microbial stocks) in the open water. Our estimates suggest that the microbial community comprised >100% of the total particulate organic carbon (POC) under the ice and 62–66% of the measured POC in the open waters.     

Seasonal variability of fractionated phytoplankton, biomass and primary production in the Straits of Magellan

The results on the distribution of phytoplankton biomass (expressed as Chla) and primary production (¹⁴C assimilation), during three oceanographic cruises carried out during Austral spring and at the end of the summer and the autumn in the Straits of Magellan, suggest a strong variability of trophic levels for this ecosystem.Seasonal evolution of the biomass concentration goes from the spring maximum of 2.33 μg/l through a sharp decrease, 0.49 μg/l, observed at the end of summer, until the minimum of 0.24 μg/l measured during the autumn.The trophic conditions are dependent on hydrographic, meteo-climatic and geo-morphological characteristics: at the Atlantic entrance and between the two Angosturas the strong mixing of water column limit the development of phytoplankton; at the Western opening and along the Pacific arm the complex exchange mechanisms with the ocean, the glacio-fluvial contribution and the presence of a thermohaline front near the Isla Carlos III influence both biomass and primary production distributions. The maximum values are reached in the Central Zone (Paso Ancho) characterized by high stability of the water column.Primary production ranged from a minimum of 12.3 to a maximum of 125.9 mgC m⁻² h⁻¹. The overall trend seems to be a progressive and simultaneous increase from the Pacific and Atlantic openings to the Central Zone of Paso Ancho where the maximum value was reached. In general, biomass and primary production distributions correspond quite well except for the area of Isla Carlos III where biological and chemico-physical causes tend to limit ¹⁴C assimilation.Contribution of pico-phytoplankton (< 2 μm) to total biomass appears to be time dependent: in the blooms observed during spring a very modest incidence (< 6%) was observed whereas became more (> 50%) during the summer-autumn seasons when total biomass was decreasing.Within the Straits, at the end of summer, the contribution of pico-phytoplankton primary production is 59%, whereas nano and microplankton contribute 39% and 2%, respectively. At the oceanic external stations the photosynthetic activity of the bigger size-fraction (> 2 μm) is predominant (> 50%).These findings support the hypothesis that the pico-phytoplankton ( < 2 μm) is substantially constant, whereas temporal variations are due to the larger (> 10 μm) cells only.     

Bacterial production and microbial food web structure in a large arctic river and the coastal Arctic Ocean

Globally significant quantities of organic carbon are stored in northern permafrost soils, but little is known about how this carbon is processed by microbial communities once it enters rivers and is transported to the coastal Arctic Ocean. As part of the Arctic River-Delta Experiment (ARDEX), we measured environmental and microbiological variables along a 300 km transect in the Mackenzie River and coastal Beaufort Sea, in July–August 2004. Surface bacterial concentrations averaged 6.7 × 10⁵ cells mL^− 1 with no significant differences between sampling zones. Picocyanobacteria were abundant in the river, and mostly observed as cell colonies. Their concentrations in the surface waters decreased across the salinity gradient, dropping from 51,000 (river) to 30 (sea) cells mL^− 1. There were accompanying shifts in protist community structure, from diatoms, cryptophytes, heterotrophic protists and chrysophytes in the river, to dinoflagellates, prymnesiophytes, chrysophytes, prasinophytes, diatoms and heterotrophic protists in the Beaufort Sea.Size-fractionated bacterial production, as measured by ³H–leucine uptake, varied from 76 to 416 ng C L^− 1 h^− 1. The contribution of particle-attached bacteria (> 3 µm fraction) to total bacterial production decreased from > 90% at the Mackenzie River stations to < 20% at an offshore marine site, and the relative importance of this particle-based fraction was inversely correlated with salinity and positively correlated with particulate organic carbon concentrations. Glucose enrichment experiments indicated that bacterial metabolism was carbon limited in the Mackenzie River but not in the coastal ocean. Prior exposure of water samples to full sunlight increased the biolability of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the Mackenzie River but decreased it in the Beaufort Sea.Estimated depth-integrated bacterial respiration rates in the Mackenzie River were higher than depth-integrated primary production rates, while at the marine stations bacterial respiration rates were near or below the integrated primary production rates. Consistent with these results, P_CO2 measurements showed surface water supersaturation in the river (mean of 146% of air equilibrium values) and subsaturation or near-saturation in the coastal sea. These results show a well-developed microbial food web in the Mackenzie River system that will likely convert tundra carbon to atmospheric CO₂ at increasing rates as the arctic climate continues to warm.     

Effects of small-scale turbulence on the growth of two diatoms of different size in a phosphorus-limited medium

The effect of turbulence on the nutrient flux towards osmotrophic cells is predicted to be size dependent. This should translate into growth. We experimentally followed and modelled the growth of two marine diatoms of different size (Thalassiosira pseudonana, 6 μm in diameter and Coscinodiscus sp., ca. 109 μm in diameter) under still water and turbulent conditions, using a shaker table. Experiments were done with phosphorus-limited cultures and lasted for ca. 5 days. Turbulence enhanced the growth of Coscinodiscus sp. in agreement with theory but not the growth of T. pseudonana, which was actually slightly lower under turbulence. At the end of the experiments there were about 1.7 times as many Coscinodiscus sp. cells in the turbulent treatment than in the still treatment, while for T. pseudonana almost the same cell concentration was found in both conditions. In addition, the Coscinodiscus sp. cells growing under still conditions presented a higher specific alkaline phosphatase activity than those growing in turbulence which indicates a higher need for phosphorus in the still cultures. A simple dynamic model, based on Michaelis–Menten nutrient uptake kinetics, needed nearly no optimisation other than using observed initial conditions of phosphate and cell concentrations. The model showed how an increased nutrient flux towards the cells translates non-linearly into cell growth, most likely by affecting the half-saturation constant (K_M). However, since Coscinodiscus sp. experienced significant mortality and cells partially settled to the bottom of the containers, unequivocal support for the size-dependent effect of turbulence on nutrient uptake will require further experiments and more sophisticated modelling. The mechanisms to connect an increased nutrient flux towards cells with population growth and whether this process is size dependent are important in parameterizing the effects of turbulence on marine plankton in coupled physical–biological models.     

Seasonality of picophytoplankton chlorophyll a and biomass in the central Cantabrian Sea, southern Bay of Biscay

Seasonal changes in the abundance and biomass of cyanobacteria (Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus) and picoeukaryotes were studied by flow cytometry in the upper layers of the central Cantabrian Sea continental shelf, from April 2002 to April 2006. The study area displayed the typical hydrographic conditions of temperate coastal zones. A marked seasonality of the relative contribution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes was found. While cyanobacteria were generally more abundant for most of the year (up to 2.4 10⁵ cells mL^− 1), picoeukaryotes dominated the community (up to 10⁴ cells mL^− 1) from February to May. The disappearance of Prochlorococcus from spring through summer is likely related to shifts in the prevailing current regime. The maximum total abundance of picophytoplankton was consistently found in late summer–early autumn. Mean photic-layer picoplanktonic chlorophyll a ranged from 0.06 to 0.53 µg L^− 1 with a relatively high mean contribution to total values (33 ± 2% SE), showing maxima around autumn and minima in spring. Biomass (range 0.58–40.16 mg C m^− 3) was generally dominated by picoeukaryotes (mean ± SE, 4.28 ± 0.27 mg C m^− 3) with an average contribution of cyanobacteria of 30 ± 2%. Different seasonality of pigment and biomass values resulted in a clear temporal pattern of picophytoplanktonic carbon to chlorophyll a ratio, which ranged from 10 (winter) to 140 (summer). This study highlights the important contribution of picoplanktonic chlorophyll a and carbon biomass in this coastal ecosystem.     

带通型频率选择表面的分析与设计

采用矢量有限元方法(EB-FEM),利用单个单元和周期性边界条件的独特性质,对无限大频率选择表面进行仿真,借助于有限元软件ANSYS,给出了频率选择表面仿真模型的创建方法,并将计算结果与文献结果进行比较分析,最后对圆环型频率选择表面的设计问题提出圆环单元FSS的新设计模型,并探讨该模型的计算方法。