发动机进气门沉积物的危害及影响因素

文章研究电喷发动机气门沉积物的危害和影响因素。首先分析沉积物对发动机动力性、经济性和排放的影响,其次分析了沉积物产生的内在原因——燃油和润滑油的性能对沉积物形成的影响,最后,对温度、硬件结构和运行工况等外在因素进行总结分析。     

中国近周边海域船舶活动对陆域空气质量的影响

基于WRF-CMAQ空气质量模型,定量模拟了我国近周边海域船舶运输活动主要大气污染物排放对沿海区域城市环境空气质量的影响。结果表明,2014年我国沿海周边地区船舶活动对所产生的NOx、SO2、PM2.5和PM10年度平均贡献率分别为5.95%、2.20%、1.46%和1.41%。船舶排放对空气质量影响时间差异性显著,船舶4月和7月的平均贡献约为10%和3.5%,在1月和10月的贡献仅为2%和0.93%。我国近周边海域域船舶活动对年均浓度的贡献率低于6%,沿海船舶营运对环境空气质量的影响总体较小。     

道路环境对交通安全的影响及对策

交通安全,涉及到人、车以及道路和环境等很多因素。近年来,因为各种原因使得有关单位以及人员将更多的将精力放在人、车、道路这几个因素上,对道路交通环境没有过多的考虑和研究。深入研究道路交通环境,有利于道路交通的安全,文章通过对其的研究和分析,得出有关道路交通环境对交通安全的影响和解决措施,对于防止道路交通安全事故具有重要意义。同时为人们的生命财产的安全提供保障、对构建社会主义和谐社会具有很大帮助。     

基于交通数据中心的资源目录体系研究与应用

信息资源目录是管理和组织信息资源的有效方式,以元数据为基础对信息资源进行分级分类和格式标准化,进而实现对信息资源的查询、控制和管理。结合交通行业数据中心实际,从构建信息资源目录的角度,描述了交通行业信息资源的分类、数据管控体系的思路。同时,对元数据生成、编目等资源目录关键技术进行了阐述,对构建基于数据中心的资源目录服务系统进行了实例应用。     

井控装置快速接头试验评价研究

针对石油井控装置中的快速接头在沙漠环境下出现的磨损、漏油、堵塞、配合不良等问题,分析使用环境的特点以及对快速接头的使用要求,提出了分别从密封性、对偏心载荷的补偿性能、灵活性和耐久性等4个方面对快速接头的使用性能进行评价的原则。按照这些原则对现有的快速接头进行了试验研究和分析,对其使用性能进行了评价,筛选出了使用性能较好的快速接头型号,并提出了快速接头持久、可靠使用的基本准则和措施。     

沿海九省港航发展情况定位分析

通过对沿海辽宁、河北、山东、江苏、浙江、福建、广东、广西和海南等九省2001、2006和2007三年揭示港航发展状态数据的灰色聚类分析,得出了广东的港航发展一直位居第一,浙江已经跃居第二,江苏第三,山东始终排在第四和辽宁正在逐步攀升等重要结论。其结论和揭示的内涵对山东和沿海各省的港航在落实科学发展观、推动现代化发展等方面具有参考价值。     

海南环岛旅游公路对清澜自然保护区红树林的影响及保护对策探讨

通过现场调查和对相关工程数据进行分析,本文针对海南环岛旅游公路对邻近清澜红树林省级自然保护区所产生的生态影响进行研究。结果表明,公路在施工和运营期会对邻近的自然保护区生态环境尤其是主要保护对象红树林造成不利影响。其中直接影响是公路占用破坏红树林,间接影响包括对红树林群落演替和局部小气候的影响。为了减轻公路建设对红树林的负面影响,按照避让、减缓、补偿和重建的次序提出生态影响保护与恢复的措施,将公路建设对红树林的影响降低到生态环境可接受的水平。     

基于TOPSIS法的机场运行脆弱性评价

为评价干扰事件对机场产生不利影响的难易程度,提高机场的抵御和应对能力,从脆弱性概念着手,基于VSD模型系统地识别机场运行脆弱性影响因子,构建以暴露程度、敏感性、适应能力为基础,包括暴露位置、暴露范围、暴露强度、系统价值、对受影响区域的依赖性、基础设施状态、日常维护保养、系统自适应能力和干预下适应性能力等评价指标;采用熵权法计算指标权重,引入TOPSIS法构建机场运行脆弱性评价方法;最后选取4个机场进行实证分析,对机场改善脆弱性提出相应对策。研究表明：机场的适应能力对脆弱性影响最大,对机场运行脆弱性影响显著的因素包括跑道容量、综合演练频次、安全资金投入、航站楼容量、可使用跑道条数、跑道运行年限和影响范围等。     

机电工程的自动化控制技术实现研究

机电工程的自动化控制是指通过电子、计算机和控制技术的应用,对机电系统进行智能化、自动化的管控,其包括从机械和电气元件到传感器、执行器、控制器及通信设备的整合,旨在实现对机械系统的精确控制和自动化操作。本文对机电工程进行了一定论述,在此基础上,进一步探讨了自动化控制基础,并结合机电工程的特点,提出了机电工程自动化控制的实施措施,有助于实现智能化控制和自动化操作,提高生产效率、降低成本并改善产品品质。     

气象灾害对城市公交运行影响的指标框架研究

全球各地气象灾害频发,对交通系统产生了严重的影响。公共交通是城市正常运行不可或缺的部分,严重的气象灾害易引起乘客大面积滞留、运行服务延误乃至停运,造成严重的经济损失。本文梳理了气象灾害对城市公共交通的影响因素、影响阈值,并构建了气象灾害对城市公共交通的影响指标体系。为公交、轨道和公共交通基础设施维护企业和政府管理部门的预警机制和应急预案提供理论依据,促进更好提高公共交通应急效率、降低影响程度和减少事故损失。     

Aesthetic and ecological disharmonies of highways

This paper discusses the aesthetic and ecological effects of highways. Little is known about the subject at the present time, and thus this treatment cannot be considered in any sense definitive.Part I offers a definition of aesthetic quality and considers its relevance to highway planning. It is noted that, although the principles of rural freeway design (curvilinear alignments, variable medians, etc.) generally accord with the aesthetic character of rural areas, freeways are infinitely more difficult to integrate aesthetically into urban areas. Comparisons are made in this regard among basic types of freeways.Part II notes that the effect of man's presence on the earth's ecology has resulted in new systems and processes to which man is now subject. Highways, as works of man, affect him and his environment in ways which are known only imperfectly. Nevertheless, there are steps which can be taken to minimize the more obvious forms of damage to the environment which can result from highway building.Part III discusses procedures for incorporating aesthetic and ecological considerations into highway planning. No method yet proposed is in itself sufficient, and none leads to a decision on an objective basis. A generally acceptable method must await further research. In the meantime, every effort must be made to assure full and fair consideration of environmental effects on an ad hoc basis.     

对高速公路边坡生态防护质量的研究与探讨

文章首先对高速公路边坡生态防护中常见质量问题的探讨,指出植物生长基层滑塌、坡面冲蚀等常见质量问题,并对其补救措施进行简要分析,重点研究高速公路边坡生态防护施工工艺与质量控制,通过直接喷播植草绿化与CF网绿化两种防护方式从深入分析,以确保高速公路边坡生态防护质量。     

我国海洋生态环境损害程度评价技术发展现状

本文通过对目前海洋生态环境的判定技术的综合分析,按海洋污染生态毒性损害、海洋污染对渔业资源的损害以及涉海工程对海洋生态环境损害三个方面入手,介绍了国内外的海洋生态环境损害程度评价技术的发展现状,并指出我国相关研究中存在的不足。     

基于绿色生态理念的公路桥梁施工技术探析

贯彻绿色生态的建设理念是公路桥梁施工技术的发展前沿,也是实现基础设施建设与人文自然环境可持续发展的基本出发点。文章分析了绿色生态理念的内涵及其在路桥施工中执行的意义,从建造材料、施工机械、建造工艺、生态环境保护、环保理念培训等多方面阐述了基于绿色生态理念的路桥施工技术措施与要点。     

Design and evaluation of railway corridors based on spatial ecological and geological criteria

Transport infrastructure is closely linked to several sustainability issues of main policy relevance, and significant impacts on biodiversity as well as resource use and construction costs relate to the corridor design and location in the landscape. The aim of this study was to develop methods for railway corridor planning, in which corridor design and location would be based on important ecological and geological sustainability criteria. The method, an MCA framework including both spatial and non-spatial MCA, was demonstrated on a railway planning proposition in an urbanising area north of Stockholm, Sweden. Alternative spatial alignments for 6 railway corridors were derived based on criteria representing biodiversity, resource efficiency and costs, developed from ecological and geological knowledge, data and models. The method identified a study area specific positive synergy between ecological and geological sustainability criteria. The evaluation part of the methodology could furthermore identify uncertainties in the input data and assumptions and conflicts between ecological criteria. In order to arrive at a well-informed decision support system, the criteria as well as the decision rules employed could be further elaborated. Other relevant sustainability issues would also need to be integrated, such as cultural landscapes, recreation, and other ecosystem services. Still, arriving at a corridor design informed by the ecological and geological conditions in the planned area, as demonstrated by this study, could improve the sustainability performance of transport infrastructure planning.     

京杭运河山东济宁至东平段航道工程生态防护的探讨

节约能源,保护生态环境是今后我国经济发展的基本方针政策。从生态防护的基本内涵入手,通过分析京杭运河济宁至东平湖段航道施工对环境可能产生的影响,提出在航道整治工程中应用生态防护技术,加强生态环境保护的具体措施。     

Use of ecological footprinting to explore alternative transport policy scenarios in an Irish city-region

The objective of this paper is to compare the ecological footprint for travel-commuting patterns for the residents of an Irish city-region, that is Limerick city-region, in 1996 and 2002. Scenario building, based on ecological footprint analysis, is used to estimate the impact of different policy choices for 2010. The optimal policy mix for sustainable travel is proposed and consists of a mix of reduced demand through travel demand measures, better spatial planning and technological improvements in fuel economy.     

基于可拓云模型的绿色生态型市政道路综合评价方法应用研究

本文从生态环保、品质提升、安全高效、绿色低碳、信息智慧5个方面来构建覆盖全寿命周期的指标体系,综合利用AHP—熵权组合赋权法、物元分析理论和云模型建立绿色生态型市政道路评价可拓云模型,并实现了绿色生态评价的可视化云图分析。最后,以重庆市广阳大道进行实例研究,结果表明广阳大道绿色生态水平处于Ⅴ级,指标落实情况较高,与该项目实际考核情况基本一致,验证了本文的可拓云模型的科学性,可为绿色生态型市政道路项目评价提供一定的科学参考。     

Economic and ecological optimization of electric bus charging considering variable electricity prices and CO2eq intensities

In many cities, diesel buses are being replaced by electric buses with the aim of reducing local emissions and thus improving air quality. The protection of the environment and the health of the population is the highest priority of our society. For the transport companies that operate these buses, not only ecological issues but also economic issues are of great importance. Due to the high purchase costs of electric buses compared to conventional buses, operators are forced to use electric vehicles in a targeted manner in order to ensure amortization over the service life of the vehicles. A compromise between ecology and economy must be found in order to both protect the environment and ensure economical operation of the buses.In this study, we present a new methodology for optimizing the vehicles’ charging time as a function of the parameters CO_2eq emissions and electricity costs. Based on recorded driving profiles in daily bus operation, the energy demands of conventional and electric buses are calculated for the passenger transportation in the city of Aachen in 2017. Different charging scenarios are defined to analyze the influence of the temporal variability of CO_2eq intensity and electricity price on the environmental impact and economy of the bus. For every individual day of a year, charging periods with the lowest and highest costs and emissions are identified and recommendations for daily bus operation are made. To enable both the ecological and economical operation of the bus, the parameters of electricity price and CO₂ are weighted differently, and several charging periods are proposed, taking into account the priorities previously set. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the influence of selected parameters and to derive recommendations for improving the ecological and economic balance of the battery-powered electric vehicle.In all scenarios, the optimization of the charging period results in energy cost savings of a maximum of 13.6% compared to charging at a fixed electricity price. The savings potential of CO_2eq emissions is similar, at 14.9%. From an economic point of view, charging between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m. results in the lowest energy costs on average. The CO_2eq intensity is also low in this period, but midday charging leads to the largest savings in CO_2eq emissions. From a life cycle perspective, the electric bus is not economically competitive with the conventional bus. However, from an ecological point of view, the electric bus saves on average 37.5% CO_2eq emissions over its service life compared to the diesel bus. The reduction potential is maximized if the electric vehicle exclusively consumes electricity from solar and wind power.     

高速公路取弃土场与施工便道生态修复研究

高速公路的取、弃土场及施工便道如不采取有效措施加以修复,极易引起水土流失等生态破坏,文章通过总结实例研究,探讨了高速公路取、弃土场与施工便道将工程措施和植物措施相结合的生态修复技术与施工方案,对高速公路取、弃土场及施工便道的生态修复具有一定的技术指导作用。