Numerical simulation of the flow around two-dimensional partially cavitating hydrofoils

In the present study, a new approach is applied to the cavity prediction for two-dimensional （2D） hydrofoils by the potential based boundary element method （BEM）. The boundary element method is treated with the source and doublet distributions on the panel surface and cavity surface by usethe of the Dirichlet type boundary conditions. An iterative solution approach is used to determine the cavity shape on partially cavitating hydrofoils. In the case of a specified cavitation number and cavity length, the iterative solution method proceeds by addition or subtraction of a displacement thickness on the cavity surface of the hydrofoil. The appropriate cavity shape is obtained by the dynamic boundary condition of the cavity surface and the kinematic boundary condition of the whole foil surface including the cavity. For a given cavitation number the cavity length of the 2D hydrofoil is determined according to the minimum error criterion among different cavity lengths, which satisfies the dynamic boundary condition on the cavity surface. The NACA 16006, NACA 16012 and NACA 16015 hydrofoil sections are investigated for two angles of attack. The results are compared with other potential based boundary element codes, the PCPAN and a commercial CFD code （FLUENT）. Consequently, it has been shown that the results obtained from the two dimensional approach are consistent with those obtained from the others.     

二维水翼的设计与优化

通过指定沿叶剖面的压力分布或速度分布来设计翼剖面是水翼设计优化的有效途径.在给定二维水翼表面压力分布的条件下,通过已知物体表面的扰动势分布,利用格林定理,建立求解物体表面法向速度的Dirichlet型边值方程.假定一个初始剖面,通过积分得到扰动势分布,利用面元法求解方程得到法向速度.物面边界条件用于剖面的形状修正,利用迭代计算方法可达到设计目标.通过调整压力分布,可对翼型进行优化.文中对对称翼及不对称翼进行设计,并优化设计了剖面A, B和C.     

有限水深三维脉动源格林函数数值算法研究

由于柯西主值积分的奇异性和贝塞尔函数的振荡性,有限水深情况下复杂格林函数及其导数的精确数值求解一直是浅水中波浪水动力计算的难点,因此寻找格林函数的精确数值解显得非常重要.通过对格林函数奇异项进行变形推导,文中给出了一种去掉了奇点的新积分形式.另外通过改进前人推导的Gauss-Laguerre积分方法,给出了一种改进的新Gauss-Laguerre积分方法.格林函数及其导数的数值结果显示文中给出的两种新方法可以有效地计算复杂格林函数及其导数值.最后对这两种方法、级数解以及传统的Gauss-Laguerre积分方法的计算精度和效率进行了比较研究,结果显示文中给出的两种方法的计算精度高于传统的Gauss-Laguerre积分方法,但其计算效率低于级数解.但在接近于0的近场附近级数解失真,而文中提出的改进的新Gauss-Laguerre积分方法可以获得正确结果.同时当频率和水深均较大时级数解失真,而文中提出的方法也可以获得正确结果.最后针对这些方法的优缺点,该文提出了建议的策略用于计算有限水深格林函数.     

水深测量数据的组织管理与三维可视化

文章应用GIS理论思想,对水深测量数据格式进行深入分析,提出应用空间数据库来组织管理水深数据的新方法,给出了数据结构。在此基础上,对水深测量数据的应用价值进行深入挖掘,提出利用水深离散点数据进行水下地形建模,从而实现水深数据的三维可视化直观表达,并就此给出了地形建模过程和渲染步骤以及三维场景效果优化方法。     

The applicability of hydrofoils as a ship control device

Centrifugal forces are commonly created when ships turn, which may cause a ship to capsize in a critical situation. A mathematical model has been developed to optimize the stability coefficients for ship, with the aim to prevent capsizing and to increase ship maneuverability in high-speed water craft. This model can be used to develop algorithms for control system improvement. The mathematical model presented in this paper optimized the use of multipurpose hydrofoils to reduce heeling and the trimming moment, maintaining an upright ship’s position and lessening the resistance via transverse force. Conventionally, the trimming and heeling of a ship are controlled using ballast water; however, under variable sea conditions it is sometimes difficult to control a ship’s motion using ballast water. In this case, a hydrofoil would be more stable and maneuverable than a ballast tank controlled vessel. A movable hydrofoil could theoretically be adapted from moveable aerofoil technology. This study proves the merit of further investigation into this possibility.     

热力学效应对非定常空化流动结构影响的实验研究

为了研究热力学效应对空化流动结构的影响,采用实验的方法研究了水温为6℃、25℃和45℃时绕水翼的非定常空化流场。利用高速全流场显示技术,观察了不同水温下绕水翼的空化流动形态,并利用数字粒子图像测速仪(DPIV)测量了其速度和涡量分布。结果表明:随着水温的升高,空穴区域减小,空穴长度减短。在相同的空化阶段,热力学效应对空泡的脱落周期影响较小,脱落周期基本不变。热力学效应对速度和涡量影响较大的区域主要集中在空化区域及其与主流区的交界面处。随着水温的升高,低速高脉动区域逐渐减小,且对应的速度值略有升高,导致速度梯度减小,湍流脉动强度降低。同时发现,涡量区域对应于流场中具有速度梯度的区域,上下涡量区域随着水温的升高减小,涡量值降低。     

水翼对高速双体船纵向减摇性能影响研究

基于水翼在高速双体船上的广泛应用,运用Fluent软件,通过在水翼的攻角、尺寸、安装方式方面进行选型设计,研究水翼与高速双体船之间的相互影响,并且基于静特征数的附体减摇能力分析方法,研究静水中水翼对高速双体船的纵向减摇性能。计算分析结果表明,水翼对高速双体船的纵向运动能起到一定的辅助作用,可以减缓船体的纵摇与升沉。     

岸坡被动桩承载性状三维有限元分析*

为深化研究岸坡被动桩的承载特性,运用国际大型通用有限元软件ABAQUS对岸坡被动桩进行三维模拟。研究发现,坡顶荷载是被动桩桩身位移与桩身弯矩的主要影响因素,桩身位移与桩身弯矩随着破顶荷载的增大而增大;坡顶荷载对桩身弯矩的影响主要集中在斜坡范围内;桩顶荷载对减小桩身弯矩有利。结果表明,基于ABAQUS的三维有限元模拟是研究岸坡被动桩的有效方法。     

基于三维有限元的DCM平面布置对边坡稳定的影响

在应用于边坡稳定问题时,DCM(深层水泥搅拌桩)的平面布置形式直接关系到其受力的合理性,进而影响边坡的稳定和安全。针对当前工程实践中采用不同DCM平面布置形式解决边坡稳定问题时,其受力机理仍存在一定程度的认识不足,基于三维有限元方法,结合不同的DCM平面布置形式(桩式、横墙壁式、纵墙壁式、格栅式),对加固后边坡从整体稳定、位移和应力等方面进行分析,探讨采用不同DCM平面布置形式加固边坡后的位移和应力分布规律及特点。研究表明：纵墙壁式和格栅式布置相对于桩式布置,边坡整体稳定安全系数显著提高,位移和应力明显减小且分布更为合理,其中纵墙壁式布置优势最为明显。     

天津港二突堤转角区域码头结构与土体三维有限元分析

近年码头调查发现,天津港多个突堤转角区域的码头结构变形和横向错位情况十分严重,这与以前发现和认识的规律有所不同。文中从这些问题入手,以天津港二突堤为对象,系统地研究了该突堤转角区域码头结构和岸坡相互作用机理和变形特点,并指出突堤转角区域的码头结构受力比较复杂,其变形具有空间变化特点,传统的二维分析和设计方法是不够全面的。     

柴油机主轴承盖应力和应变的3D有限元分析

本文应用AutoCAD软件对柴油机悬挂式主轴承盖进行三维实体造型,用Auto3Dmesh程序对三维实体进行自动网格划分,并进行适当网格调整,用SAPP93软件及自编程序进行了载荷、约束处理和三维有限元计算,并对计算结果进行了可视化后处理,取得了令人满意的结果。     

二维水翼型空化流的数值计算(英文)

In order to predict the effects of cavitation on a hydrofoil, the state equations of the cavitation model were combined with a linear viscous turbulent method for mixed fluids in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software FLUENT to simulate steady cavitating flow. At a fixed attack angle, pressure distributions and volume fractions of vapor at different cavitation numbers were simulated, and the results on foil sections agreed well with experimental data. In addition, at the various cavitation numbers, the vapor fractions at different attack angles were also predicted. The vapor region moved towards the front of the airfoil and the length of the cavity grew with increased attack angle. The results show that this method of applying FLUENT to simulate cavitation is reliable.     

三维波对船舶运动响应影响研究

通常情况,实际海况的波浪更接近三维波,而在船舶运动预报时,目前主要考虑二维波(长峰波)中的响应,不能真正反映船舶在实际海浪中的运动.文中利用不同方法(频域方法、时域方法以及模型)研究了三维波的方向扩散性对船舶运动响应的影响.三种方法得到的三维波对船舶运动的影响是一致的.结果显示,在研究实际海况中的船舶运动时,考虑三维波的方向扩散性是非常重要的.     

时域有限水深格林函数及其导数的数值计算

精确快速地求取有限水深格林函数及它的导数是应用时域法求解有限水深水动力学问题的关键.通过对有限水深格林函数在不同区域渐近特性的分析,给出了使用多维Chebyshev多项式和渐近展开式快速近似计算有限水深格林函数及它的导数的方法.近似方法与直接积分方法的比较表明近似方法的计算工作量大幅减少,可以给出足够精度的计算结果.     

水翼辅助推进船舶波浪中运动和增阻特性研究

基于在船首两侧增添（固定）水翼的水翼辅助推进船舶的设想,选取集装箱船型作为研究对象,采用三维面元法对原型和水翼船在规则波中的运动和增阻响应进行了预报,并与试验结果进行比较,验证了计算结果的准确性。研究结果表明水翼能够有效地减小船舶在波浪中的纵摇、垂荡和增阻响应,其中添加水翼船在波浪中的纵摇和垂荡响应峰值分别减少了21%和24%,而增阻响应则减小了80%。此外还对水翼展弦比和安装位置对船舶在波浪中的运动和增阻响应的影响进行了研究。     

New method for ship finite element method preprocessing based on a 3D parametric technique

A new method for ship finite element method (FEM) preprocessing is presented as well as its program development. The method is applicable for all kinds of ships at different levels, such as a whole ship, cargo hold parts or detailed structures. The 3D parametric technique is used when creating ship structures, which improves the modeling efficiency greatly and makes the model easy to modify. A 3D geometric constraint solver is developed to solve the constraint system of the parametric model. A meshing procedure is presented to automatically convert the parametric structure model into a finite element model, by which high quality mesh is generated in the stress concentrated area. It also becomes possible to create finite element models for different levels from the same structure model. Using this method, the engineers avoid much of the complex and laborious work of FEM preprocessing, which consumes a very significant amount of time in finite element analysis, and can pay more attention to post-processing. This method has proved to be practical and highly efficient by several engineering trials. This work is sponsored by “Liaoning BaiQianWan Talents Program”.     

基于ALE有限元法二维液体晃荡的数值模拟

随着各类液货船的不断增加,晃荡现象在船舶与海洋工程领域引起了广泛的关注.文章从不可压粘性流体的N-S方程组出发,运用任意拉格朗日(ALE)有限元法对水平激励下的二维液体晃荡现象进行了数值模拟.首先通过计算值与解析解的比较,验证了数值方法的有效性,进而分析了激励振幅、激励频率对晃荡现象的影响,最后计算了作用于壁面上的力和力矩.     

The effect of sloshing on the sway motions of 2D rectangular cylinders in regular waves

In this paper, we investigated the effect of sloshing on the sway motions of two-dimensional rectangular cylinders in regular waves, bearing in mind possible applications for LNG-FPSO and LNG-FSRU. First, we carried out experiments for two models with different drafts, or the same draft but different filling ratios, in which the models were firmly connected to each other. The sway motion was measured with a noncontact video camera. This is an extension of Rognebakke and Faltinsen’s work for a single model (J Ship Res 47(3):208–221, 2003). It was found that the sway motion became small when the incident wave frequency was close to the lowest natural frequency of each model. The sway motion greatly increased when the wave frequency was higher than this frequency. The measured data were compared with numerical results obtained by a single-dominant multi-modal method; relatively good agreement was noted. However, the numerical results deviated from the experimental results near the lowest natural frequency of the smaller model, which was believed to be due to overturning waves, as observed during the experiment. Since this is out of the valid range for the single-dominant multi-modal method, other, more appropriate, methods such as the multi-dominant modal method must be applied instead.     

On prediction of longitudinal attitude of planing craft based on controllable hydrofoils

The purpose of this research study was to examine the attitude response of a planing craft under the controllable hydrofoils.Firstly,a non-linear longitudinal attitude model was established.In the mathematical model,effects of wind loads were considered.Both the wetted length and windward area varied in different navigation conditions.Secondly,control strategies for hydrofoils were specified.Using the above strategies,the heave and trim of the planing craft was adjusted by controllable hydrofoils.Finally,a simulation program was developed to predict the longitudinal attitudes of the planing craft with wind loads.A series of simulations were performed and effects of control strategies on longitudinal attitudes were analyzed.The results show that under effects of wind loads,heave of fixed hydrofoils planing craft decreased by 6.3%,and pitch increased by 8.6% when the main engine power was constant.Heave decreased by less than 1% and trim angle decreased by 1.7% as a result of using variable attack angle hydrofoils;however,amplitude changes of heave and pitch were less than 1% under the control of changeable attack angle hydrofoils and longitudinal attitude.     

A 3D, finite element model for baroclinic circulation on the Vancouver Island continental shelf

This paper describes the development and application of a 3-dimensional model of the barotropic and baroclinic circulation on the continental shelf west of Vancouver Island, Canada. A previous study with a 2D barotropic model and field data revealed that several tidal constituents have a significant baroclinic component (the K1 in particular). Thus we embarked on another study with a 3D model to study the baroclinic effects on the residual and several selected tidal constituents.The 3D model uses a harmonic expansion in time and a finite element discretization in space. All nonlinear terms are retained, including quadratic bottom stress, advection and wave transport (continuity nonlinearity). The equations are solved as a global and a local problem, where the global problem is the solution of the wave equation formulation of the shallow water equations, and the local problem is the solution of the momentum equation for the vertical velocity profile. These equations are coupled to the advection-diffusion equation for density so that density gradient forcing is included in the momentum equations. However, the study presented here describes diagnostic calculations for the baroclinic residual circulation only.The model is sufficiently efficient that it encourages sensitivity testing with a large number of model runs. In this sense, the model is akin to an extension of analytical solutions to the domain of irregular geometry and bottom topography where this parameter space can be explored in some detail.In particular, the consequences of the sigma coordinate system used by the model are explored. Test cases using an idealized representation of the continental shelf, shelf break and shelf slope, lead to an estimation of the velocity errors caused by interpolation errors inherent in the sigma coordinate system. On the basis of these estimates, the computational grid used in the 2D model is found to have inadequate resolution. Thus a new grid is generated with increased accuracy in the region of the shelf break. However, even with increased resolution, spurious baroclinic circulation seaward of the shelf break and in the vicinity of Juan de Fuca canyon remained a significant problem when the pressure gradient terms were evaluated using the σ coordinate system and using a realistic density profile.With the new grid, diagnostic calculations of the barotropic and baroclinic residual circulation are performed using forcing from the observed σ_t (density) field and from the gradient of this field.