海上风机吸力式桶形基础竖向承载力特性研究

吸力式桶形基础作为一种新型的海上风机基础,正逐渐以单桶或者多桶组合形式被应用于海上风机支撑基础设计中。然而目前对应用于海上风机基础的桶形基础的极限承载力的研究仍存在研究不全面和结果不统一的问题。本文以宽浅型单桶基础为例,采用有限元软件Abaqus对海上风机吸力式桶形基础在饱和黏土地基中的竖向承载特性进行三维有限元分析。考虑桶土接触面分离条件对极限承载力和土体破坏模式的影响,并且对桶形基础长径比、土体的有效重度以及土体不排水抗剪强度分布对桶形基础竖向极限承载特性的影响进行分析。研究成果可以为海上风机吸力式桶形基础设计提供参考。     

浪流作用下吸力式桶形基础的承载力研究

吸力式桶形基础作为是一种应用于海上风机的新型基础形式,具有施工速度快、可重复利用和费用经济等优点,被广泛应用于海洋平台和海上风电等结构的基础中。实际海洋环境中,在波浪、海流的耦合作用下会在基础周围产生冲刷,减少基础有效入土深度,将影响其承载特性。结合室内模型试验,通过建立波流作用下吸力桶-土精细化数值分析模型,对波浪和冲刷作用下吸力式基础的承载特性进行分析。研究表明:随着波浪荷载的增大,吸力式桶形基础的承载性状由循环稳定转变为循环失稳,相同波浪荷载下,冲刷会造成基础桶顶位移量显著增大;随着冲刷深度的增加,吸力式桶形基承载能力整体呈下降趋势。     

海上风电桶型结构安全与基础承载力计算

为了研究海上风电桶型结构型式与地基承载力特征,基于有限元建立吸力桶结构与地基的三维数值模型,采用有限差分法计算风电结构与海床地基的变形与屈服,分析不同荷载模式下结构变形与荷载的变化关系,以及地基基础的极限承载特性,通过研究单一极限荷载(水平荷载、竖向荷载、弯矩)作用下桶型结构的变形、安全稳定性以及地基的极限承载特性。研究结果可为海上风电场吸力桶结构的设计与选型、安全运行以及地基长期稳定性提供参考。     

海上漂浮风电吸力桶型基础的抗拔承载特性

文章开展数值模拟,研究漂浮式海上风机吸力式桶形基础在上层黏性土、下层砂土的分层土地基中的抗拔承载特性,探讨该基础的极限承载力、基础周围土体变形、基础转动点和前后侧土压力随加载位置和加载角度的变化规律。研究表明：随着加载位置沿主桶埋深方向下移,基础的抗拔承载力先增大后减小;当基础在分层土中承受倾斜荷载作用时,最佳加载位置位于3L/4桶高处（L为基础高度）;基础的极限承载力和前侧土体变形范围均与加载角度成反比;对于桶顶中心受载的工况,加载角度对转动点的影响较小,在不同的加载角度下,基础的转动点均位于基础顶面以下0.84L处。此外,探究加载位置和角度对基础侧壁土压力的影响,结果表明：基础埋深3L/4以下的前侧地基土压力随荷载作用点的下移而增大,与荷载作用角度成反比;基础埋深3L/4下的前侧地基对基础承载性能的发挥有重要影响。     

海洋石油工业中的多相流测量问题

针对海洋中的吸力式桶型基础,通过静荷载下单桶模型试验,得到了在竖向荷载、横向荷载下的载荷位移曲线,以及竖向和横向耦合加载情况下的极限承载力组合.结果表明,竖向荷载下桶基呈土体滑移破坏形式;垂向荷载下桶基呈桶拔出破坏形式;两种载荷组合下,存在一个极限状态线,该线以内,基础不破坏;当垂向载荷超过一定值时,桶基破坏由拔出破坏形式转变为土体滑移破坏形式.     

吸力式桶型基础承载力模型试验

针对海洋中的吸力式桶型基础,通过静荷载下单桶模型试验,得到了在竖向荷载、横向荷载下的载荷位移曲线,以及竖向和横向耦合加载情况下的极限承载力组合.结果表明,竖向荷载下桶基呈土体滑移破坏形式;垂向荷载下桶基呈桶拔出破坏形式;两种载荷组合下,存在一个极限状态线,该线以内,基础不破坏;当垂向载荷超过一定值时,桶基破坏由拔出破坏形式转变为土体滑移破坏形式.     

离岸深水全直桩码头竖向承载特性有限元数值模拟

建立结构-地基相互作用三维弹塑性有限元模型,分析软土地基上离岸深水全直桩码头竖向承载特性与失稳模式。通过研究得出,竖向荷载作用下,该结构竖向承载特性及失稳模式与土体强度密切相关。当地基较软时,结构竖向极限承载力由地基土体强度决定;当地基较硬时,结构竖向极限承载力由桩身及土体强度共同控制。为此,在进行该类结构设计时,应充分考虑软土地基软化效应等可能降低土体强度的不利因素对结构竖向承载特性及失稳模式的影响。     

饱和软黏土中梯形浅基础承载特性研究

以ABAQUS有限元软件为平台,采用理想弹塑性本构模型模拟了浅基础及周围土体,建立了梯形浅基础的二维有限元模型,研究了不排水饱和软黏土中不同尺寸的梯形浅基础在竖向荷载、水平荷载和弯矩荷载单独作用模式下的地基承载特性,分析了基础侧面倾斜角度和深宽比两个变量对承载力的影响,针对25组模型的地基极限承载力进行无量纲和归一化处...     

砂土地基大圆桶基础水平承载特性研究

大圆桶基础广泛应用于港口、码头和防波堤的建设中,工作中作为水工结构物基础其不仅要承受着来自上部的竖向荷载,还受到水环境引起的巨大水平荷载作用。鉴于现有的研究多集中于软粘土地质环境,本文以近海砂土水域为工程背景,利用有限元方法分析了单调水平静力作用下大圆桶基础的承载特性和破坏模式。计算了不同长径比的大圆桶基础水平极限承载能力,分析了基础失稳过程与转动破坏中心位置,研究了桶体周围土体抗力分布形式。研究结果可为近海海域大圆桶基础承载能力设计提供参考与借鉴。     

桶形基础的承载特性与承载力计算

桶形基础的承载特性,由于埋深范围和筒内包裹大块土体,而显著区别于桩基和普通浅基础.水平承载力计算与桩基存在显著的差别.本文结合了API规范中有关桩基和浅基础承载力的有关规定,结合桶形基础的特点,基于刚体极限平衡理论,提出了桶形基础承载力计算的一种方法,并用于分析垂直荷载与泥面弯矩的对水平承载能力的影响.     

裙式吸力基础水平承载力影响因素的数值分析

近年来,吸力基础已在各种悬浮结构、海洋平台锚固装置和离岸风电场工程中得到成功应用.重点研究离岸风电场新型裙式吸力基础的水平承载力,分析设置接触面对结构水平位移的影响、裙式基础的尺寸比变化等因素对水平承载力的影响.数值分析结果表明,通过增加裙式基础的高度能有效提高基础的水平承载力.     

Research on the calculation method of penetration resistance of bucket foundation for offshore wind turbines

The cost of foundations for offshore wind turbines constitutes approximately 35% of the total cost of an offshore wind farm. The bucket foundations show significant potential due to their superior transportation and installation efficiencies compared to pile foundations, leading to potential cost savings for the foundation of up to 30%. For a bucket foundation to be installed successfully, the penetration resistance must be predicted. However, there is currently a lack of clarity on how to select a suitable calculation method for penetration resistance based on known geological parameters to guide construction. In order to evaluate the current methods of calculation for bucket foundation penetration resistance, this study combines theoretical calculation methods with two sets of practical measurement data from the field. The calculation methods of penetration resistance for bucket foundation are first reviewed and categorized. The applicability range of each method and the parameters needed for calculation are given. Next, according to the measured data in the process of penetration of bucket foundation on site, the evolution of compartment pressure, tilt angle, resistance and required suction in the process of penetration are analyzed. Finally, the reviewed methods are compared to the results of two practical projects in order to analyze the differences between them and make recommendations for the calculation technique. The findings can be used as a guide for calculating the bucket foundation's penetration resistance in complex geological conditions.     

半潜浮式风机的动力响应分析

OC4半潜浮式风机综合性能较好，但其浮式基础结构质量和结构复杂性使其建造成本高昂，而WindFloat半潜浮式风机浮式基础具有结构简单、建造成本低和减摇效果好等优点，但是适应水深较小且只适合特定海域。结合OC4和WindFloat半潜浮式风机浮式基础的结构特点，针对200 m水深环境设计OC4-WindFloat半潜浮式风机基础。基于叶素理论、莫里森公式和势流理论，通过有限元软件对OC4-WindFloat半潜浮式风机的固有周期及风浪联合作用下的动态响应进行耦合分析，并与OC4半潜浮式风机结果进行对比研究。结果显示，OC4-WindFloat半潜浮式风机固有周期及动态响应均满足相关规定，且具有比OC4更低的建造成本，相比WindFloat可适用更深的海域。研究结果对于浮式基础型式研究有一定的指导意义。     

Monitoring of suction bucket jackets for offshore wind turbines: Dynamic load bearing behaviour and modelling

Suction bucket foundations for offshore wind turbines (OWT) have considerable advantages compared to conventional foundation types: Due to the installation process with dead weight and applied negative pressure, noise from pile driving can be completely avoided. In addition, the installation process of the whole substructure, consisting of the buckets connected to the jacket, can be carried out in one work step, which increases efficiency. A prototype of the suction bucket jacket was installed in the wind park ‘Borkum Riffgrund 1’ (North Sea) in August 2014. Due to the pre-installed and comprehensive measuring system, it was possible to monitor all installation and operating phases. The data analysis of a storm event show an amplitude and frequency-dependent behaviour of the soil stiffness and the suction bucket foundation without wind turbine. In the frequency range of the first and second eigenfrequency (0.2 Hz < f < 5 Hz), the system behaves linearly. Here, the Frequency Domain Decomposition is used for identification and monitoring. For the lower frequency band (0.05 Hz < f < 0.2 Hz) where higher forces and displacements occur, a non-linear multilayer perceptron is chosen to model the non-linear relations between measurements. By applying two mathematical models for the relevant frequency ranges, all the information from the measurement data can be used for system identification and novelty detection under varying environmental conditions.     

Static and dynamic loading behavior of a hybrid foundation for offshore wind turbines

Considering the deficiencies of the traditional monopile foundation for offshore wind turbines (OWTs) in severe marine environments, an innovative hybrid foundation is developed in the present study. The hybrid foundation consists of a traditional monopile and a wide–shallow bucket. A series of numerical analyses are conducted to investigate its behavior under the static and dynamic loading, considering various loading eccentricities. A traditional monopile with the same steel volume is used as a benchmark. Although the monopile outperforms the hybrid foundation in terms of the ultimate moment capacity under each loading eccentricity, the latter can achieve superior or the same performance with nearly half of the pile length in the design loading range. Moreover, the horizontal load and moment are mainly resisted by the bucket and the single pile in the hybrid foundation respectively. The failure mechanism of both the hybrid foundation and the monopile is excessive rotation. In the rotation angle of 0.05 rad, the rotation center is located at the depth of approximately 0.6–0.75 times and 0.65–0.75 times the pile length for the hybrid foundation and the monopile respectively. The increasing loading eccentricities can lead to increasing moment bearing capacity, increasing initial stiffness and upward movement of the rotation center of the two foundations, while decreasing load sharing ratio of the single pile in the hybrid foundation. Three scenarios are considered in investigating the dynamic loading behavior of the hybrid foundation. Dynamic response results reveal that addition of the bucket to the foundation can restrain the rotation and lateral displacement effectively. The superiority of the hybrid foundation is more obvious under the combined wave and current loading.     

海上风力发电机组支撑结构动力响应特性研究

支撑结构设计是大型海上风电机组设计的重要部分。文章分析了海上风电机组的各种环境载荷,并以3MW风力机组为例计算其所受环境载荷,包括作用在支撑结构顶端的由风机叶轮转动引起的水平轴向力、作用在塔筒上的风载荷以及作用在基础上的海流、海浪载荷,并采用非线性弹簧来模拟基础与海底土层之间的相互作用。在考虑风轮影响情况下,利用有限元法对支撑结构进行了模态分析。最后,分析了环境载荷作用下支撑结构的动态响应。计算结果表明,在对海上风力发电机组进行动态响应计算时,环境载荷之间的相互耦合作用不能忽略。     

Dynamic impedances and load carrying mechanism for skirted foundations

Dynamic impedances of foundations include dynamic stiffness and damping which have important effect on the internal forces in the structure. In some cases, such as offshore wind turbines, the influence of the foundation impedances on the system's natural frequency and overall damping could potentially have a significant effect on the fatigue life of the structure. The vertical, horizontal and rocking impedances of a skirted foundation (also termed bucket foundation in offshore wind industry) embedded in a fully saturated poroelastic seabed are addressed in this paper. The vertical impedance is most relevant for jacket foundations supported on three or four bucket foundations, while horizontal and rocking impedances are applicable for mono-bucket foundations. The dynamic vibration problems are solved semi-analytically with the help of dual integral equations and Green's functions. Numerical results for dynamic impedances are obtained; damping ratio are also obtained to show the importance of radiation damping for bucket foundations, even at very small excitation frequencies. The influence of length-to-radius ratio, Poisson's ratio, permeability of soil, excitation frequency and thickness-to-radius ratio on the impedances are also studied. Besides, the dynamic load sharing among the top plate, bucket shaft and bucket tip is obtained for vertical load, horizontal load and moment to shed light on the carrying mechanism of bucket foundation at dynamic working loads. It is found that for a rigid bucket foundation, even when the length-to-radius ratio is small (e.g. l/a = 1.0), most of the loads are carried by the shaft, while the top plate and tip of the bucket take only a small portion of the loads. The results of this study will be helpful for understanding the load-carrying mechanism of offshore bucket foundations for normal operation conditions.     

冰区海上风电基础的抗冰性能分析

海上风电基础属于典型的柔性结构。由于冰与柔性抗冰结构相互作用的复杂性,长期以来尚未形成基于动冰力响应分析的结构设计。结构抗冰设计中大都是从极端荷载出发,只考虑最大静冰力或最大倾覆力矩。基于对渤海辽东湾柔性抗冰结构的多年监测,发现强烈的冰激振动引起柔性结构的风险性要远大于极端静冰荷载下结构的整体安全问题。为了明确冰区风电基础结构的抗冰性能及抗冰设计的合理性,文章结合基于多年现场冰与结构作用观测及冰荷载的研究成果,明确该类柔性结构与海冰作用形式及其动力特性;提出了柔性抗冰结构设计中应考虑的主要失效模式及评价方法。最后,以渤海某典型风电基础为例,对其抗冰性能进行评价。该文的研究可为寒区风电基础的抗冰设计及安全保障提供合理依据。     

Bucket Group Effect of the Composite Multi-bucket Structure

As a novel type of foundation in beach and shallow sea,the bucket structure is especially suitable for complex conditionssuch as soft clay ground and the worse types of sea environments.In this paper, the bearing capacity of a multi-bucket structure isstudied by experiments with a single bucket and four-bucketfoundation in a saturated sand layer. Based on the experimentaldata and numerical analysis results, the bearing capacity behaviorand the bucket group effect are compared and analyzed.Furthermore, some influential factors, such as the soil type, theratio of length to diameter L/D, the ratio of the bucket spacing tothe bucket diameter S/D, and the bucket number are introduced andtheir effects on the multi-bucket structural capacity are investigatedThe vertical static capacity adjustment factor is introduced toevaluate the bucket group effects of the multi-bucket foundation.     

海上风力发电浮式基础的研究进展及关键技术问题

水深大于50m的海域,风速稳定、风切变小,具有风力发电的独特优势,该海域风力发电装备需要采用浮式基础,因此研究适用于海上风力发电的浮式基础结构,对海上风力发电的产业化具有重要的意义。近年来国外开展了各种新颖浮式基础结构基础形式和工作原理的研究,针对浮式基础承受的风机运转载荷和海洋环境载荷的特点,系统分析海上风机浮式基础涉及到的关键技术问题和风险因素,对风机浮式基础设计具有参考价值。