Yaw rate and side-slip control considering vehicle longitudinal dynamics

Most conventional vehicle stability controllers operate on the basis of many simplifying assumptions, such as a small steering wheel angle, constant longitudinal velocity and a small side-slip angle. This paper presents a new approach for controlling the yaw rate and side-slip of a vehicle without neglecting its longitudinal dynamics and without making simplifying assumptions about its motion. A sliding-mode controller is used to develop a differential braking controller for tracking a desired vehicle yaw rate for a given steering wheel angle, while keeping the vehicle’s side-slip angle as small as possible. The trade-off that exists between yaw rate and side-slip control is described. Conventional and proposed algorithms are presented, and the effectiveness of the proposed controller is investigated using a seven-degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed controller is more effective than the conventional one.     

变截面薄壁箱梁剪力滞剪切变形效应分析

与文献[1]-[5]求解薄壁箱梁剪力滞问题不同，以REISSNER E^[6]提出的能量变分为出发点，在综合考虑剪力滞剪切变形效应的基础上，利用最小势能原理建立了薄壁箱梁的控制微分方程，在获得方程解析解后，导出了可广泛应用于变截面梁，连续梁剪力滞剪切变形效应分析的有限元列式，算例表明，该计算方法简捷，计算结果精度高，便于实际应用，具有很高的工程使用价值。     

Automotive window seal design considering external aerodynamic load and surrogate constraint modeling

Installed between metallic DIW (Door in White) panel and nonmetallic door glass, automotive window seals has great influence on customers’ perception of NVH (Noise-Vibration-Harshness) performance. Recently, aerodynamic effect on ride comfort attracts increasing research interest. The external load causes unsteady pressure on glass, which is finally transferred to window seals and leads to complicated vibration and increases interior noise level. However, non-linearities of hyper-elastic material, rubber-glass contact and large deformation behavior make the construction of window seals constraint model much more difficult, thus impeding further analysis and optimization. A new window seal design method is proposed featuring in considering aerodynamics-induced load and nonlinear constraint. Firstly, by SST ? k ? ε (Shear Stress Transport) turbulence model, external flow field of full-scale automotive is established by solving three-dimensional, steady and uncompressible Navier-Stokes equation. With re-exploited mapping algorithm, the overall aerodynamic pressure is extracted and matched to local window as external loads for seals, thus taking into account high speed fluid-structure interaction. Secondly, based on functional equivalence and mathematical fitting, new surrogate constraint model is presented. The unitedseal CLD (Compression Load Deflection) curve is synthesized after translations and transformations from two semi-seal CLD experimental measurements of inner and outer lips. It is then fit to complex exponential function, making seal constraint equivalent to a surrogate elastic constraint with variable stiffness. Experiment is performed to verify the constraint surrogation effectiveness. Finally, case study of window seal design under high speed is investigated. After seal optimization based on the new method, windows seals’ maximal displacements have decreased. The improved seal-glass fitting status shows better NVH quality of window seal in high-speed condition.     

Numerical investigation of engine-to-slip dynamics for motorcycle traction control applications

This work discusses the motorcycle engine-to-slip dynamics which are strictly related to the traction control design. A street motorcycle is analysed by means of an advanced mathematical model which also includes the tyre flexibility and the transmission compliance. The effects of the following parameters on engine-to-slip dynamics are investigated: vehicle speed, engaged gear ratio, sprocket absorber flexibility and road properties. Guidelines for increasing the maximum achievable closed-loop bandwidth are given.     

横轴向荷载作用下空心桩受力性状数值仿真

利用MARC软件,建立了空间三维有限元模型;对横轴向荷载作用下不同长、径比下空心桩的水平位移分布规律进行了分析,提出了大直径空心桩的刚性与柔性界定标准,并得到了桩身第一水平位移零点随桩长的变化规律,在同一桩长和桩径情况下,第一零点位置受荷载的影响很小。     

Numerical modeling and dynamic simulation of automotive power window system with a single regulator

Door glass position errors that occur when an automobile door glass goes up and down not only reduce the basic performance of the door glass in terms of sound- and water-proofing, but also decrease the life span of the glass run and belt. Thus, there is a need for understanding the dynamic behavior of a door glass in order to reduce these errors. In this research, we analyzed the door glass behavior by developing a dynamic numerical analysis model for a single rail regulator type of door glass lifting system. We modeled the glass run and belt lip load as a non-linear spring-damper system to reflect changes in the lip load caused by door glass position errors in the analysis. We also introduced local coordinate systems to find door glass position errors during the lifting process. By using our model, the time spent on the up and down motions, the current, and the lifting resistance could be predicted with 4 %, 11 %, 3 % and 4 % of error, respectively, comparing with the test data. We confirmed the effects of imbalances and boundary conditions in the load and moment which occur during the door glass lifting process. We also found that the lip reaction force, coefficient of friction, overlap length and position of the lift line cause door glass position errors.     

基于多体动力学和有限元理论的汽车转向节疲劳设计

以汽车前悬转向节开发为例，综合应用系统动力学仿真分析方法和有限元分析方法，对汽车转向节的结构进行了不同极限工况下的强度分析，得到转向节上的应力分布，并在此基础上进行了耐久性疲劳分析。通过对结果的分析，找出改进设计的方向，缩短了开发周期，节约了开发成本。     

客运专线水泥土桩复合地基承载特性数值分析

采用数值试验的方法,对水泥土挤密桩单桩及单桩复合地基的承载特性进行了分析.分析了在整个加荷过程中单桩以及单桩复合地基荷载传递特性(桩身应力及桩身位移),同时分析了桩端土模量和褥垫层厚度及其变形模量对复合地基性状的影响,得出了一些有益的结论.     

摊铺机集中润滑系统常见故障及维护

高等级公路建设施工中,使用大中型工程建设机械日益增多。但在使用过程中,因保养、维护和使用不当等因素的影响,造成润滑系统失效或工作不良的现象较普遍,严重影响了工程建设机械的使用可靠性。通过对摊铺机集中润滑系统性能特点的分析,介绍了正确使用和维护要点。     

Numerical modeling of hollow-cone fuel atomization,vaporization and wall impingement processes under high ambient temperatures

In the following paper, a numerical study of the atomization, vaporization and wall impingement processes of hollow-cone fuel spray from high-pressure swirl injectors under various ambient temperature conditions was carried out. Also, the availability of applied models and the effect of ambient temperature on spray characteristics is discussed. The Linearized Instability Sheet Atomization (LISA) model combined with the Aerodynamically Progressed Taylor Analogy Breakup (APTAB) model, the improved Abramzon model and the Gosman model are used to calculate the atomization, vaporization and wall impingement processes of hollow-cone fuel spray, respectively. Spray models are implemented with the modified KIVA code. The calculation results of the spray characteristics under two ambient temperatures, including spray tip penetration, spray structure and radial distance after spray-wall impingement are compared to the experimental results obtained by the Laser Induced Exciplex Fluorescence (LIEF) technique. The droplet size distribution, ambient gas velocity field, vapor phase distribution and fuel film mass generated by spray-wall impingement, measurements which are generally difficult to obtain by experimental methods, are also calculated and discussed. Quantitative discussions on the effect of the ambient temperature on the spray development process are conducted. It is shown that the applied models are applicable even in the high ambient temperature condition.     

Fatigue and buckling analysis of automotive components considering forming and welding effects

Some vehicle components are developed by setting target weights to the gram level at their design stages to accomplish a lightweight design. Recently, there have been many studies that have focused on lightweight design through the use of ultra-high-strength steels. However, a lightweight design can face many challenges if the reliability of the analysis is not also secured at the design stage. Such challenges include difficulties in coupled analyses when the file formats are different among PAM-STAMP, ABAQUS, and NASTRAN. In this study, we developed a mapping interface that enables mapping between the file formats of various software programs. Buckling analysis was coupled to the forming analysis, in which pre-strain test data were applied in considering the material’s strain hardening, to evaluate the rigidity of the front lower control arm that controls the wheels and transfers loads. The influence of forming effects on endurance was evaluated, and residual stresses around the weld zone were calculated. A comparison of experimental and analytical results indicated that the proposed analysis was highly reliable.     

轴瓦损伤的原因及选配

对发动机轴瓦损伤产生的原因及危害进行了分析。详细介绍了轴瓦的选配方法和注意事项，对于实际工作中，保证轴瓦维修质量有重要参考价值。     

Modelling and validation of coupled high-speed maglev train-and-viaduct systems considering support flexibility

This study presents a more realistic modelling of the maglev-based high-speed railway line in Shanghai, China. Focus is placed on an accurate simulation of the two subsystems: the train subsystem including the magnets and the viaduct subsystem including the modular function units of the rails. The electromagnet force–air gap model with a proportional-derivative (PD) controller is adopted to simulate the interaction between the maglev train via its electromagnets and the viaduct via its modular function units. The flexibilities of the rails, girders, piers and associated elastic bearings are all considered in the modelling of the viaduct subsystem to investigate their effects on an interaction between the two subsystems. By applying the proposed model to the Shanghai maglev line, the essential characteristics of the coupled system can be duly captured. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed approach are then validated by comparing the computed dynamic responses and frequencies with the measurement results. It is confirmed that the proposed modelling with a detailed simulation of the magnets and modular function units can duly account for the dynamic interaction between the train and viaduct systems. Moreover, the effects of the inclusion of the flexibilities of the rails, girders and elastic supports to the response of the coupled system are respectively investigated, the results of which prove that their involvements are essential to the accurate prediction of the response of the coupled maglev train–viaduct system.     

考虑气动阻力和横风稳定的汽车车身多目标优化设计

综合考虑了气动阻力特性和横风稳定性,对车身外形参数进行了多目标自动优化设计。综合利用参数化建模技术、计算流体力学(CFD)仿真、试验设计方法、响应面模型和智能优化算法,集成Pro/Engineer参数化建模和ICEM网格划分工具以及Fluent仿真软件,在多学科优化平台modeFRONTIER上,搭建了一种自动优化设计流程。利用该流程,基于遗传算法(GA)对MIRA快背式模型车身几何外形进行了改型设计,得到了考虑车身气动阻力特性和横风稳定性的最优权衡设计解集。该结果使得气动阻力因数降低了5.2%,侧向力因数降低了5.8%。因而,实现了车身气动阻力和横风稳定性的多目标优化。     

A 3D CFD modeling for assessing the effects of both longitudinal slope and traffic volume on user safety within a naturally ventilated road tunnel in the event of a fire accident

A 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was set up to investigate the effects of the longitudinal slope on the risk level of users in naturally ventilated unidirectional road tunnels in the event of a fire accident. These tunnels, which in general do not require any mechanical ventilation system, have a length <1 km and their natural ventilation is due to the difference of pressure at the portals and/or the piston effect of the unidirectional traffic flow. Fire accidents related to vehicles characterized by different maximum Heat Release Rates (HRRs_max), situated at different locations from the entrance portal of the tunnel, were simulated by varying the longitudinal slope (i), as well as by applying both a positive and negative pressure difference (ΔP) between the entrance and exit portals to also consider any adverse wind conditions, or neglecting that (i.e., ΔP = 0). The combined effects of Peak Hourly Volumes (PHVs) were also investigated in the Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA), which based on a probabilistic approach, considered as a risk indicator the annual cumulative frequency (F) of having a certain number of potential fatalities (N). The longitudinal profiles of temperature, radiant heat flux, toxic gases concentrations, and visibility distance upstream of the burning vehicle along the escape route (i.e., sidewalks) are reported and compared with the acceptability limits to verify if the environmental conditions are tolerable for user safety while escaping from the tunnel towards the entrance portal or the emergency exit located in the middle of the tunnel length. The results showed that the number of dangerous scenarios for user safety increased in the event of adverse wind (i.e., ΔP < 0) and/or negative gradients (i.e., i < 0). The QRA indicated the combinations of i, ΔP, and PHV for which the annual cumulative frequency (F) of having a given number of potential fatalities (N) was not acceptable. By providing additional points of knowledge in the field of fire safety engineering, this paper might serve in the design of the vertical alignment of naturally ventilated tunnels with a length <1 km, as well as in the strategies of management and traffic control.     

嵌岩桩竖向承载力设计问题的分析与探讨

介绍了国内现行规范关于嵌岩桩竖向承载力的设计方法,分析了规范计算结果与工程实测资料相比偏于保守的主要原因,指出现行规范有待进一步修订。     

Optimum strength design of rear hub bearing for light-duty trucks with dual tires,Part 1: Measurement of actual bearing loads,comparison of measured data with calculated values,and determination of effects of various factors on the bearing

The loads acting on a full-floating rear axle hub bearing have conventionally been determined by simple geometric calculations. The authors, however, measured such loads on an actual vehicle in running for the purpose of selecting optimum bearings. The measured results revealed many differences from the calculated results. We then analyzed the measurement result and possible factors causing such differences, i.e., temperature distribution around the bearing, shift of the vehicle's center of gravity, tire characteristic, etc., and compared the measured and calculated values to establish a method of predicting the input load.     

考虑吸力的非饱和黏性土地基承载力分析

基于地基承载力计算中对非饱和土体中吸力的考虑,提出利用原状土样的土水特征曲线结合Fredlund和包承纲等人提出的非饱和土强度理论公式,将其应用到郑州至武汉客运专线非饱和黏性土地基承载力计算中,对比载荷试验结果,说明了吸力在非饱和土地基承载力中的贡献,在实际工程设计施工中,应予考虑。     

用"释能法"提高中心桥承载力的研究与实践

以重庆中心桥采用"释能法"新技术提高荷载等级为工程背景,对中心桥加固前后分别进行了荷载试验,并对试验结果进行了研究分析.研究结果表明,采用"释能法"加固后的中心桥受力状况明显改善,承载力大幅度提高,从而证明用"释能法"加固并提高旧危拱桥的承载力是完全可行且效果显著.