共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
This paper presents a general formulation for optimization of horizontal road alignment, composed of tangential segments and circular curves suitably connected with transition curves (clothoids). It consists of a constrained optimization problem where the objective function is given by a line integral along the layout. The integrand is a function representing the cost of the road going through each point and, by considering different costs, a wide range of problems can be included in this formulation. To show it, we apply this methodology to three different situations. The two first cases are related with the design of a new road layout and used to solve a pair of academic examples. The third problem deals with the improvement of a road adapting the old path to current legislation, and it is solved taking as case study the reconstruction project for a regional road (NA-601) in the north of Spain. 相似文献
2.
Accurate measurement of travel behaviour is vital for transport planning, modelling, public health epidemiology, and assessing the impact of travel interventions. Self-reported diaries and questionnaires are traditionally used as measurement tools; advances in Global Positioning Systems (GPS) technology allow for comparison. This review aimed to identify and report about studies comparing self-reported and GPS-measured journey durations. We systematically searched, appraised, and analysed published and unpublished articles from electronic databases, reference lists, bibliographies, and websites up to December 2012. Included studies used GPS and self-report to investigate trip duration. The average trip duration from each measure was compared and an aggregated, pooled estimate of the difference, weighted by number of trips, was calculated. We found 12 results from eight eligible studies. All studies showed self-reported journey times were greater than GPS-measured times. The difference between self-report and GPS times ranged from over-reporting of +2.2 to +13.5 minutes per journey. The aggregated, pooled estimate of the difference, weighted by number of trips, was over-report of +4.4 minutes (+28.6%). Studies comparing self-reported and GPS-measured journey duration have shown self-reported to be consistently over-reported across the study sample. Our findings suggest that when using self-reported journey behaviour, the journey durations should be treated as an over-estimation. 相似文献
3.
The variance in fuel consumption caused by driving style (DS) difference exceeds 10% and reaches a maximum of 20% under different road conditions, even for experienced bus drivers. To study the influence of DS on fuel consumption, a method for summarizing DS characteristic parameters on the basis of vehicle-engine combined model is proposed. With this method, the author proposes 26 DS characteristic parameters related to fuel consumption in the accelerating, normal running, and decelerating processes of vehicles. The influence of DS characteristic parameters on fuel consumption under different road conditions and vehicle masses is quantitatively analyzed on the basis of real driving data over 100,000 km. Analysis results show that the influence of DS characteristic parameters on fuel consumption changes with road condition and vehicle mass, with road condition serving a more important function. However, the DS characteristics in the accelerating process of vehicles are decisive for fuel consumption under different conditions. This study also calculates the minimum sample size necessary for analyzing the effect of DS characteristics on fuel consumption. The statistical analysis based on the real driving data over 2500 km can determine the influence of DS on fuel consumption under a given power-train configuration and road condition. The analysis results can be employed to evaluate the fuel consumption of drivers, as well as to guide the design of Driver Advisory System for Eco-driving directly. 相似文献
4.
Global Positioning Systems (GPS) technologies have been used in conjunction with traditional one- or two-day travel diaries to audit respondent reporting patterns, but we used GPS-based monitoring to conduct the first assessment to our knowledge of travel reporting patterns using a seven-day travel log instrument, which could reduce response burden and provide multiple-day, policy-relevant information for evaluation studies. We found substantial agreement between participant-reported daily travel patterns and GPS-derived patterns among 116 adult residents of a largely low-income and non-white transportation corridor in urbanized Los Angeles in 2011–2013. For all modes, the average difference between daily GPS- and log-derived trip counts was only about 0.39 trips and the average difference between daily GPS- and log-derived walking duration was about −11.8 min. We found that the probability that a day would be associated with agreement or discrepancies between these measurement tools varied by travel mode and participant socio-demographic characteristics. Future research is needed to investigate the potential and limitations of this and other self-report instruments for a larger sample and a wider range of population groups and travel patterns. 相似文献
5.
Global Positioning System (GPS) data have become ubiquitous in many areas of transportation planning and research. The usefulness of GPS data often depends on the points being matched to the true sequence of edges on the underlying street network – a process known as ‘map matching.’ This paper presents a new map-matching algorithm that is designed for use with poor-quality GPS traces in urban environments, where drivers may circle for parking and GPS quality may be affected by underground parking and tall buildings. The paper is accompanied by open-source Python code that is designed to work with a PostGIS spatial database. In a test dataset that includes many poor-quality traces, our new algorithm accurately matches about one-third more traces than a widely available alternative. Our algorithm also provides a ‘match score’ that evaluates the likelihood that the match for an individual trace is correct, reducing the need for manual inspection. 相似文献
6.
María Castro Luis Iglesias José A. Sánchez Luis Ambrosio 《Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies》2011,19(6):997-1005
Analyzing the distance visible to a driver on the highway is important for traffic safety, especially in maneuvers such as emergency stops, when passing another vehicle or when vehicles cross at intersections. This analysis is necessary not only in the design phase of highways, but also when they are in service. For its use in this last phase, a procedure supported by a Geographic Information System (GIS) has been implemented that determines the highway distances visible to the driver. The use of a GIS allows the sight distance analysis to be integrated with other analyses related to traffic safety, such as crash and design consistency analyses. In this way, more complete analyses could be made and costs shared. Additionally, with the procedure proposed it is possible to use data regarding the trajectory of a vehicle obtained on a highway with a Global Positioning System (GPS) device. This application is very useful when highway design data are not available. The procedure developed and its application in a case study are presented in this article. 相似文献
7.
Optimization of three-dimensional road alignments is a nonlinear non-convex optimization problem. The development of models that fully optimize a three-dimensional road alignment problem is challenging due to numerous factors involved and complexities in the geometric specification of the alignment. In this study, we developed a novel bi-objective optimization approach to solve a three dimensional road alignment problem where the horizontal and vertical alignments are optimized simultaneously. Two conflicting cost objective functions, earthwork cost and the utility cost, are cast in a bi-objective optimization problem. We numerically compare several multi-objective optimization solvers, and find that it is possible to determine the Pareto front in a reasonable time. 相似文献
8.
The scheduling operations of many paratransit agencies in the United States are undertaken manually. Those customers who are eligible to travel call in their requests the day before the trip is needed. As the trip requests are received, they are entered into a list of unscheduled trips. In order to schedule these trips, the scheduler must first determine the number of drivers and shuttle buses that are available as well as the time of availability of each. The scheduler must then try to match the rides that are in “similar” areas around the “same” time to place together on the driver's schedule. As new trip requests are made, the schedulers must adjust the trips that are already scheduled to try and schedule as many trips as possible in the most efficient way. By developing a system that would improve the scheduling system operations of, in this case, DART (Delaware Administration for Regional Transit) First State Paratransit, customers can expect to receive better service that will improve their ability to travel throughout the community. Some devices that could also improve the operations of paratransit agencies are described in this paper, such as satellite‐based Global Positioning System (GPS), radio communication systems, mobile computers, radio frequency‐based data communication systems, internet web pages, automated paratransit information systems, and card‐based data storage and transfer media. However, because paratransit systems are difficult to operate cost‐efficiently, the optimum and most cost‐efficient device must be selected. The system chosen for DART First State Paratransit includes the use of a relational database management system (RDMS) and a transportation Geographic Information System (GIS). RDMS keeps track of the database information as well as the scheduled trips and the GIS is ideal for analyzing both geographic and temporal data. This system is shown to be superior to the manual system. 相似文献
9.
This paper analyses the results of the Royal Automobile Clubhallo’s 2011 RAC Future Car Challenge, an annual motoring challenge in which participants seek to consume the least energy possible while driving a 92 km route from Brighton to London in the UK. The results reveal that the vehicle’s power train type has the largest impact on energy consumption and emissions. The traction ratio, defined as the fraction of time spent on the accelerator in relation to the driving time, and the amount of regenerative braking have a significant effect on the individual energy consumption of vehicles. In contrast, the average speed does not have a great effect on a vehicles’ energy consumption in the range 25–70 km/h. 相似文献
10.
文章将车辆、道路作为整体系统的两个部分,把车辆简化为四自由度的1/2车辆模型,将道路离散为弹性多层体系的有限元模型,通过建立车辆道路耦合动力分析模型,推导出了系统的动力平衡方程组,并探讨了方程组的解耦方法,提出了反映车辆运行品质和道路设计参数的理论计算指标,为车路耦合动力分析的进一步研究提供了参考。 相似文献
11.
Real-world vehicle operating mode data (2.5 million 1 Hz records), collected by instrumenting the vehicles of 82 volunteer drivers with OBD datalogger and GPS while they drove their routine travel routes, were analyzed to quantify vehicle emissions estimate errors due to road grade and driving style in rural, hilly Vermont. Data were collected in winter and summer for MY 1996 and newer passenger cars and trucks only. EPA MOVES2010b was used to estimate running exhaust emissions associated with measured vehicle activity. Changes in vehicle specific power (VSP) and MOVES operating mode (OpMode) due to proper accounting for real-world road grade indicated emission rate errors between 10% and 48%, depending on pollutant, chiefly because grade-related changes in VSP could shift activity by as many as six OpModes, depending on road type. The correct MOVES OpMode assignment was made only 33–55% of the time when road grade was not included in the VSP calculation. Driving style of individual drivers was difficult to assess due to unknown traffic operations data, but the largest differences between individual drivers were observed on rural restricted roads, where traffic conditions and control have minimal impact. The results suggest the importance of (1) measuring and incorporating real-world road grade in order to correctly assign MOVES emission rates; and (2) developing a driving style typology to account for differences in the MOVES emissions estimates due to driver variability. 相似文献
12.
Vehicle-to-vehicle communication systems allow vehicles to share state information with one another to improve safety and efficiency of transportation networks. One of the key applications of such a system is in the prediction and avoidance of collisions between vehicles. If a method to do this is to succeed it must be robust to measurement uncertainty and to loss of communication links. The method should also be general enough that it does not rely on constraints on vehicle motion for the accuracy of its predictions. It should work for all interactions between vehicles and not just a select subset. This paper presents a method to calculate Time to Collision for unconstrained vehicle motion. This metric is gated using a novel technique based on relative vehicle motion that we call “looming”. Finally, these ideas are integrated into a probabilistic framework that accounts for uncertainty in vehicle state and loss of vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Together this work represents a new way of considering vehicle collision estimation. These algorithms are validated on data collected from real world vehicle trials. 相似文献
13.
During the last decade, there has been an enormous interdisciplinary effort by the automobile industry and numerous research institutions worldwide towards the development, testing and employment of a variety of Vehicle Automation and Communication Systems (VACS) with the main aims to improve road safety and driver convenience. Some VACS, however, have a direct impact on road efficiency as well and could therefore be exploited to relieve road networks from the significant congestion problems and their negative consequences for travel times, safety, fuel consumption, the environment and the quality of life in general. In other words, some of the available VACS could also be used as novel or innovative sensors, actuators and tools towards a new era of traffic management. This paper provides an overview of proposed and available VACS and discusses their perspectives from the motorway traffic management point of view. Classifications of the different systems in this respect are also provided, while SWOT (Strengths–Weaknesses–Opportunities–Threats) analyses are used to identify specific exploitation ways. Current trends and future perspectives of VACS within a motorway traffic management context are finally summarised. 相似文献
14.
An increasing number of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) applications require high accurate vehicle positioning, e.g., positioning at the lane-level. This requirement motives the development of modeling the road network at the lane-level. In this paper we propose a novel lane-level road network model. It can be considered an improvement to existing models in its capability of representing the road and intersection details at the lane-level in a uniform and precise way. As a result, the model can guarantee the global continuity for arbitrary map route, which better approximates the real vehicle trajectory. In addition, the map construction algorithms are also developed. Following the proposed methods, the lane parameters can be extracted efficiently under flexible precision requirement, and intersections with varying appearances can be precisely modeled with limited extra data. Experiments were performed to verify the proposed model in representing the lane-level geometrical and topological details of an urban area of Milan. The results also demonstrate the effectiveness of the map construction methods. 相似文献
15.
文章介绍了排气门辅助制动系统的构造及其工作原理,通过平板式制动试验台试验与整车道路试验,验证了排气门辅助制动系统对汽车运行的安全性、经济性和驾乘舒适性都有着显著的提高。 相似文献
16.
There are many problems in transportation which involve reconstructing the associations between different entities. For example, data points related to a vehicle from different sensors could be matched to reconstruct the trajectories of vehicles. Or, in population synthesis for microsimulation, lists of persons, dwellings, and vehicles could be generated individually from source data and then matched into synthetic households. There are numerous other examples. The unifying theme is a desire to construct realistic unit-level associations from aggregate or anonymized data. The problem demands a method that is behaviorally consistent and operationally efficient to handle large datasets. We adapt concepts from graph theory to formulate this class of problems as a k-partite graph. This approach is generic and can incorporate expectations of behavior in the form of edge weights. A Dijkstra algorithm based solution is proposed for a subset of k-partite graphs which permits a direct comparison with pair-wise matching and applied to a case study of bicycle tracklets. We then propose an iterative improvement algorithm as a generic method and apply it to a complete k-partite graph in a population synthesis case study. The first case study shows that the k-partite algorithm outperforms the previously used pair-wise matching algorithms. The second case study demonstrates the generality of the proposed algorithm to all k-partite graphs and shows that the generic method is fast and scalable to large problems. As a whole, this paper aims to show that k-partite methods are behaviorally consistent, efficient, and potentially applicable to a wide variety of transportation data association problems. 相似文献
17.
We propose an optimization model based on vehicle travel patterns to capture public charging demand and select the locations of public charging stations to maximize the amount of vehicle-miles-traveled (VMT) being electrified. The formulated model is applied to Beijing, China as a case study using vehicle trajectory data of 11,880 taxis over a period of three weeks. The mathematical problem is formulated in GAMS modeling environment and Cplex optimizer is used to find the optimal solutions. Formulating mathematical model properly, input data transformation, and Cplex option adjustment are considered for accommodating large-scale data. We show that, compared to the 40 existing public charging stations, the 40 optimal ones selected by the model can increase electrified fleet VMT by 59% and 88% for slow and fast charging, respectively. Charging demand for the taxi fleet concentrates in the inner city. When the total number of charging stations increase, the locations of the optimal stations expand outward from the inner city. While more charging stations increase the electrified fleet VMT, the marginal gain diminishes quickly regardless of charging speed. 相似文献
18.
19.
Leon RaykinMatthew J. Roorda Heather L. MacLean 《Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment》2012,17(3):243-250
We evaluate the implications of a range of driving patterns on the tank-to-wheel energy use of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. The driving patterns, which reflect short distance, low speed, and congested city driving to long distance, high speed, and uncongested highway driving, are estimated using an approach that involves linked traffic assignment and vehicle motion models. We find substantial variation in tank-to-wheel energy use of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles across driving patterns. Tank-to-wheel petroleum energy use on a per kilometer basis is lowest for the city and highest for the highway driving, with the opposite holding for a conventional internal combustion engine vehicle. 相似文献
20.
Vehicle trajectories with high spatial and temporal resolution are known as the most ideal source of data for developing innovative microscopic traffic models. Aside from the method applied for collecting the vehicle trajectories, such data are more or less error-infected. The ever-increasing noise amplitude during the process of deriving the data (such as speed and acceleration) required for developing models, might change or even hide the structure of data and lead to useful information being overlooked. This highlights the importance of presenting the efficient methods which are adequate to remove noise and enhance the quality of vehicle trajectory data. Accordingly, in this paper a simple two-step technique based on wavelet analysis has been recommended for filtering errors and reconstructing trajectory data. Primarily, by using wavelet transform a special treatment was employed to identify and modify the outliers. Next, the noise in trajectory data was eliminated by applying the wavelet-based filter. The results of applying the proposed method to the synthetic noise-infected trajectory and the NGSIM dataset reveal how appropriate its performance is compared with other methodologies in terms of quantitative criteria. 相似文献