我国航运业面临低碳挑战

目前,全球变暖、环境污染、能源价格上涨成为不可回避的话题,低碳经济越来越受到重视。近年来,国际海事组织对船舶的9大排放进行了有针对性的限制,这些将涉及到我国航运业发展的根本利益,无形中提高了对我国航运业的要求：低碳经济要解决高能耗、高污染、高排放问题,循环经济要解决资源有限与需求无限的矛盾、经济发展与环境保护的矛盾,这要求整个行业要在经济和环境之中作出一个艰难的取舍。     

国际航运业船舶碳减排措施与行动

随着世界经济的发展,世界海运货物周转量随之增加,国际海运业的碳排放量持续增长,航运业减排的任务十分艰巨。本文结合航运业碳排放的特点,研究分析了国际海事组织(IMO)、欧盟及航运企业采取的一系列减排措施和采取的行动,为我国航运业减少碳排放提供了借鉴和参考依据。     

上海基本航运服务业存在的问题与对策

本文指出现今上海基本航运业的一些不足之处,并针对这些问题提出了改善不合理的仓储布局等措施,为基本航运业的发展提供参考。     

船舶轮机工程中船舶发动机在检测中的常见问题及对策分析

航运业作为国内市场经济发展的重要支撑点之一,在进行社会贸易的同时,有效地促进社会经济的提升。为了逐步完善航运业的发展模式,从主机构造问题、辅助系统检测问题、管道系统检查问题、自动化问题及主机结构检测对策、轮机辅助系统检查方法、安全系统检测对策、管道系统检测措施、注意使用先进技术设备等方面详细阐释船舶轮机工程中船舶发动机在检测中的常见问题及对策,以此为推动航运业的发展添砖加瓦。     

低碳背景下城市交通需求管理策略

为了探索低碳背景下,交通需求管理策略的具体设置应用,本文按照需求管理四个层面,探讨碳排放对于需求管理措施的影响,并在此基础上,以出行分布熵模型为基础,建立基于低碳背景下的需求管理多目标双层规划模型;随后,通过一个P&R系统(Park and Ride)案例,采用遗传算法,利用MATLAB、TRANSCAD等软件,进行模型的求解以及具体的路网流量分配,分析所建立模型在交通需求管理措施实行时的可靠与准确程度。     

碳达峰背景下重货运输领域低碳发展水平评价指标体系研究——以绍兴市为例

为引导绍兴市重货运输领域绿色低碳转型,推动重货运输高质量发展,在碳达峰背景下,从交通经济发展、能耗排放状态、低碳行动措施三个方面建立重货运输领域低碳发展水平指标体系,量化评价绍兴市重货运输领域低碳发展水平,旨在及时发现地方重货运输领域绿色转型工作推进过程中的薄弱部分和主要问题,为管理部门调整工作重点提供决策依据和参考。     

综合运用节能减排技术打造低碳高效道路客运

常州公路运输集团有限公司以“打造低碳高效道路客运”为目标,结合节能减排新形势,重点从“人—车—管理”等影响道路客运能耗的三个重要因素入手,推行了“完善机务管理办法、调整车辆技术结构、引进清洁能源、采用先进信息技术手段、积极推广驾驶节能操作方法”等系列措施,形成了一套行之有效的道路客运节能管理方法,提高了全体职工节能减排的积极性和责任意识,营造了“打造低碳高效道路客运企业”的良好氛围,使集团公司的综合能耗逐年下降,取得了显著的经济和社会效益.     

建设低碳交通运输体系的战略思考

本文阐述了我国建设低碳交通运输体系的战略意义,提出了加快建设低碳型交通基础设施网络体系、低碳型交通运输装备体系与低碳高效运输组织体系等方面的战略重点,并从强化组织领导、完善激励政策、深化交流合作和加强宣传引导等方面提出了保障措施。     

节能减排在港口设计及管理中的应用

港口规划是影响港口"两型"建设的关键因素,文章以港口规划设计、可再生/低碳能源的利用以及精细化管理三个方面的具体案例,详细阐述节能减排在结构上、技术上、管理上的对策措施。     

国际航运业购并的理论分析

2005年,是航运业收购,兼并、重组的大年,在过去的一年里,国际航运业的巨头以巨资并购同业案一个接一个：马士基海陆并购铁行渣华、赫伯罗特收购加拿大太平洋航运,达飞收购DELMAS,这一系列涉及金额巨大的购并事件显示了国际航运业正呈现一种通过并购走向巨型化,国际化的经营趋势。因此,对于国际航运业并购的理论研究有着重要意义。     

我国公路运输温室气体排放清单研究

本文结合国际形势和国内外研究成果,研究提出我国公路运输温室气体排放清单编制范围、评估对象、编制原则、清单建立方法、排放因子和活动水平确定方法,以及清单编制的技术路线。其中提出公路运输温室气体排放清单建立的三种方法,分别是基于燃料消耗的量化方法、基于车辆的量化方法和基于交通流的量化方法,并采用上述方法结合我国公路运输发展现状和相关研究成果,编制了包含私人交通在内的2008年我国全社会公路运输温室气体排放清单,并结合理论研究和案例分析,提出我国编制公路运输温室气体排放清单的问题与建议。     

Integrated modeling of car/motorcycle ownership, type and usage for estimating energy consumption and emissions

Devising effective management strategies to relieve dependency on private vehicles, i.e. cars and motorcycles, depends on the ability to accurately and carefully examine the effects of corresponding strategies. Disaggregate choice models regarding the ownership, type and usage of cars and motorcycles are required to achieve this. Consequently, this study proposes integrated car and motorcycle models based on a large-scale questionnaire survey of Taiwanese owners of cars and motorcycles, respectively. Incorporating gas mileage and emission coefficients for different types of cars and motorcycles into the proposed models can enable the estimation and comparison of reductions in energy consumption and emissions under various management strategies. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed integrated models, scenarios involving 10% and 30% increases in gas prices are analyzed and compared. The results indicate that gas price elasticities of cars and motorcycles are low, ranging from 0.47 to 0.50 for cars and 0.11 for motorcycles. Additionally, a high ratio of discouraged car users shifting to use of motorcycles neutralizes the effects of increased gas price in reducing energy consumption and emissions. Pollution of CO and HC even slightly increased because motorcycles are much more polluting in terms of CO and HC. At last, the reductions of energy consumption and emissions under 10% and 30% increase (or decrease) in other manipulating variables are also estimated and compared. The countermeasures for reducing ownership and usage of cars and motorcycles are then recommended accordingly.     

The economy of alternative fuels when including the cost of air pollution

In this study, the costs involved in the use of petrol, diesel, natural gas, biogas, and methanol (produced from natural gas and biomass) in cars and heavy trucks are compared. The cost includes fuel cost, extra capital cost for vehicles using alternative fuels, and the environmental cost of VOC, NO_x, particulate and CO₂ emission based on actual 1996 and estimated 2015 emission factors. The costs have been calculated separately for rural, urban and city-centre traffic. A complete macroeconomic assessment of the effect of introducing alternative fuels is not, however, included in the study. The study shows that no alternative fuel can compete with petrol and diesel in rural traffic when the economic valuation of CO₂ emission is taken as current Swedish CO₂ taxes ($200/tonne C). In cities with a natural gas network, natural gas is the fuel with the lowest cost for both cars and heavy trucks, based on 1996 emission factors. Methanol from natural gas and biogas from waste products can also compete with diesel in urban traffic. With predicted improvements in technology and subsequent emission reductions, no alternative fuel can compete with petrol in any of the traffic situations studied by 2015, and only in city-centre traffic will alternative fuels be less costly than diesel in heavy vehicles. Of the biomass-based fuels studied, low-cost biogas from waste products is the most competitive one and is, already at current CO₂ taxes, the fuel with lowest cost for heavy trucks in urban traffic in areas where natural gas networks do not exist. To enable the more widespread use of biomass-based fuels, i.e. using feedstocks such as energy crops or logging residues that are available in larger amounts, the economic valuation of CO₂ emission has to be 2–2.5 times higher than current Swedish CO₂ tax level.     

超前钻探法在瓦斯隧道施工中的应用

文章根据成都至自贡至泸州高速公路马鞍山隧道所处的煤层瓦斯地质状况,利用超前钻探法对隧道围岩的掌子面和钻孔瓦斯浓度进行了测试,测试结果能有效判定前方岩层的瓦斯赋存和涌出情况。     

图山寺高瓦斯隧道安全设防综合技术研究

文章针对图山寺瓦斯隧道的特点及瓦斯的危害,介绍了图山寺高瓦斯隧道施工中采取的瓦斯防治措施,提出了隧道结构的瓦斯安全设防技术,并指出在高瓦斯隧道施工中瓦斯防治的关键是利用合理的通风方式,瓦斯堵排的主要措施是隧道结构设置瓦斯隔离层和排气管,为其他类似高瓦斯隧道工程施工提供了借鉴。     

非煤系地层瓦斯隧道形成机制研究

在非煤系地层区修建隧道时对瓦斯没有充分的认识和准备,且瓦斯涌出又具有随机性、分布不均匀性的特点,因此该类瓦斯隧道的瓦斯灾害危害性更大,对其形成机制进行研究意义十分重大。文章通过对我国已有大量瓦斯隧道的研究,总结出非煤系地层瓦斯隧道主要有三种成因类型:一是构造连通型,根据不同的构造类型,又可分为裂隙连通型、断层连通型与褶皱连通型;二是围岩变质型;三是复合型。     

Exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of a triple-fuel spark-ignition engine powered passenger car

This paper examines the influence of compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas and gasoline fuel on the exhaust emissions and the fuel consumption of a spark-ignition engine powered passenger car. The vehicle was driven according to the urban driving cycle and extra urban driving cycle speed profiles with the warmed-up engine. Cause and effect based analysis reveals potential for using different fuels to reduce vehicle emission and deficiencies associated with particular fuels. The highest tank to wheel efficiency and the lowest CO₂ emission are observed with the natural gas fuelled vehicle, that also featured the highest total hydrocarbon emissions and high NO_x emissions because of fast three way catalytic converter aging due the use of the compressed natural gas. Retrofitted liquefied petroleum gas fuel supply systems feature the greatest air-fuel ratio variations that result in the lowest TtW efficiency and in the highest NO_x emissions of the liquefied gas fuelled vehicle.     

Road transport and climate change: Stepping off the greenhouse gas

Transport is Australia’s third largest and second fastest growing source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The road transport sector makes up 88% of total transport emissions and the projected emissions increase from 1990 to 2020 is 64%. Achieving prospective emission reduction targets will pose major challenges for the road transport sector. This paper investigates two targets for reducing Australian road transport greenhouse gas emissions, and what they might mean for the sector: emissions in 2020 being 20% below 2000 levels; and emissions in 2050 being 80% below 2000 levels. Six ways in which emissions might be reduced to achieve these targets are considered. The analysis suggests that major behavioural and technological changes will be required to deliver significant emission reductions, with very substantial reductions in vehicle emission intensity being absolutely vital to making major inroads in road transport GHG emissions.     

基于公路改扩建节能减排造价管理系统的研究

随着节能减排工作的深化和细化,公路基础设施建设的节能减排越来越受到重视。基于全国公路工程造价管理系统和中国生命周期核心数据库,可以快速实现改扩建公路生命周期能耗和碳排放的规范化核算,从而筛选出节能减排效益较优的设计方案。文章通过海南省某省道改扩建项目的实证研究,为设计方案节能减排核算及效益评价提供范例,为优化公路建设行业节能减排管理提供思路。     

Experimental analysis of exhaust gas after treatment system using water scrubbing in a single cylinder diesel engine for diesel and biofuel blends

A low-cost exhaust gas after treatment system called water-scrubbing is attempted in this paper. An emission treatment setup is fabricated, which is installed in the exhaust of the engine. This takes the exhaust gas and sprays water in the exhaust and passes it through the chamber containing silica gel. An attempt is made to investigate experimentally the performance and emission characteristics of a direct injection (DI) diesel engine, with and without water injection at the exhaust using diesel fuel (DF), diesel-Karanja oil blend (DKB) and diesel-Jatropha oil blend (DJB). The exhaust gas after treatment system helps to reduce NOx, CO and Particulate matter. The performance of the engine has also been monitored to determine whether the engine has any decrease in performance when the setup is used and it is found that there is no change in the engine performance.