“十三五”期公路客运的供需形势及发展建议

首先从供需匹配角度,分析了当前我国公路客运在中长途城际客运、农村客运发展,以及综合客运枢纽(公路客运站)、普通公路客运站建设运营方面出现的一些问题;然后从需求角度,分析了当前及今后一段时期传统公路班线客运、个性化定制客运,以及农村客运发展面临的主要需求形势;最后从供给角度,针对主要问题和需求形势,从公平与共享、效率与创新两个方面,提出了对"十三五"期公路客运运营组织及客运站点建设的一些思考和建议。     

山西省农村客运资源分布区域差异分析

农村客运全面、均衡发展是全面推进乡村振兴、城乡基本公共服务均等化的重要保障。为掌握农村客运发展与均等化现状,以山西为例开展了农村客运调查,统计了11个地级市共116个县（市、区）的农村客运站点、客运车辆、客运线路和日发班次数量,从总体值、人均值和GDP均值三个方面比较了农村客运资源分布的区域差异并计算其变异系数,发现山西省农村客运资源分布区域不均衡问题明显,需结合农村客运总体水平与人口分布、经济发展水平等因素,进一步推进农村客运均等化发展。     

南京市六合区道路旅客运输发展策略研究

通过分析南京市六合区道路客运需求、客流特征和场站的发展现状,揭示了目前六合区道路旅客运输存在的问题,进而从需求总量、旅游客运、快速客运、农村客运、城乡客运等方面剖析了六合道路运输的发展趋势,最后从新建客运枢纽、加强规划、理顺管理体制、形成合理补贴等方面提出了六合区道路旅客运输的发展对策。     

西部地区公路快速客运系统关键技术研究

本篇依托＂西部地区公路快速客运系统关键技术研究＂项目,介绍了公路快速客运的概念、构成要素、服务对象、特征、发展现状及存在的主要问题,指出了公路快速客运系统的车辆、站场、服务、管理、信息等方面的关键技术,形成了公路快速客运系统评价模型,并提出了相应的快速客运发展对策及建议,为我国西部地区的公路快速客运系统建设与发展提供参考依据。     

铁路未来客运新需求分析及对策探讨

铁路客运新需求对于铁路客运的可持续发展具有重要意义。基于我国铁路客运的现状,在运输对象和服务、出行距离、运输衔接、运输产品设计、票制和运输价格、新技术与新装备的应用等方面分析了铁路未来客运的新需求以及相关对策,总结了铁路客运新需求具备商务、休闲、娱乐、消费等多重属性,并提出了未来的铁路客运应坚持客运服务供给的个性化、人性化、过程化、多元化、生态化、定制化和智能化。     

综合客运枢纽规划与建设研究:以宁波为例

综合客运枢纽是推进综合交通运输体系发展的重要着力点,宁波综合客运枢纽发展具备良好基础,但综合客运枢纽建设较为滞后,在规划、建设、运营等方面问题突出。本文在总结综合客运枢纽规划布局模式的基础上,结合宁波城市空间发展格局,提出了宁波综合客运枢纽规划布局模式与具体方案,并以宁波南综合客运枢纽建设为例,对综合客运枢纽建设模式提出了相关建议。     

广西道路客运发展探讨

文章介绍了广西道路客运发展现状,分析了铁路发展对道路客运的影响,探讨了广西道路客运的优劣势和作用定位,并在此基础上提出了发展道路客运的原则、策略与措施。     

城乡客运安全保障对策研究

文章针对广西城乡客运的实际状况,分析了城乡客运存在的安全隐患,提出了保障城乡客运运输安全的对策,为促进广西城乡客运的健康、稳定发展提供借鉴。     

农村客运安全管理探讨

文章从人、车、路、环境及管理等方面入手,介绍了我国农村客运安全生产的现状,分析了当前农村客运安全管理所面临的主要问题,并结合我国农村客运特点,提出了针对性的农村客运安全管理措施。     

我国城市群客运交通发展理论研究综述

本文从城市群与城际交通互动发展、区域城际客运交通体系发展、城市群客运交通发展基本特征、城市群客运交通发展思路和模式、城市群客运交通发展框架体系5个方面回顾了20世纪80年代以来我国城市群客运交通发展理论研究的重点和进展,认为城际客运交通对区域空间发展的导向作用、城市群客运交通一体化发展以及城市群区域内交通运输资源的优化配置等议题将是我国城市群客运交通发展理论新的研究重点。     

加强成本控制 实施低成本战略的方法探讨

文章以施工项目的成本管理工作为主线,阐述了加强成本管理对企业实施低成本战略的意义和必要性,分析了实施项目成本管理中存在的问题,重点论述了项目成本管理过程中需要采取的各种成本控制措施。     

Achieving political acceptability for new transport infrastructure in congested urban regions

This paper analyzes the efficiency and political acceptability of road pricing and infrastructure policies targeted at relieving urban congestion. It combines a stylized transport model of an urban road network with a model of the political process that incorporates interactions between voters, citizen interest groups and politicians to explore the possibilities to reach political acceptability for efficient transport policies. In a numerical illustration, the paper compares a set of pricing and investment policies in terms of efficiency and acceptability. The illustration shows how conflicting interests can lead to non-efficient policies being chosen.     

An interdisciplinary study to explore impacts from policies for the introduction of low carbon vehicles

Driven by concerns of climate change, governments across the world are introducing a number of policies to accelerate the uptake of low carbon vehicles (LCVs), with a specific focus on electric motors. However, there is uncertainty in the effectiveness of such policies and technology pathways, which are inherently interlinked. This article considers the short-term situation to 2020 and focuses on the concern that these policies may bring about some disproportionate impacts in society due to changes in mobility. An ethical framework is established that seeks to balance obligations to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and rights to car ownership, then selected policies are modelled within this framework to assess acceptability of implementation. Although these policies are successful in introducing LCVs and reducing GHG emissions, findings also indicate uneven cost burdens and reduced affordability of car ownership. Following this, recommendations for policy amendments and model improvements are made.     

Exploring senior officials’ policy beliefs regarding sustainable transportation

This study examines the policy beliefs of officials involved in developing and implementing sustainable transportation policies. It is found that officials tend to have stronger beliefs in the success of policies that impact less on personal freedoms of the public, and in particular, in policies that attract public support than force options upon them. It was also found that policy beliefs are positively related to officials’ seniority.     

Transportation and regional agglomeration in Japan: Through a long-term simulation model 1920–85

The present article reviews the effects of wartime and post-war policies on regional agglomeration of landuse and transportation activities in Japan. For this purpose the authors have formulated a long-term model over the period 1920–85, and conducted its final test. After confirming the accuracy of the entire model, it is used to evaluate the wartime policies which caused excessive employment agglomeration in Tokyo, and post-war policies concerning the high speed Shinkansen rail network. We conclude that the choices of alternative policies would have led to a more balanced regional structure than there is now, with less agglomeration in both Tokyo and the Kanto region.     

Learning from Los Angeles: transport,urban form,and air quality

Los Angeles is well known around the world as an automobile-oriented low density community, yet recent transportation policies have emphasized greater capital investment in rail transportation than in highways, and recent policies have attempted to discourage automobile usage through transportation demand management. While these policies have accomplished small shifts toward public transport and somewhat lower dependence upon singly occupied automobilies for work commuting, the financial costs of these policy changes has been very large in relation to their benefits. Proper pricing of transportation alternatives, more creative use of new and emerging transportation technologies, and the provision of many more opportunities for simpler private sector transport services, would all appear to be more promising as cost-effective approaches to coping with congestion in Los Angeles than the current regional transportation policies.     

Commuters’ acceptance of and behavior reactions to license plate restriction policy: A case study of Tianjin,China

License plate restriction (LPR) policies are currently being implemented in major Chinese cities with the aim of mitigating traffic congestions. Meanwhile, much controversy regarding the effectiveness of the LPR policies is arising. To better understand the impact of the LPR policies, this paper studies commuters’ acceptance of and behavior reactions to the policies after their implementation. A theoretical model was proposed as the first step, followed by a questionnaire survey that was conducted in Tianjin, China, where an LPR policy has been in place since March 2014. Car owners frequently commuting within the restricted area were sampled as respondents, and a multi-variable regression method was employed to analyze the collected survey data. The results indicate that it is necessary to promote public’s acceptance of the LPR policy, because lower acceptance will lead to more negative reactions towards the policy, which may weaken its effectiveness. Main factors affecting the level of acceptance of the policy are also found, which may serve as a reference for transportation authorities seeking to increase commuters’ acceptance of the policy. These findings are beneficial to designing and implementing LPR policies.     

Heuristic policy analysis of regional land use,transit, and travel pricing scenarios using two urban models

To address some of the uncertainties inherent in large-scale models, two very different urban models, an advanced travel demand model and an integrated land use and transportation model, are applied to evaluate land use, transit, and auto pricing policies in the Sacramento, CA (US), region. The empirical and modeling literature is reviewed to identify effective land use, transit, and pricing policies and optimal combinations of those policies and to provide a comparative context for the results of the simulation. The study illustrates several advantages of this approach for addressing uncertainty in large-scale models. First, as Alonso [Predicting the best with imperfect data, AIP Journal (1968)] asserts, the intersection of two uncertain models produces more robust results than one grand model. Second, the process of operationalizing policy sets exemplifies the theoretical and structural differences in the models. Third, a comparison of the results from multiple models illustrates the implications of the respective models' strengths and weaknesses and may provide some insights into heuristic policy strategies. Some of the key findings in this study are (1) land use and transit policies may reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and emissions by about 5–7%, and the addition of modest auto pricing policies may increase the reduction by about 4–6% compared to a future Base Case scenario for a 20-year time horizon; (2) development taxes and land subsidy policies may not be sufficient to generate effective transit-oriented land uses without strict growth controls elsewhere in the region; and (3) parking pricing should not be imposed in areas served by light rail lines and in areas in which increased densities are promoted with land subsidy policies.     

Low-carbon futures for Shenzhen’s urban passenger transport: A human-based approach

Shenzhen, one of China’s leading cities, has the potential to be a model for achieving China’s ambitious CO₂ emission reduction targets. Using data from a travel diary survey in Shenzhen in 2014, we develop a human-based agent model to conduct a scenario study of future urban passenger transport energy consumption and CO₂ emissions from 2014 to 2050. Responses to different policy interventions at the individual level are taken into account. We find that with current policies, the carbon emissions of the urban passenger transport sector in Shenzhen will continuously increase without a peak before 2050. Strengthening 21 transport policies will help Shenzhen to peak the carbon emissions by 2030 for passenger transport. Among these policies, the car quota policy and the fuel economy standard are essential for achieving a carbon peak by 2030. In addition, a package of seven policies, including fewer car quotas, a stricter fuel economy standard, raising parking fees, limiting parking supply, increasing EV charging facilities and subway lines, and improving public transport services, is sufficient to peak carbon emissions by 2030, although at an emissions level higher than for the 21 policies.     

Reducing average comprehensive travel cost by rationally allocating trips to different travel modes

To study the effect of different transport policies on reducing the average comprehensive travel cost (CTC) of all travel modes, by increasing public transport modal share and decreasing car trips, an optimization model is developed based on travel cost utility. A nested logit model is applied to analyze trip modal split. A Genetic Algorithm is then used to determine the implementation of optimal solutions in which various transport policies are applied in order to reduce average CTC. The central urban region of Beijing is selected as the study area in this research. Different policies are analyzed for comparison, focusing on their optimal impacts on minimizing the average CTC utility of all travel modes by rationally allocating trips to different travel modes in the study area. It is found that the proposed optimization model provides a reasonable indication of the effect of policies applied.