Evaluating CO2 emissions, cost, and service quality trade-offs in an urban delivery system case study

Growing pressure to limit greenhouse gas emissions is changing the way businesses operate. This paper presents the trade-offs between cost, service quality (represented by time window guarantees), and emissions of an urban pickup and delivery system under these changing pressures. A model, developed by the authors in ArcGIS, is used to evaluate these trade-offs for a specific case study involving a real fleet with specific operational characteristics. The problem is modeled as an emissions minimization vehicle routing problem with time windows. Analyses of different external policies and internal operational changes provide insight into the impact of these changes on cost, service quality, and emissions. Specific consideration of the influence of time windows, customer density, and vehicle choice are included.The results show a stable relationship between monetary cost and kilograms of CO₂, with each kilogram of CO₂ associated with a $3.50 increase in cost, illustrating the influence of fuel use on both cost and emissions. In addition, customer density and time window length are strongly correlated with monetary cost and kilograms of CO₂ per order. The addition of 80 customers or extending the time window 100 minutes would save approximately $3.50 and 1 kilogram of CO₂ per order. Lastly, the evaluation of four different fleets illustrates significant environmental and monetary gains can be achieved through the use of hybrid vehicles.The results demonstrate there is not a trade-off between CO₂ emissions and cost, but that these two metrics trend together. This suggests the most effective way to encourage fleet operators to limit emissions is to increase the cost of fuel or CO₂ production, as this is consistent with current incentives that exist to reduce cost, and therefore emissions.     

Evaluating the use of an urban consolidation centre and electric vehicles in central London

The paper focuses on the role that can be played by urban consolidation centres (UCCs) in reducing freight traffic and its environmental impacts in towns and cities. It is based on the before and after evaluation of a trial led by a major stationery and office supplies company in which urban freight deliveries in central London made from a depot in the suburbs using diesel vehicles were replaced with the use of an urban micro-consolidation centre located in the delivery area together with the use of electrically-assisted cargo tricycles and electric vans. The results show that the total distance travelled and the CO₂eq emissions per parcel delivered fell by 20% and 54% respectively as a result of this delivery system. However, the evaluation has also indicated that the distance travelled per parcel rose substantially in the City of London delivery area as a result of the electric vehicles having far smaller load limits in both weight and volume compared with diesel vans. But, at the same time, the trial system was able to virtually eliminate CO₂eq emissions per parcel delivered in the City of London. The trial proved successful from the company's perspective in transport, environmental and financial terms. The company therefore decided to continue the operation beyond the end of the trial with it being officially launched during 2010.     

Looking at sustainable urban mobility through a cross-assessment model within the framework of land-use and transport integration

In order to realise sustainable urban transport, it is necessary to combine different kinds of decision-making, including vision-led, plan-led and consensus-led approaches. In this paper, a cross-assessment model that supports both vision-led and consensus-led approaches is proposed as an analytical tool for developing sustainable urban transport and land use strategies for a low-carbon society. It is applied to an impact analysis of public transport and land use strategies in 2030 for all of Japan's 269 urban areas, with outcomes – including the financial balance of public transport operation, user benefits, and CO₂ emissions reduction – compared by strategy and urban area.     

Effect of direct in-cylinder CO2 injection on HCCI combustion and emission characteristics

Fuel injection during negative valve overlap period was used to realize diesel homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion. In order to control the combustion, CO₂ in-cylinder injection was used to simulate external EGR. Effects of CO₂ injection parameters (injection timing, quantity, pressure) on HCCI combustion and emission characteristics were investigated. Experimental results revealed that CO₂ in-cylinder injection can control the start of combustion and effectively reduce NO_x emission. Either advancing CO₂ injection timing or increasing CO₂ injection quantity can reduce peak cylinder pressure and mean gas temperature, delay the starts of low temperature reaction (LTR) and high temperature reaction (HTR), and lower pressure rise rate; NO_x emission was reduced, while smoke, HC, and CO emissions increased. Since the combustion phase was improved, the indicated thermal efficiency was also improved. Injection pressure determines the amount of disturbance introduced into the cylinder. Generally, with the same injection quantity, higher injection pressure results in higher momentum flux and total momentum. Larger momentum flux and momentum has a stronger disturbance to air-fuel mixture, resulting in a more homogeneous mixture; therefore, larger injection pressure leads to lower NO_x and smoke emissions.     

关于城市机动车发展水平的规划模型探讨

随着机动化水平的迅速提高,我国城市交通供给与交通需求的矛盾不断加剧,城市土地、环境等资源匮乏,城市交通畅通面临着越来越严峻的考验。论文将机动车发展对城市造成的直接影响归结为道路、停车、大气三大突出方面,提出了通过容量限制理智发展机动车的思路;进一步对城市路网容量、停车容量、环境容量进行了比较深入的研究,提出了城市机动车合理保有量的多容量限制双层规划模型,建立了交通流动态分布与交通系统容量的互动联系,为机动化水平与城市可持续发展之间的协调发展奠定了一定的理论基础,也为现代化城市的交通管理部门提供了一定的决策依据。     

济南黄河凤凰大桥慢行系统设置研究

随着经济社会的发展和工程技术条件的进步,江河两岸城区的发展和联系成为城市发展和交通系统面临的课题。然而机动化的发展加剧了交通拥堵、环境污染的问题,非机动车作为绿色慢行交通的代表正逐渐得到重视。过江慢行通道不仅是城市风貌的展示窗口,也是城市生活品质的直接体现。为解决慢行交通跨河问题,以济南黄河凤凰大桥慢行系统设置为例,探讨不同慢行过河交通组织模式的不同情况的应用,为城市跨河通道慢行交通组织提供参考和借鉴。     

高铁站站前广场空间组织分析

随着我国高速铁路的快速发展,越来越多的中小城市都有了高铁车站,站前广场及交通接驳场站成为高铁站的重要组成部分。以嵊州新昌站站前换乘综合枢纽项目为例,阐述中小城市站前广场的功能定位和外部交通组织流线,从换乘枢纽包含的交通场站规模预测出发,探讨站前广场的空间组织布局形式和广场内部交通组织流线。合理规划站前广场的空间布局,避免人流、车流冲突,减少车型交织,从而实现高效、便利、人性化的交通组织。     

大城市轨道交通选择行为调查初步分析——以北京市地铁4、5、10号线为例

随着城市交通问题的日益严重,大力发展城市轨道交通成为解决城市交通问题的有效方法。引导一部分人乘坐轨道交通出行,可以减少路面交通压力。以北京市城市轨道建设为目的,通过在北京市6个小区进行的交通方式选择特性调查,在分析了当前的交通状况的条件下,着重分析了5种情景组合设计下人们选择轨道出行比例的变化以及个人特征信息。分析结果表明,轨道出行比例与轨道费用、时间以及衔接费用有着显著的关系,并且不同年龄、职业、出行目的的群体选择轨道出行的比例也不尽相同。分析结果对于北京市城市轨道建设具有参考意见。     

基于滑动窗口动态输入LSTM网络的铁路运输系统碳排放量预测方法

铁路运输的低碳发展对交通系统实现“双碳”战略目标有着重要意义。针对当前铁路运输碳排放预测研究较少、预测精度不高的问题,考虑碳排放时间序列数据中历史信息和当前信息间的相关性,引入滑动窗口,结合长短期记忆（LSTM）网络,构建铁路运输碳排放量预测模型。采用灰色关联分析法计算铁路运输碳排放量各影响因素的关联度值,筛选铁路运输碳排放量的关键影响因素,使用高关联性数据作为预测模型的输入变量,提高预测精度;应用LSTM网络为基础预测模型,通过引入滑动窗口改进神经网络的数据输入;考虑未来减排政策变化对铁路运输碳排放量的影响,融合基于动态政策的情景分析,构建铁路碳排放预测模型,并利用多项式误差拟合方法进行误差修正,提高预测结果准确性。以1980—2019年铁路运输碳排放相关数据为例,从现有文献中总结出17个铁路碳排放影响因素,利用灰色关联分析法从中筛选出6个关键因素,通过滑动窗口对筛选出的数据进行子序列分割,测试不同长度窗口下的预测精度,选择最优窗口参数,建立改进LSTM模型进行预测,并将预测结果与原LSTM、BPNN和RNN模型进行对比,结果表明：改进LSTM模型将相对误差平均值降低至0.392%,...     

Évolution des émissions de CO2 liées aux mobilités quotidiennes: une stabilité en trompe l’œil

Alternatives to the use of automobiles have regained attention at the urban level. Against this background, we look at the spatial context of this attention in the agglomeration of Lyon. More specifically, we look at how CO₂ emissions that are associated with everyday mobility have developed until recently. First, we estimate the intensity of CO₂ emissions per day based on the last two household travel surveys done in the Lyon conurbation in 1995 and 2006. Even if the global emission level remains stable, we aim to analyze the dynamics of the socio-economic evolution of mobility between the two periods. To that end, we have abstracted the linkage of a specific form of mobility (mode of transport and distance) to a specific population group (status, residential location, car access, gender). This typology helps us highlight the groups where emission rates are significantly higher, and where the focus on emission reduction should be intensified.     

Evaluation and visualization of stratified ultra-lean combustion characteristics in a spray-guided type gasoline direct-injection engine

To comply with reinforced emission regulations for harmful exhaust gases, including carbon dioxide (CO₂) emitted as a greenhouse gas, improved technologies for reducing CO₂ and fuel consumption are being developed. Stable lean combustion, which has the advantage of improved fuel economy and reduced emission levels, can be achieved using a sprayguided-type direct-injection (DI) combustion system. The system comprises a centrally mounted injector and closely positioned spark plugs, which ensure the combustion reliability of a stratified mixture under ultra-lean conditions. The aim of this study is to investigate the combustion and emission characteristics of a lean-burn gasoline DI engine. At an excess air ratio of 4.0, approximately 23% improvement in fuel economy was achieved through optimal event timing, which was delayed for injection and advanced for ignition, compared to that under stoichiometric conditions, while NO_x and HC emissions increased. The combustion characteristics of a stratified mixture in a spray-guided-type DI system were similar to those in DI diesel engines, resulting in smoke generation and difficulty in three-way catalystutilization. Although a different operating strategy might decrease fuel consumption, it will not be helpful in reducing NO_x and smoke emissions; therefore, alternatives should be pursued to achieve compliance with emission regulations.     

铁路客运枢纽交通系统规划整合研究——以苏州北站为例

研究、归纳和总结了铁路客运枢纽交通规划整合的原则和难点,对步行交通、铁路、城市轨道、城市常规公交、道路集疏运等相关交通系统的整合规划要点进行了分析。结合苏州北站案例,对其各交通系统的规划布置进行了分析介绍,从枢纽运输效率及区域发展的角度对交通系统规划的整合提出了更高的要求。     

北京市第3次城市交通综合调查总体设计

为适应北京市社会经济及交通事业快速发展的需要,更新交通基础数据库,2005年北京市市委、市政府适时部署了第3次全市城市交通综合调查。调查的技术方案设计从分析交通系统运行入手,在首先进行成果设计的基础上,对调查项目、内容及其相互联系进行了设计。对调查的总体技术方案设计进行了总结。     

西安市后轨道交通时代的自行车换乘规划研究

随着城市化、机动化进程的加快,各国城市通过建立轨道交通来缓解城市交通拥堵、环境污染、能源危机等问题,而如何提高城市轨道交通的换乘效率及换乘服务范围又成为后轨道交通时期城市交通面临的主要问题之一。以西安市轨道交通发展规划为背景,针对西安市后轨道交通时代的自行车换乘进行研究,并对西安市的自行车与轨道交通换乘站点进行了初步规划。着力实现西安市轨道交通与自行车交通的无缝衔接,以提高城市居民轨道交通出行的方便性和城市轨道交通的换乘效率。     

Learning-based traffic signal control algorithms with neighborhood information sharing: An application for sustainable mobility

This research applies R-Markov Average Reward Technique based reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm, namely RMART, for vehicular signal control problem leveraging information sharing among signal controllers in connected vehicle environment. We implemented the algorithm in a network of 18 signalized intersections and compare the performance of RMART with fixed, adaptive, and variants of the RL schemes. Results show significant improvement in system performance for RMART algorithm with information sharing over both traditional fixed signal timing plans and real time adaptive control schemes. The comparison with reinforcement learning algorithms including Q learning and SARSA indicate that RMART performs better at higher congestion levels. Further, a multi-reward structure is proposed that dynamically adjusts the reward function with varying congestion states at the intersection. Finally, the results from test networks show significant reduction in emissions (CO, CO₂, NO_x, VOC, PM₁₀) when RL algorithms are implemented compared to fixed signal timings and adaptive schemes.     

城市公共交通在铁路客运枢纽内的布局和衔接研究

城市公共交通是铁路客运枢纽最重要的交通方式,公共交通设施也是铁路客运枢纽最主要的组成部分。通过对城市公共交通在铁路客运枢纽内的空间布局和衔接研究,提出城市公共交通空间布局和衔接的策略、形式,以实现铁路客运枢纽集约布置与衔接一体化。     

昆明市域(郊)轨道交通网络及建设时机分析

对都市区轨道交通体系概念、研究背景和发展实践进行了梳理。从都市区城镇发展机理出发,探讨了市域(郊)轨道交通支撑下的网络化城市发展模式重构。结合昆明城镇体系规划,提出了3个层次的1h通勤圈以及市域(郊)轨道交通网络布局,并指出主城与呈贡、晋宁之间采用地铁制式的1号线和4号线、9号线难以适应该尺度的长距离通勤出行,不足以支撑新区的发展,必须建设快速、舒适、可达性高的环滇池市域(郊)轨道交通系统等问题。此外,以尊重轨道交通建设客观规律,因地制宜合理把握时机与节奏为出发点,进一步从客流需求、城市经济体量、城镇化进程、城市发展模式、综合交通体系几个方面对市域(郊)轨道交通网络的建设门槛和建设时机进行了探讨。     

Exhaust emissions and its control methods in compression ignition engines: A review

Extensive usage of automobiles has certain disadvantages and one of them is its negative effect on environment. Carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NO_x), sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and particulate matter (PM) come out as harmful products during incomplete combustion from internal combustion (IC) engines. As these substances affect human health, regulatory bodies impose increasingly stringent restrictions on the level of emissions coming out from IC engines. This trend suggests the urgent need for the investigation of all aspects relevant to emissions. It is required to modify existing engine technologies and to develop a better after-treatment system to achieve the upcoming emission norms. Diesel engines are generally preferred over gasoline engines due to their undisputed benefit of fuel economy and higher torque output. However, diesel engines produce higher emissions, particularly NO_x and PM. Aftertreatment systems are costly and occupy more space, hence, in-cylinder solutions are preferred in reducing emissions. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology has been utilized previously to reduce NO_x. Though it is quite successful for small engines, problem persists with large bore engines and with high rate of EGR. EGR helps in reducing NO_x, but increases particulate emissions and fuel consumption. Many in-cylinder solutions such as lower compression ratios, modified injection characteristics, improved air intake system etc. are required along with EGR to accomplish the future emission norms. Modern combustion techniques such as low temperature combustion (LTC), homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) etc. would be helpful for reducing the exhaust emissions and improving the engine performance. However, controlling of autoignition timing and achieving wider operating range are the major challenges with these techniques. A comprehensive review of diesel engine performance and emission characteristics is given in this paper.     

“双碳”目标下交通绿色转型相关举措研究

交通领域碳排放对气候变化有较大影响，受城镇化进程不断推进，机动车保有量快速增长以及新能源利用率和“公转铁”使用率低等因素影响，交通领域碳排放仍将持续增加。为实现“双碳”目标，本文针对交通领域碳排放现状进行分析，深入研究碳排放增长的主要因素，并从规划引领、政策引导、结构调整、科技赋能、理念更新等方面提出推动交通绿色低碳发展的相关举措，为交通领域早日实现“双碳”目标提供一定的参考依据。     

绿色运输与物流的发展与现状 ——第16届海外华人国际交通科技年会综述

交通运输的快速发展给人们生活带来便利的同时,也给生态环境带来了严峻的挑战.如何实现运输环境的净化,运输与物流的可持续发展,运输资源的充分利用,运输效率的有效提升等是亟待解决的问题.从环境的角度对运输物流体系进行改进,实施绿色运输,发展多式联运,建立信息网络,形成一个与环境共生型的运输与物流系统是解决以上问题的有效途径.第16届COTA国际交通科技年会是在此背景下由国内外学者共同举办的研讨会,从非机动化交通、交通安全与应急响应、交通与环境、港航运输,以及铁路运输等方面对交通运输行业的研究现状进行了系统的阐述和全面的分析.当前交通运输行业的学术研究热点主要集中在车联网、大数据、无人驾驶、无人机、应急疏散、拥堵管理等方面.并对交通运输行业发展前景进行了展望.