无船承运人身份识别的标准与因素（一）

目前,除美国、菲律宾针对无船承运人制定了单独法律及我国在《海运条例》中针对无船承运人制定了相关条款外,世界各国与国际组织均未对无船承运人制定单独的法律法规,但在司法实践中,对货运代理究竟是代理人抑或承运人（包括无船承运人）的识别还是有标准的.在缺乏法律规范的情形下,我们更多地应该求助于标准与主要因素.因为世界大多数国家的无船承运业务都是由货运代理业务延伸出来的,所以其仍归属于货运代理业务范畴.     

中国无船承运业务存在的问题、困惑与发展（下）

20世纪70年代初，我国的无船承运业务伴随着海上集装箱货物运输的开展而得到发展，货运代理无疑扮演了最重要的角色，无船承运人就是从传统的货运代理业中孕育而生，且逐渐登上海运业务和多式联运业务的舞台。几十年来，我国无船承运业务虽有一定的发展，但仍处于一个初级阶段。     

中国无船承运业务存在的问题、困惑与发展（上）

20世纪70年代初，我国的无船承运业务伴随着海上集装箱货物运输的开展而得到发展，货运代理无疑扮演了最重要的角色，无船承运人就是从传统的货运代理业中孕育而生，且逐渐登上海运业务和多式联运业务的舞台。几十年来，我国无船承运业务虽有一定的发展，但仍处于一个初级阶段。     

论货运代理人从事的契约承运业务

货运代理人可以作为契约承运人赚取运费差价利润，包括杂货和散货的租船运输中的租进和转租船舶，以及在集装箱运输中转卖箱位服务的无船承运人。因为代理业务和契约承运业务经常交叉重叠操作，使得在司法实践中辨别二者产生囚难。文章从货运代理人向契约承运人发展和区分的角度进行了初步探讨。     

浅谈无船承运与货运代理的区别及财务核算

2002年1月1日正式颁布实施的《中华人民共和国国际海运条例》(以下简称《条例》),对无船承运业务的经营者和业务活动作出了比较全面的规定。在《条例》出台前,我国一直没有对无船承运与货运代理进行严格的区分。有的货运代理人在日常的经营活动中兼具无船承运人和代理人双重身份,既以无船承运人的名义赚取运费差价,又以代理人的名义赚取佣金,在财务核算上也经常混淆,造成了     

浅谈无船承运人与国际货运代理人的区别

无船承运人多由国际货运代理人发展而来,实践中常存在一个企业同时是国际货运代理人又是无船承运人的现象,人们难以将两者加以区分。《中华人民共和国海运条例》虽规定了无船承运业务管理制度,明确了无船承运人的法律地位及其签发提单的法律效力,但还存在诸多不完善之处。本文将在明确无船承运人及国际货运代理人概念的基础上,从理论和实务方面将之加以区别。     

无船承运人的角色定位及若干问题

从海上运输的发展来看，无船承运人是在国际货运代理人从运输合同的中介演变至运输合同主体的过程中产生的，无船承运人是货运代理业务的延伸和发展。因此，无船承运人身上也具备了某些货代的特征，但其与货运代理人仍存在着很大的差别，文章着重分析了二者的区别，以及无船承运人管理制度中的问题及建议。     

无船承运业务下的海上货物留置权探析

无船承运业务下存在着两种承运人,即无船承运人与实际承运人。关于这两种承运人是否享有海上货物留置权的问题,学界和实务界一直争论不休。本文认为这两种承运人都享有海上货物留置权。     

第三方物流下的国际货运代理人

传统的国际货运代理人主要是替客户安排货物运输、代收代付运费、申请进出口报关、检验等业务,充当代理的角色。随着国际货运代理业的发展,国际货运代理人不再以单纯的代理人身份出现,有时直接以承运人的身份与客户订立运输合同,或直接签发自己的提单给客户,成为无船承运人。近几年来,国际货运代理人又充当起第三方物流经营人,其业务范围有了进一步的扩展。本文着力比较了国际货运代理人、无船承运人、第三方物流经营人之间的异同,并通过案例分析阐述了从事第三方物流的国际货运代理人的责任和义务。     

风雨十年路——中国船舶代理及无船承运人协会成立十周年回顾与展望

随着我国改革开放，国民经济持续陕速发展，为顺应世界经济发展潮流，在我国即将加入WTO之际的2001年6月8日，中国船舶代理行业协会应运而生；随着《中华人民共和国国际海运条例》的贯彻实施，规范无船承运业务，经主管部门批准于2005年正式更名为中国船舶代理及无船承运人协会。这是我国船舶代理及无船承运人行业具有里程碑意义的一件大事。     

论无船承运人的法律地位及其提单的性质

在我国,无船承运人具有承运人的法律地位,但其签发的提单有别于一般的海运提单。     

Direct shipping across the Taiwan Strait: flag selections and policy issues

The restriction on direct shipping across the Taiwan Strait under which ships registered in Taiwan were banned from calling at China’s ports might have restricted the expansion of the Taiwanese flagged fleet. The cross-strait direct shipping link was established since the Cross-strait Sea Transport (CST) Agreement was signed in 2008. According to the Agreement, only ships owned and registered on either side of the Taiwan Strait or registered in Hong Kong may, with due approval, engage in direct cross-strait carriage of cargos and passengers. The aim of this study is to find the optimal flag selection for Taiwanese shipping companies under the provisions of the CST Agreement. The Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) method is applied to find the preferred registry location among Taiwan, Hong Kong, and China. Sensitivity Analysis is also applied to test how criteria weights influence three alternative hierarchies. The results show Taiwan is the lowest priority with an unchangeable position in flag selection because Taiwanese national fleets mainly suffered higher operational costs. A lower tax rate and appropriate financial systems are therefore recommended in revising relevant shipping policies. Furthermore, to assist shipping companies to obtain China’s approval is also helpful to inspire ships flag back.     

Barriers to energy efficiency in shipping

The shipping industry shows potential for improvements in energy efficiency. Nonetheless, shipping companies appear reluctant to adopt these seemingly cost-efficient technical and operational measures aiming at reducing energy costs. Such phenomenon is not specific to the shipping industry and is commonly referred to as the energy efficiency gap. Decades of research in other sectors have contributed to the development of taxonomy of economic, organizational and psychological barriers that determine energy efficiency gaps through the use of a variety of research frameworks. This article aims to apply this research in the shipping context through interviews and review of existing literature and applications from other industries, with the objective of providing useful insight for shipping managers. The article discusses examples of barriers that are typical to shipping and that are related to information asymmetries and power structures within organizations. Managers of shipping firms are encouraged to look through their organizations in search of principal agent problems and power structures among the possible causes for energy efficiency gaps in their companies’ operations and possibly strive towards organizational change.     

The Nigerian shipping industry and indigenous shipping companies

The shipping industry in Nigeria since the early 1990s has been experiencing a continuous disastrous downturn. Nigerian shipping companies' participation in international shipping has continued to be very limited. Their presence and impact is hardly felt in the world's shipping industry. Both the national carriers (that is shipping companies with national carrier status) and other indigenous private shipping companies have vessel as well as management problems. These problems have led to the poor performance of the Nigerian shipping industry for over a decade now. The carriers in the industry are not attaining for the country the gains that are supposed to emanate from shipping. This paper points out the importance of shipping to a nation, identifies the problems the country's shipping companies are facing and proffers solutions that include merging of the companies to have strong financial standing and a competitive edge.     

无船承运人民事法律地位的认定

结合《国际海运条例》和《海商法》的规定,分析无船承运人与货主托运人之间的法律关系,指出其与国际船舶运输经营者间的法律关系存在的困惑,并提出解决的基本思路。     

Effect of risk preference on the valuation of time charter contracts with extension options

ABSTRACT

The literature on valuation of time charter contracts and real options in shipping generally relies on the complete markets hypothesis and the risk-neutrality of agents. However, these assumptions fail completely in some shipping market segments. This study proposes a numerical approach—based on discounting the certainty equivalent payoff at the risk-free rate—which incorporates the agent’s risk preferences through an exponential utility function. The method comprises an iterative Monte Carlo nested simulation with the real probability measure. This method is applied to a case of Suezmax tankers. The stochastic evolution of the time charter rates is modelled as a geometric mean-reverting process. The case study supports the applicability of the proposed method and evidences that the effect of risk preference may be significant, mainly for more risk-averse agents. Although the method involves intensive computation, it has the benefits of theoretical ease and flexibility, which could encourage utilisation by practitioners.     

Shipping's fourth wave: ship management and Vernon's trade cycles

This paper considers the question whether the present recovery of shipping means a return to pre-crisis conditions with hegemony of OECD shipping or whether shipping has irrevocably changed. Shipping is losing its national character as ship management firms contribute towards the fragmenting of traditional ship-owning firms into separately managed activities, making shipping more footloose as an industry and facilitating relocation in least cost factor markets. Trade cycles may be at work in shipping like those observed in many industrial markets, beyond the scope of any single government's ability to control. The dispersion of shipping and shipping firms away from the historical concentration in a few traditional maritime powers towards low-cost countries must be seen as a manifestation of a secular trend, giving rise to a profound reorganization not only of shipping markets but of shipping itself.     

集装箱航运服务组合拍卖模型研究

根据运输的“范围经济性”原理,阐述了集装箱航运服务组合拍卖的适用性,围绕价值因素和价值评价因素,分析了集装箱航运服务组合拍卖的比较优势,结合集装箱航运服务的特点,以拍卖者效用最大化和投标者总估值最大化平衡为目标,设计出了组合拍卖的机制和运作程序;针对组合拍卖中的竟胜标问题,建立了集装箱航运服务组合拍卖的一般优化模型,并通过引入集装箱航运服务质量属性参数和运量限制等约束条件,对其进行了改进。从而为实现集装箱航运服务在线拍卖提供理论支持和计算平台。     

Short sea shipping

This paper quantifies the potential environmental benefit of short sea shipping. Critical strategic issues relevant to formulating public policy are developed. Coastal shipping has traditionally been a major sector of the maritime industry. This continues to be the case in the European Union, but the sector has diminished in relative importance in North America as the transport industry has become increasingly dominated by less environmentally-friendly interstate trucking and railroads. Congestion threatens to overwhelm overland carriage and limit economic growth. An alternative strategy is to revitalize coastal shipping as short sea shipping to alleviate traffic congestion and enhance economic development by maintaining freight flow efficiency. Because ship transport offers higher fuel economy and lower emission of harmful pollutants, the environmental benefits of short sea shipping over land transportation can be quantified and used to inform public policy.     

'Government preference' and its influence on the shipping industry in Korea

The author suggests the existence of 'government preference', which has changed the structure of the Korean economy from that of a light-goods industry to one of a heavy and chemical goods industry; and which has affected the formation of an export-dependent economy. 'Government preference' has also affected the shipping sector which was favoured as a foreign-exchange earner, not as an income generator. Korean shipping expanded through market forces in its earlier developmental stage where tonnage of the Korean fleet grew moderately and profitability was reasonably good; and by 'government preference' towards shipping externalities (balance-of-payments effect and support for export industry) which became a prime concern of the government in later years where the fleet expanded rapidly in spite of negative profitability. It follows that under circumstances of 'government preference' which is strong enough to work and which prefers shipping's external effect to value added generated by shipping. Korean shipping might well record a poor performance in terms of profitability. This means that Korean shipping companies' prime concern lies in 'survival' not in 'profit'.