浅析浆砌料石板拱茶江桥的工作性能

文章以旧桥浆砌料石板拱茶江桥为工程背景,采用外观检测方法对该桥病害类型进行结构分析、荷载试验和承载力分析,评价茶江桥的工作性能,并提出相应的加固设计方案,为今后该类型旧桥的检测及加固维修提供经验借鉴。     

Short-term prediction of border crossing time and traffic volume for commercial trucks: A case study for the Ambassador Bridge

Short-term forecasting of traffic characteristics, such as traffic flow, speed, travel time, and queue length, has gained considerable attention from transportation researchers and practitioners over past three decades. While past studies primarily focused on traffic characteristics on freeways or urban arterials this study places particular emphasis on modeling the crossing time over one of the busiest US–Canada bridges, the Ambassador Bridge. Using a month-long volume data from Remote Traffic Microwave Sensors and a yearlong Global Positioning System data for crossing time two sets of ANN models are designed, trained, and validated to perform short-term predictions of (1) the volume of trucks crossing the Ambassador Bridge and (2) the time it takes for the trucks to cross the bridge from one side to the other. The prediction of crossing time is contingent on truck volume on the bridge and therefore separate ANN models were trained to predict the volume. A multilayer feedforward neural network with backpropagation approach was used to train the ANN models. Predicted crossing times from the ANNs have a high correlation with the observed values. Evaluation indicators further confirmed the high forecasting capability of the trained ANN models. The ANN models from this study could be used for short-term forecasting of crossing time that would support operations of ITS technologies.     

On the role of bridges as anchor points in route choice modeling

This work builds upon the thought that individuals allocate higher levels of importance to some particular features of the route, so called anchor points. Previous route choice models have either ignored the effects of anchor points (route-based models), or have given an exclusive attention to their effects and ignored the behavioral accuracy and practicality of these models (anchor-based models). In this work we argue that the consideration of both route-level attributes and anchor points would enhance the behavioral aspect of route choice models as well as their estimation and prediction abilities. Global Positioning System traces have been used to investigate the effect of bridges as anchor points for trips between Montreal and its Northern suburb, Laval. A classic Nested Logit and a nested Logit Kernel model have been estimated, in which interdependencies among routes crossing the same bridge are captured through the nested structure and the adopted factor analytic approach, respectively. A Metropolis–Hastings path-sampling algorithm is applied, for the first time, on a large road network with more than 40,000 nodes and 19,000 links to provide the consideration choice set. Estimates are then compared to three alternate models, representing route-based and anchor-based formulations; namely Path-Size Logit, Extended Path-Size Logit, and Independent Availability Logit models. Empirical results showed that the proposed nested structures with MH sampling provide better estimates and also perform better in the validation step with respect to comparative models. Findings underscore the importance of considering anchor points in conjunction with route level attributes in route choice decisions.     

永鑫大桥主桥结构设计及受力分析

矮塔斜拉桥因其受力合理、施工简单、造型美观及造价经济的特点,在我国桥梁建设中得到了快速发展。文章以来宾市永鑫大桥主桥设计为例,介绍了该双塔单索面预应力混凝土矮塔斜拉桥各主要部位的结构设计要点,并采用相关模型计算分析了主桥结构的受力情况。     

矮塔斜拉桥的施工控制关键技术

文章针对矮塔斜拉桥的特点,结合惠青黄河大桥实际的工程经验,对矮塔斜拉桥的施工监控技术进行了研究。并对施工监控矮塔斜拉桥的关键技术进行重点介绍,可为同类桥梁的施工监控提供参考。     

The transaction cost approach to modeling the demand for automobiles

The purchase of an automobile involves significant transaction costs in addition to the purchase price. Therefore, the assumptions implied by static car holding models are invalid. This paper describes a dynamic approach to the modeling of level-of-ownership and auto-type choice, based on a transaction choice model which utilizes information on past car ownership. The cost or disutility of a transaction depends on the attributes of the household and the purchased car, as well as on past car-ownership characteristics. A set of assumptions underlying the incorporation of transaction costs in the model is presented. The paper discusses the econometric implications of omitting the dynamic attributes (i.e., past ownership characteristics). A disaggregate model was estimated, using a choice-based sample consisting of a random sample of households enriched with a sample of households which transacted in the car market during the study period. This sampling method combined with a random choice of a subset of the car alternatives provides for a cost-effective method to estimate a transaction model.     

城市桥梁改造中的桥头交叉口典型问题及对策

早期桥梁建设中往往对桥头接线缺乏重视,运行至今,存在较多的道路交通问题。文章以福建省将乐县三华大桥桥头交叉口为分析对象,对旧桥改造中面临的一系列道路交通问题进行分析,并结合大桥实际情况,提出了相应的改善措施,供相关工程技术人员参考。     

A model for optimizing electronic toll collection systems

This paper examines the deployment of electronic toll collection (ETC) and develops a model to maximize social welfare associated with a toll plaza. A payment choice model estimates the share of traffic using ETC as a function of delay, price, and a fixed cost of acquiring the in-vehicle transponder. Delay in turn depends on the relative number of ETC and manual collection lanes. Price depends on the discount given to users of the ETC lanes. The fixed cost of acquiring the transponder (not simply a monetary cost, but also the effort involved in signing up for the program) is a key factor in the model. Once a traveler acquires the transponder, the cost of choosing ETC in the future declines significantly. Welfare depends on the market share of ETC, and includes delay and gasoline consumption, toll collection costs, and social costs such as air pollution. This work examines the best combination of ETC lanes and toll discount to maximize welfare. Too many ETC lanes cause excessive delay to non-equipped users. Too high a discount costs the highway agency revenue needed to operate the facility. The model is applied to California’s Carquinez Bridge, and recommendations are made concerning the number of dedicated ETC lanes and the appropriate ETC discount.     

跨江特大桥径流水收集系统的优化设计探讨

文章以桂林至梧州高速公路马江至梧州段工程浔江特大桥为例,对跨江特大桥桥面径流水收集系统进行研究,提出了适合跨江特大桥的新型桥面水收集方案,为类似跨江特大桥设计和环境保护提供参考。     

桂平黔江大桥加固改造施工技术探讨

文章针对桂平黔江大桥桥梁病害和成因,综合考虑施工环境、费用、通行等因素,介绍了受损混凝土修补、梁板裂缝处置、梁底粘贴钢板、空心板粘贴碳纤维布等桥梁加固改造施工技术的工艺流程及要点,为今后类似桥梁加固改造施工提供技术参考。     

济南黄河大桥主桥检测与维修

济南黄河大桥于1982年建成通车,是中国第一座双塔双索面悬浮式预应力混凝土斜拉桥。受交通荷载增长、环境、材料退化等多种不利因素的逐年累积,对桥梁运营安全构成威胁。为更加精确地把握该桥的技术状态,2007年和2008年两次对主桥进行了质量检测,并于2009年3月31日至8月31日实施封闭施工。     

Evaluation of truck configurations based on structural performance of bridges

Contained herein are the results of research which quantifies the effects that various existing and projected truck configurations have as live loadings upon bridges which currently exist on the National Bridge Inventory (NBI). The truck configurations were determined from those actual or proposed vehicles which exhibit the highest GVW and which either are causing or are perceived to cause the highest levels of overstress on bridge superstructure elements. In order to simulate most accurately the actual field conditions, a criterion was defined which contained three major requirements: 1) The bridges utilized within the study shall be defined as being a statistically significant sample and be actual bridges taken from the NBI; 2) The analysis method shall be consistent with those actually used by engineers in designing and rating bridges, and; 3) The criteria utilized in evaluating the various bridge structures under the defined loadings shall be consistent with current practices. The results obtained indicates the acceptability of various truck configurations by GVW, size, and axle deployments, by system for the different criteria now in use.     

双肢薄壁高墩大跨度连续刚构桥抗震性能分析

大跨度高墩连续刚构桥是跨越深山沟或江河的一种广泛的结构形式,其地震作用下的响应与中小跨径混凝土梁桥有所不同,本文以福建省沈海复线福鼎贯岭至柘荣段桐山溪特大桥(104+200+104 m)为工程背景,采用有限元分析软件Midas/civil构建有限元模型,进行结构特征值分析及地震作用下的反应谱分析,得到桥梁在地震作用下的动力响应,并研究了双肢薄壁墩墩间联系梁对大跨度连续刚构桥抗震性能的影响。     

Life cycle assessment of large scale timber bridges: A case study from the world’s longest timber bridge design in Norway

This paper seeks to use life cycle assessment to investigate the comparative environmental impacts of two proposed bridge designs for the new Mjøsa Bridge over Lake Mjøsa in Norway. The Norwegian Public Roads Administration has designed one timber and one concrete alternative for the 1650 m 4-lane highway bridge. If the timber bridge design is chosen, it will be the longest timber bridge in the world once constructed.The main motivation for building the timber bridge is to utilize local industry and to reduce environmental impacts in road infrastructure. This study aims to determine the expected emissions from both construction designs by using life cycle assessment. Life cycle assessment studies on smaller timber bridges have been carried out in the past with favorable results towards timber designs, but no bridge of this scale has been built and therefore a more comprehensive study is required to confirm if a timber bridge of this size is a sustainable choice for transport infrastructure.The results of the study show that the timber bridge has significantly lower emissions than the concrete bridge across all impact categories included in the scope of this study. Additional environmental gains can be made from end-of-life treatment of materials. This study shows that large scale timber bridge designs should be considered for future road projects.     

武宣县黔江特大桥关键施工阶段内力分析

武宣县黔江特大桥主桥采用预应力混凝土连续刚构结构,文章综合考虑各种荷载情况,建立全桥有限元模型对该桥主桥三个关键施工阶段(最大悬臂状态、边跨合拢状态、中跨合拢状态)的内力进行了全面分析,得到了结构体系约束不断增加,墩顶最大弯矩向中跨及边跨迁移的规律,可为预应力混凝土连续刚构桥的设计及施工控制提供参考和借鉴。     

复线桥施工对既有桥梁的安全控制分析

在既有桥梁下新建复线桥时,新建桥梁施工过程必然对既有桥梁产生影响。文章以重庆高家花园复线桥主桥为研究对象,分析复线桥主桥基础施工、桥墩施工和主梁施工各个阶段的风险源,并采用风险矩阵分析,合理评估每一风险事态对既有桥梁造成的风险等级,提出风险应对措施,以减少总体风险损失。通过风险评估,可为复线桥施工提供科学依据,杜绝安全隐患与风险,加快施工进度。     

广西布柳河大桥主梁变形监测与分析

广西布柳河大桥主桥为主跨235m、墩高97m、桥宽仅8·3m的特柔预应力混凝土连续刚构桥。文章结合主桥施工监控实践,介绍大跨高墩连续刚构桥的施工挠度分析、挠度变形监测的必要性和方法、所采取的一些有效措施以及监测的效果。该桥成功的监控经验可供同类桥型施工时参考。     

Vehicle attribute trade-offs to meet the 2025 CAFE fuel economy target

The literature analyzes changes in vehicle attributes that can improve fuel economy to meet Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards. However, these analyses exclude either vehicle price, size, acceleration or technology advancement. A more comprehensive examination of the trade-offs among these attributes is needed, this case study focuses on technically feasible modifications to a reference 2012 vehicle to meet the 2025 fuel economy target. Scenarios developed to examine uncertainty in technology advancement indicate that expected technology cost reductions over time will be insufficient to offset the costs of additional fuel efficiency technologies that could be used to meet the 2025 fuel economy target while maintaining other vehicle attributes. The mid-price scenario results show the targeted 66% increase in fuel economy from 2012 to 2025 can be achieved with (i) a 10% ($2070) vehicle price increase (lightweight hybrid electric vehicle), (ii) a 31% (2.9 second) increase in the 0–97 km/h (60 mph) acceleration time (smaller engine), or (iii) a 17% (700 L) decrease in interior volume (smaller body) while maintaining other vehicle attributes. These results are consistent with those obtained using methods that generalize the US light-duty vehicle fleet, but are not a forecast of future vehicle attributes because combinations of less perceptible changes to vehicle price, acceleration and size would also be feasible. This study shows there are numerous ways that 2025 fuel economy targets can be met; therefore, the trade-offs quantified provide important insights on the implications of future CAFE standards.     

The potential of turboprops for reducing aviation fuel consumption

To assist in aviation systems planning in the context of fuel price uncertainty and environmental regulation, we take a total logistics cost approach and evaluate three representative aircraft (narrow body, regional jet, and turboprop) for operating and passenger preference costs over a range of fuel prices. Homogenous fleets of each vehicle category are compared for operating and passenger costs over a range of fuel prices and route distances and the minimum cost fleet mix is determined. In general, as fuel prices increase, the turboprop offers a lower operating cost per seat over a wider range of distances when compared with both jet aircraft models. The inclusion of passenger costs along with operating costs decreases the number of fuel price and distance pairs where the turboprop exhibits the lower cost. This analysis shows that the aircraft that exhibits the lowest cost is highly sensitive to fuel prices and passenger costs and points to the important balance between saving fuel and serving passengers.     

基于环境融入型湿地景观桥梁设计分析探究

本文基于工程设计案例,从交通功用与环境融入统一的理念,探讨环境融入型湿地景观桥梁设计技术要点,提出满足交通功用需求、适应湿地环境特点和注意细节设计的湿地景观桥梁环境融入型设计思路,要求湿地公园桥梁设计必须落实环境融入理念,努力设计实现功用性和环境融合性相得益彰的景观桥梁,彰显人与自然和谐相处理念,设计实现既体现人文关怀也体现环境关怀的现代湿地景区桥梁。