Analysis of hydrodynamic characteristics for arbitrary multihull ships advancing in waves

Multihull vessels have emerged as popular alternatives to conventional monohull ships for high-speed crafts. However, the bridging structures connecting the hulls are vulnerable to various wave actions and the wave impact on the bottom of them is the most serious problems associated with multihulled vessels. In this study, prediction of relative wave elevations under the bridging structures is investigated for multihull ships traveling with forward speed in waves. A computer code YNU-SEA using the three-dimensional (3D) Green function method with forward speed has been developed and used to analyze the hydrodynamic radiation and diffraction forces and motion responses for high-speed catamarans in waves. The results of the present calculations are compared with those of previous calculations as well as with experimental results. The numerical results reveal that the present computer code can be used as a powerful tool for the accurate numerical computation of seakeeping problems for multihull ships advancing in waves. Numerical calculations of wave pattern are also carried out including wave interactions between the hulls to analyze the effects of hull form on the free surface flow around catamarans advancing in waves. The analysis of the wave pattern allows the determination of relative wave height including radiation and diffraction waves. Finally, some discussions are included based on these numerical results which may be helpful for the accurate prediction of relative wave height and wave breaking load on the deck associated with multihull ships.     

无航速三体浮驳水动力特性频域分析

为了研究不同工作条件下无航速三体浮驳的水动力特性的变化规律,根据势流理论和波浪的辐射/衍射理论对无航速三体浮驳的水动力特性进行了分析,并以某三体浮驳为例应用水动力计算软件AQWA对其在不同工况下进行了水动力计算。分别求得了该三体浮驳在不同水深、不同吃水深度时的附加质量、附加阻尼、不同波向下的波浪激励力和幅值响应算子随波频的变化曲线,并对其进行了对比分析。结果表明,水深对三体浮驳附加质量、附加阻尼、波浪激励力和幅值响应算子均有较大的影响,特别是在低波频时影响较为显著;水深大于20倍吃水深度后三体浮驳的水动力系数可按照无限水深进行近似计算。吃水深度对三体浮驳纵荡和横荡幅值响应算子几乎无影响,对垂荡和纵摇幅值响应算子的影响较小,对横摇和艏摇幅值响应算子的影响较大。     

Exciting forces for a wave energy device consisting of a pair of coaxial cylinders in water of finite depth

Two coaxial vertical cylinders-one is a riding hollow cylinder and the other a solid cylinder of greater radius at some distance above an impermeable horizontal bottom,were considered.This problem of diffraction by these two cylinders,which were considered as idealization of a buoy and a circular plate,can be considered as a wave energy device.The wave energy that is created and transferred by this device can be appropriately used in many applications in lieu of conventional energy.Method of separation of variables was used to obtain the analytical expressions for the diffracted potentials in four clearly identified regions.By applying the appropriate matching conditions along the three virtual boundaries between the regions,a system of linear equations was obtained,which was solved for the unknown coefficients.The potentials allowed us to obtain the exciting forces acting on both cylinders.Sets of exciting forces were obtained for different radii of the cylinders and for different gaps between the cylinders.It was observed that changes in radius and the gap had significant effect on the forces.It was found that mostly the exciting forces were significant only at lower frequencies.The exciting forces almost vanished at higher frequencies.The problem was also investigated for the base case of no plate arrangement,i.e.,the case having only the floating cylinder tethered to the sea-bed.Comparison of forces for both arrangements was carried out.In order to take care of the radiation of the cylinders due to surge motion,the corresponding added mass and the damping coefficients for both cylinders were also computed.All the results were depicted graphically and compared with available results.     

波浪中母船干扰下潜水员梯的运动及水动力特性分析

潜水员梯是通过销轴连接在母船舷侧为潜水员执行潜水作业时上下船的平台,为保证在波浪中使用时的安全性,对其波浪作用力、运动响应及销轴处的动作用载荷设计有较高要求。为研究母船干扰下潜水员梯的动态响应特性,采用基于深水格林函数为积分内核的边界元方法,先计算母船及潜水梯这一整体的运动响应及其平均湿表面的辐射和绕射压力分布,依据刚体运动合成原理求解得到潜水梯重心处的运动。再以潜水员梯为研究对象,采用压力积分方法获得潜水员梯的波浪力作用,并将其运动、波浪力和销轴处的作用力联立构成动力学平衡方程,逆向求解出销轴处的动作用力。基于上述思路,系统研究了波长、航速及潜水员梯与母船相对位置变化时潜水员梯的运动、波浪作用力及销轴处作用力的变化规律,为潜水员梯的布置、销轴的选型及潜水作业时母船的操纵可提供指导意义。     

复杂地形下平台水弹性响应研究

在以往的研究中,波浪对浮体的水动力响应作用大多采用有限均匀水深或无限水深情况进行计算,考虑实际复杂地形对浮体性能影响的研究较少,但事实上地形的变化对浮体影响不可忽略,尤其岛礁附近区域珊瑚礁地形复杂,需要考虑地形对波浪场的影响。文章先从简单情况入手,入射波浪采用有限水深均匀入射波,使用有限水深格林函数求解源强,但加入了地形对浮体波浪绕射和辐射的影响。基于这些假定,验证了该方法计算结果的准确性,进而对某浮式平台在复杂地形下的水动力进行计算,并与均匀有限水深的结果进行比较,两者总体趋势吻合。结果表明,地形的存在对低频区运动响应影响较大,相比均匀水深波动较大。该文可以为浮体在实际地形下水动力响应计算研究工作的开展提供一个参考。     

两船在波浪载荷作用下的运动响应分析

基于波浪辐射/绕射理论,利用水动力分析软件AQWA研究两船在波浪作用下的运动响应特性,给出驳船受浮式生产储油船(FPSO)影响时的附加质量和辐射阻尼,分析了驳船的漂移力和运动响应。计算结果表明,当两船间距为5 m时驳船的附加质量比间距为10 m时的值大2倍多,驳船的附加质量和阻尼随着间距的减小逐渐增大;在间距30 m时,驳船的速度越小所受的漂移力就越大,并且驳船的横摇和首摇运动就越剧烈。     

两圆柱体在波浪载荷作用下的运动响应分析

基于势流理论和波浪辐射/绕射理论,利用水动力分析软件(AQWA)研究两圆柱体在波浪作用下的运动响应特性,给出不同入射角与不同频率规则波作用下,小圆柱体单独运动时的六自由度响应幅值算子(RAOs)及运动响应,并与两个并排圆柱体六自由度响应幅值算子(RAOs)及运动响应作比较。结果表明:大圆柱体的干扰将使小圆柱体的纵摇、横摇、横荡、垂荡运动加剧,对小圆柱体漂移力也有较大影响,但对小圆柱体的纵荡与首摇运动影响不大。计算结果与传统方法计算值相近,证明此软件合理,可为两船在波浪中的干扰模拟计算提供参考。     

基于高阶边界元法和波浪交互理论的三维相邻多浮体问题研究

在解决三维相邻多浮体的水动力问题时,正确处理各浮体之间的相互作用是分析计算的关键所在。文章分别运用高阶边界元法和波浪交互理论对一个由箱型浮体组成的三维多浮体问题进行求解,通过对比分析浮体所受波浪力和水下表面压力分布结果,验证两种方法计算结果的精确度,研究该模型的水动力特点;并通过改变各浮体之间的距离,寻求波浪交互理论在求解三维多浮体问题中的适用性,对该方法在浮体间距不满足限制条件时的计算结果进行解释。     

Dynamic interaction of parallel moving ships in close proximity

Nowadays,there are many studies conducted in the field of marine hydrodynamics which focus on two vessels traveling and floating in sufficiently close proximity to experience significant interactions.The hydrodynamic behavior of parallel moving ships in waves is an interesting and important topic of late.A numerical investigation has been carried out for the prediction of wave exciting forces and motion responses of parallel moving ships in regular waves.The numerical solution was based on 3D distribution technique and using the linear wave theory to determine the exciting forces and ship＇s motion.The speed effects have been considered in the Green function for more realistic results.The numerical computations of wave exciting forces and motion responses were carried out for a Mariner and Series 60 for the purpose of discovering different Froude numbers and different separation distances in head sea conditions.Based on the numerical computations,it was revealed that the sway,roll and yaw have a significant effect due to hydrodynamic interaction.     

An inverse finite element method for the analysis of VIV data

This paper presents an algorithm for the frequency domain solution of dynamic linear “inverse” problems, that is for the processing of measurement data (strain, acceleration etc.) acquired on a mechanical structure, in order to estimate the loads acting on the structure and its corresponding response. The problem is formulated as a constrained (force equilibrium) optimization (small deviations from measurements, small loads) problem, which is transformed into an unconstrained problem, then into differential equations. The algorithm is applied to the estimation of hydrodynamic forces induced by the shedding of vortices from an offshore oil riser.     

基于AQWA的波浪能发电装置主浮体水动力特性研究

利用水动力计算软件AQWA对双浮体式振荡浮子波浪能发电装置主浮体进行仿真分析,对不同尺寸垂荡板的主浮体进行建模仿真,并就各自RAOs、激振力、附加阻尼和附加质量进行频域分析。结果表明,在波浪频率低于0.3 Hz时,垂荡板尺寸对其影响尤为明显;当波浪频率分别大于0.2 Hz、0.36 Hz和0.35 Hz时,垂荡板尺寸分别对RAOs、激振力和附加阻尼失去影响;对于同一吃水线、不同垂荡板尺寸的主浮体,波浪频率对其附加质量有较大影响,且垂荡板尺寸越大影响越严重。     

A time-domain higher-order boundary element method for 3D forward-speed radiation and diffraction problems

A time-domain higher-order boundary element method for seakeeping analyses in the framework of linear potential theory is newly developed. Ship waves generated by two modified Wigley models advancing at a constant forward speed in calm water or incident waves and the resultant radiation and diffraction forces are computed to validate this code. A rectangular computational domain moving with the same forward speed as the ship is introduced, in which an artificial damping beach is installed at an outer portion of the free surface except the downstream side for satisfying the radiation condition. The velocity potential on the ship hull and the normal velocity on the free surface are calculated directly by solving the boundary integral equation. An explicit time-marching scheme is employed for updating both kinematic and dynamic free-surface boundary conditions, with an embedding of a second-order upwind difference scheme for the derivative in the x-direction to stabilize the calculation. Extensive results including the exciting forces, added mass and damping coefficients, wave profiles, and wave patterns for blunt Wigley and slender Wigley hulls with forward speed are presented to validate the efficiency of the proposed 3D time-domain approach. The corresponding physical tests of the radiation and diffraction problems in a towing tank are also carried out. Computed numerical results show good agreement with the corresponding experimental data and other numerical solutions.     

超大型浮体结构考虑非线性项的波浪力响应计算

为求解超大型浮体结构波浪响应问题,将其简化成弹性梁板模型。以有限元软件为基础来建立超大型浮体结构的弹性梁板模型,在势流理论的基础上,将速度势分解为入射势、绕射势和辐射势三部分,并利用格林函数法推导出一阶、二阶波浪速度势的表达式。以此为理论基础,编制了相应的计算程序来计算浮体结构所受到的二阶波浪力,最后建立了梁板模型的水弹性响应方程,对非线性波浪力作用下的浮体结构的水弹性响应进行求解分析,并分析了波向对响应振幅的影响。     

Wave analysis of porous geometry with linear resistance law

The wave diffraction-radiation problem of a porous geometry of arbitrary shape located in the free surface of a fluid is formulated by a set of integral equations, assuming a linear resistance law at the geometry. The linear forces, the energy relation and the mean horizontal drift force are evaluated for non-porous and porous geometries. A geometry of large porosity has an almost vanishing added mass. The exciting forces are a factor of 5–20 smaller compared to a solid geometry. In the long wave regime, the porous geometry significantly enhances both the damping and the mean drift force, where the latter grows linearly with the wavenumber. The calculated mean drift force on a porous hemisphere and a vertical truncated cylinder, relevant to the construction of fish cages, is compared to available published results.     

近岛礁地形影响下的浮式平台运动响应

近岛礁附近的地形一般呈现高低不平的状态,水深从几十米到几米不等。远场波浪向近岸传递过来时在礁盘上会经过复杂的演化,使得浮体附近的波浪呈现一定的非均匀性,不同于常规的长峰规则波,同时礁盘的起伏变化会对波浪中的浮体的运动产生影响,最终使得浮体在复杂地形下的水动力运动响应不同于一般均一水深下的浮体响应。该文通过建立浮体和礁盘地形的耦合水动力模型,计算了礁盘对浮体入射波力、绕射力、辐射水动力系数以及运动的影响,同时与水池模型试验对比了浮体运动,两者较为一致。研究表明复杂地形对浮体的水动力运动存在较大的影响,在某些周期附近会增大浮体的运动响应,因此需要理性考虑复杂地形对浮体的影响。     

3-D computational method of wave loads on turret moored FPSO tankers

A three-dimensional method of calculating wave loads of turret moored FPSO (Floating Production Storage and Offloading) tankers is presented. The linearized restoring forces acting on the ship hull by the mooring system are calculated according to the catenary theory, which are expressed as the function of linear stiffness coefficients and the displacements of the upper ends of mooring chains. The hydrodynamic coefficients of the ship are calculated by the three-dimensional potential flow theory of the linear hydrodynamic problem for ships with a low forward speed. The equations of ship motions are established with the effect of the restoring forces from the mooring system included as linear stiffness coefficients. The equations of motions are solved in frequency domain, and the responses of wave-induced motions and loads on the ship can be obtained. A computer program based on this method has been developed, and some calculation examples are illustrated. Analysis results show that the method can give satisfying prediction of wave loads.     

鹰式波浪能发电装置水动力学性能分析及优化

根据牛顿第二定律,对鹰式波浪能装置多个浮体进行了力学分析,基于微波理论,通过每个浮体之间三种模态的运动耦合,建立了流体力、阻尼力、铰接力、静水回复力等内外力之间的力学方程组。通过以运动浮体为边界条件求解多个浮体的水动力学参数,代入方程组中计算求得最优外加阻尼和最优俘获宽度比,从而优化设计方案,得到此时各浮体在纵荡、垂荡和纵摇三种运动模态下的位移幅值,以及阻尼力、铰接力、液压缸运动速度等相关参数。研究成果为鹰式波浪能装置的设计及制造提供了理论参考和依据。     

Nonlinear wave forces on large-scale submerged tunnel element

This paper presents parametric studies of nonlinear wave forces on large-scale submerged tunnel element. A transportation project of submerged tunnel element under irregular wave conditions is taken as the research background. Three-dimensional diffraction potential and radiation potential associating with the motion of the floating body are utilized, and an efficient three dimensional Green function is implemented to solve the radiation-diffraction problem. A computational method for calculating the nonlinear wave forces of the submerged tunnel element is developed. The present method is validated by the existed methods and experimental data, and good agreements are observed for all test models. The effects of wave parameters and structural parameters on the second-order nonlinear wave forces are studied. Results from the present study can provide valuable recommendations for the weather window and downtime frequencies, the configuration of tugboats, the arrangement of sea-route, and the size and type of the design and construction of the submerged tunnel element.     

Simplified analysis for estimation of the behavior of a submerged floating tunnel in waves and experimental verification

To achieve rational design in waves for a submerged floating tunnel which has emerged as a new offshore transportation infrastructure, it's necessary to understand its hydrodynamic behavior. For simple but accurate estimation of hydrodynamic forces, a theoretical method is proposed and the tests with physical models in a wave flume were carried out for verification. Morison's equation was used to estimate wave loads composed of inertia force and drag force. Forces calculated by applying the linear wave theory to Morison's equation coincided well with those measured by the tests. The test results showed that mooring systems played a significant role in the movement of the submerged floating tunnel in waves. A pendulum model could be used to describe the motion of the submerged floating tunnel with a single vertical mooring. Based on the verified relations, a simple slack condition which causes the submerged floating tunnel to be unstable was also proposed. The simplified approach proposed by this study proved to be useful in designing the submerged floating tunnel in the initial stage.