Convective Boiling of Near-Azeotropic Refrigerant R410A in the Horizontal Micro-fin Tube

Using near-azeotropic refrigerant R410A as the working fluid, the experimental studies on the horizontal micro-fin tubes were conducted. Several factors affecting heat transfer coefficients were analyzed, and the characteristics of flow boiling of the refrigerant in the horizontal micro-fin tubes were discussed. The local heat transfer coefficients increase with mass flux, heat flux and quality. And the heat transfer enhancement factor of those testing tubes is about 1.6 to 2.2.     

Two-phase flow pressure drop of liquid nitrogen boiling in the straight section downstream of U-bend

The gas-liquid(two-phase) flow pressure drop of liquid nitrogen boiling in the straight section downstream of U-bend is investigated experimentally. The mass flux ranges from 32 to 280 kg/(m2· s). The inlet pressure of U-tube is from 140 to 272 kPa. And the curvature ratio is from 6.67 to 15. The tube wall including the U-bend is heated uniformly and the heat flux ranges from 0 to 22 kW/m2. The tube with higher inlet pressure has higher pressure drop in the downstream section of the bend. The bended degree of the U-bend influences the pressure drop in the downstream straight section of U-bend. A new correlation taking the effect of the secondary flow into account is proposed for the two-phase slip speed ratio. The pressure drop in the straight section downstream of U-bend calculated by the new correlation agrees well with experimental measurements.     

Experimental Study on Heat Transfer Enhancement of Natural Circulation Liquid Cooling System for Electronic Component

NomenclatureH :height of condenser above the evaporatorlevel( m)h:heightof FC- 72 filled in the testloop( m)q:heat flux based on projected surface area( W/cm2 )q CHF:critical heat flux( W/cm2 )Tc:cooling water temperature(°C)Ts:saturation temperature(°C)Tw:wall temperature(°C)ΔTsat:wall superheat( K)ΔTsub:liquid subcooling( K)W:flow rate of FC- 72 ( g/min)z:height of liquid in the downcomer( m)IntroductionDirect or indirect liquid cooling with phase-change by use of dielectric liq…     

毛细相变流体回路中蒸发器的预热启动特性研究

通过分析毛细管内液柱的动量方程,从力平衡的角度获得毛细相变流体回路系统的启动判别条件,并建立蒸发器的三维导热模型来研究系统的启动特性.研究表明:蒸发器的启动预热时间随启动热流的增大而减小;减小液体补偿腔的高度可以加快蒸发器的启动过程,且启动热流愈小该现象愈显著;在较低的启动热流条件下,减小蒸气槽道的宽度,可以减小启动预热时间,改善蒸发器启动性能,而在较高的热流密度下,其对蒸发器的启动性能影响不大.     

过程参数描述的等壁温平行平板间层流对流换热特性

传热过程中的过程参数为傅立叶定律定义的热通量.对等壁温平行平板间层流对流换热进行过程参数描述,揭示了壁面上和流体内部流动速度和速度梯度对对流换热的贡献.结果表明:如果把传热过程以过程参数进行描述可以获得对传热的深刻表述和理解.     

Two Phase Pressure Drop Performance of Refrigerant in a Small Horizontal Smooth Tube with 2.5 mm inside Diameter

Two-phase flow pressure drop measurements were made during the phase change heat transfer process of R22 in a small horizontal smooth tube with 2.5 mm inside diameter. Conclusions can be drawn that the quality corresponding to the pressure gradient peak value of small tubes became higher than that of large tubes. The effect of quality to pressure drop becomes weak as the mass flux increases. The experiment data were compared with the predicated values of the state-of-the-art correlations from the open literature. The comparisons between the data and the predictions indicate that most of the state-of-the-art correlations fails to predict the experimental data.Chisholm model shows a relatively better predictive ability than the other empirical correlations although it has a mean deviation of 26.7%. But the predicated values of Chisholm model are lower by 50% than the experimental data when the quality becomes larger.     

硬岩掘进机液压阀块设计方法

为了改善基础振动下液压阀块流道流通品质,基于有限元原理建立了基础振动下流道的仿真模型并验证了仿真模型的正确性;分析了基础振动下不同流道的布局方式,工艺孔结构参数,进出口流道长度对流道压降特性的影响;提出了基础振动下液压阀块的设计流程. 研究结果表明:基础振动下U型流道压降特性最好,Z型流道最差;U型流道工艺孔长度越短,流道压降平均值和压降波动越小;Z型流道工艺孔长度为3.5倍工艺孔直径,V型流道的工艺孔长度为3倍工艺孔直径时,流道压降平均值和压降波动较小;工艺孔直径略大于进出口流道直径时,有利于减小基础振动的影响;出口流道的长度在3倍出口流道直径以上时,有利于避免流道出口处于转弯后流场的恢复区. 新的设计方法能够有效减小阀块内流体压降大小,提高压力稳定性.      

无砟轨道层间裂纹内动水压力特性分析

在雨水丰富和排水不畅的地区,水对无砟轨道层间裂纹扩展的影响比较突出.为研究高速列车作用下无砟轨道裂纹内水压力的分布规律及压力大小的影响因素,基于质量守恒和动量定理,采用控制体积法,导出了裂纹内动水压力分布解析式.应用有限元分析软件ANSYS和CFX,分析了荷载频率、荷载幅值、裂纹深度、裂纹开口量等对动水压力的影响.分析结果表明:沿着裂纹出口的方向,水压力呈减小趋势,其最大值发生在裂纹尖端处;动水压力与荷载频率近似呈二次方关系,与荷载幅值呈线性关系,与裂纹开口量呈一次反比关系.在幅值为10 kN、频率为5 Hz荷载作用下,水压力分布的试验测试结果与理论分析基本一致,两种方法获得的水压力峰值分别为0.177、0.161 kPa.      

A New Experimental Rig of Testing Flow Boiling Heat Transfer of Refrigerant and Lubricant Mixture

This paper proposed a new experimental rig of testing flow boiling heat transfer of refrigerant and lubricant oil mixture. The quantity of oil in the test section can be controlled and regulated conveniently and accurately by connecting separate lubricant oil circuit with test section in parallel. It was built up by retrofitting a multiple air-conditioner and installing three oil-separators in serials at the compressor outlet. And so the lubricant oil in the discharged refrigerant gas of compressor can be removed completely. The refrigerant flow rate through test section can be bypassed by the by-path circuit of indoor unit. This experimental rig has advantages such as on-line and continuous oil injection, short time of obtaining stability, flexible operation, simple control, which lead to high efficiency in the research of flow boiling heat transfer of refrigerant and lubricant oil mixture.     

复合材料传动轴的弯曲振动分析

为改善直升机传动轴的动力学特性,研究了非惯性系下复合材料传动轴的弯曲振动问题.根据质心运动定理导出了非惯性系下两端支承的倾斜纤维增强复合材料传动轴的弯曲振动方程,用Galerkin法求得方程的解.在此基础上,分析了质量偏心、阻尼、惯性力和重力对振幅的影响.研究表明：复合材料传动轴比钢、铝合金传动轴同阶弯曲固有频率大,相邻阶之间不产生共振的频率范围大、静挠度小、振幅小.惯性力不变时,传动轴的最大横向位移等于惯性力和重力产生的静挠度与质量偏心产生的动挠度幅值之和;惯性力变化时,传动轴产生动挠度.     

Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Fuel Viscosity on the Spray Characteristics of Diesel Nozzle

This paper presented an investigation of atomization characteristics including the velocity vector field and the mean droplet sizes for different percentages of DMM-diesel blended fuels using a phase doppler anemometry (PDA) analyzer system. Based on the fuel design concept, an oxygenated fuel named dimethoxy methane (DMM), which has lower viscosity, surface tension, and boiling point, was used to blend with diesel. The experiments were carried out under atmospheric conditions on a single-hole type diesel nozzle, liquid conditions comprise a temperature of 298 K under the needle valve opening pressure of 6 MPa. The results show that the sauter mean diameter (SMD) and spray cone angle of blended fuels decrease with the increase of DMM content; the axial mean velocity in the centerline increases with the increase of DMM. However, the spray behavior of blended fuel in which DMM exceeds 75% is virtually identical to that of neat DMM. The measurement also reveals the existence of an "S" shape in the radial mean velocity variations with radial distance.     

Integrated fluid-thermal-structural numerical analysis for the quenching of metallic components

The quenching of a metal component with a channel section in a water tank is numerically simulated. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to model the multiphase flow and the heat transfer in film boiling, nucleate boiling and convective cooling processes to calculate the difference in heat transfer rate around the component and then combining with the thermal simulation and structure analysis of the component to study the effect of heat transfer rate on the distortion of the U-channel component. A model is also established to calculate the residual stress produced by quenching. The coupling fluid-thermal-structural simulation provides an insight into the deformation of the component and can be used to perform parameter analysis to reduce the distortion of the component.     

气泡混合轻质土的应用技术

气泡混合轻质土是土建工程领域中近年开发的一种新型轻质填土材料,将其应用于软基处理、冻土保护、冻胀翻浆防治、桥台台背填筑等,可提高公路的建设质量与服务使用水平,降低养护成本。基于此,重点论述了轻质土的冻胀与热传导理论、材料特性,以及其在冻土地基保护和道路冻胀翻浆中的应用,具有一定的理论和实际意义。     

工程车辆散热器模块散热性能数值仿真

为了了解工程车辆散热器模块在不同工况下的性能变化规律,保证其工作稳定性,结合工程车辆的原始资料,在UG NX7.0软件中建立动力舱的三维物理模型.用热交换模型表征车辆散热器模块,采用CFD数值方法对虚拟风洞内的动力舱模型进行仿真,对各工况下散热器模块散热性能进行分析,并进行实验验证.结果表明:各工况下散热器内部热交换过程均呈现梯度变化;随着回流热空气温度升高,散热器的工作效率逐步降低.当其效率不能满足整车需要时,整车会出现系统过热以及工作性能不稳定现象.对比仿真与实验数据,两者误差在2.83%～4.07%之间.     

氧和水蒸气浓度及升温速率对生物质燃烧的影响

采用热重实验法,实验研究了升温速率、氧浓度和水分浓度对生物质燃烧的影响．研究结果表明,升温速率过大时会发生热滞后现象,着火倾向发生在颗粒表面,对燃烧特征温度、失重速率和剩余质量百分数均有影响;当氧浓度较大时,氧向固体层的质量传递作用加强,使得挥发分与固体层同时发生燃烧,燃烧速率明显增大而燃烬温度降低;水分浓度影响了生物质的燃烧,湿空气燃烧不稳定的原因是水分的凝结与蒸发,湿空气燃烧会造成炉膛热负荷波动．     

轨道参数对轨道系统导纳特性的影响

利用轨高频振动模型预测了各在数对轨道系统导纳特性的影响,结果表明：道床刚度、轨枕质量和轨枕垫刚度是影响轨道系统二阶共振频率以下共振和反共振的主要因素,随着床刚度增加,或轨枕质量减小,或轨枕垫刚度增加,第一、二阶共振和第一阶反共振频率增加,道床阻尼、轨枕垫阻尼主要影响第一、二阶共振和第一阶反共振振幅,阻尼越大,共振峰值和反共振谷值越平缓。轨枕跨度的变化,最主要要影响与跨相关振型的振动,如第二阶反共振、第三阶和反共振频率 ,其共振或反共振频率随机枕跨距增是降低。     

Experimental study on frictional and sealing performances of packing rings in an oil-free gas compressor

To enhance the reliability and to extend service life of packing rings, tribological and sealing performances are investigated based on the experimental results. Friction force, leakage rate and power consumption of three materials of pressure packing seals are measured in a refitted vertical gas compressor. The rings are made of common filled polytetrafluroethylene (Filled PTFE), PTFE reinforced with 30% mass fraction carbon fiber (30%CF+PTFE), and carbon-carbon composites infiltrated with PTFE (C/C+PTFE), respectively. It is found that packing rings will periodically vibrate with the periodic vibration of pressure packing after the travel direction of motion abruptly turns to the reverse direction. Furthermore, the amplitude of vibration slows down with the increasing crank angle. Approximate value of friction force is available by multiple-point fast Fourier transformation (FFT) employed to process the experimental results by reducing the impact of vibration to a great extent. Of three materials of rings employed in experiments, Filled PTFE presents minimal leakage rate accompanied with maximum power consumption. And 30%CF+PTFE exhibits minimum friction power and moderate leakage rate. As for C/C+PTFE, its high mechanical and thermal properties are favorable factors to enhance the ability of operating under high pressure and velocity and to improve the wear resistance. Unfortunately, this also leads to a large leakage rate. Comprehensive consideration should be taken into to evaluate the availability, reliability and service life for a type of packing ring under dry running conditions.     

带曲面涡产生器的管片式换热器阻力特性实验研究

涡产生器可装在管片式散热器的翅片表面,是一较好的强化传热粗糙元.但目前的研究主要集中在对平直涡产生器的研究,对曲面涡产生器的研究非常少.以空气为工质,分别对3种不同管间距的光板板芯及对应装有不同高度曲面涡产生器的板芯在不同板间距时的空气流动阻力做了实验研究.实验结果表明:在不同管间距、板间距时,板芯装涡产生器阻力系数均比光板板芯的阻力系数大,并且在低雷诺数时的增幅比较大,随着雷诺数的提高,阻力系数逐渐降低并趋于平缓,且阻力系数增幅大大减少.     

通道内矩形涡对涡发生器强化换热的数值研究

用数值模拟方法研究了在矩形通道底壁安装矩形涡产生器对(RWP)时纵向涡对层流换热的影响.在雷诺数变化范围为500~7 000,通道底壁安装RWP和不安装RWP两种情况下,比较了流体流动和换热性能.同时对涡产生器的高度和攻角对表面换热性能的影响也做了研究.结果表明:通道的底壁安装RWP可以显著提高换热性,雷诺数越大,换热性越强.随着涡产生器高度的增大,换热性增强,但阻力系数会急剧增加.当攻角为29°时,强化换热效果是最强的.     

质子交换膜燃料电池水管理研究

水管理是质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）可靠运行的关键，既维持适当的膜的水合程度，又不致水淹电极，是水管理的理想状况．燃料电池作为一个多相、多尺度、多物理场、动态复杂系统，其中的流动、传热、传质、相变、多相流和电化学过程相互影响、相互联系、相互制约．就PEMFC内流体流动，物质的传输，热量生成和传递，水的相变及两相流，电化学反应等方面综述了目前的研究进展，权衡利弊，以期达到最佳的燃料电池电化学性能．