Outsourcing rural school transportation: A Brazilian handbook for practice at the municipal level

In Brazil, Rural School Transportation (RST) falls under the responsibility of state and municipal governments. However, there are no clear rules to guide the provision of this essential service. RST in Brazil is characterised by inefficient contracting practices, poor service control by school administration, and lack of legal instruments to penalise poor services, thus allowing operators to run services according to their own commercial criteria. In addition, payment is low, leading to the employment of old vehicles, lack of safety equipment, and non-convenient routes, among other aspects. As a result, school children provided with this service are subject to long travel time over large distances, and irregular and late services, coupled with poorly maintained roads. When children finally arrive at school they are tired, which often negatively affects their school performance and attendance, contributing to early school drop-out. In order to contribute to the improvement of school transportation quality, state and municipal authorities must develop the required organisational, planning, and regulatory skills. Accordingly, this article addresses the elements and the structure of a handbook that is being elaborated for local governments.     

离岸式海上机场水运交通规划与布置

海上建设机场具有节约土地资源,对城市污染小,飞机起降安全等优点,但与周边陆域交通的联系方面明显薄弱,旅客和货物进出港的通达性和安全性也存在较大问题。文中从分析世界上已建的海上机场案例出发,重点讨论了水运交通的规划与设计,针对我国正在规划建设海上机场的水运交通布置方案进行了探讨,以供有关部门决策时参考。     

A maritime safety on-board decision support system to enhance emergency evacuation on ferryboats

Planning emergency evacuation operations in a proactive manner in public marine transportation systems is a critical success factor for passenger and crew safety. Despite the fact that there is a growing attention on safety issues for marine transportation systems, providing a real-time decision support for evacuation planning under different emergency conditions has not yet been addressed. In this context, this paper contributes to the related literature by providing a comprehensive methodology including simulation and statistical analysis along with a three-module decision support system (DSS) for ferryboat emergency evacuation. Emergency evacuation and fire environment are simulated via Maritime EXODUS V5.1 and SMARTFIRE V4.3, respectively. The methodology is applied to a real-life Ro-Ro ferry, and the results not only revealed significant factors on emergency evacuation performance, but also demonstrated the validity of the developed decision support system.     

A model to identify airport hubs and their importance to tourism in Brazil

Air transportation in Brazil has been recently liberalized and one of the consequences of this process is the concentration of flights in a few hubs. During the years 2006-2007 two fatal accidents created unprecedented chaos in both land and air sides of the system with harmful consequences to tourism in Brazil. The consequences were more airport congestion and many episodes of flight delays and cancellations that lasted for several months. We argue that, among other factors, this state of blackout was a result of the increase in the degree of concentration in few airports, particularly Congonhas (in São Paulo) and Brasília. Using data obtained from a survey with Brazilian experts, a comparison was made with two existing methods (the one used by the US Federal Aviation Administration and the usual Herfindahl-Hirschman method) in order to calculate the number of hubs in Brazil. Due to the huge discrepancy obtained between data from the survey and the other two methods considered, a new mathematical method based on the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index was proposed to identify the number of hubs in a given network. Drawing from the examples of what happened to tourist destinations during and after the air transport crisis in Brazil, the article concludes discussing the need for a more accurate tool to identify and to monitor the concentration of flights at the Brazilian air transportation network and its importance to tourism.     

集装箱码头牵引车“一头多挂”技木及其工艺研究

“一头多挂”的运输方式，具有提高效率、节能减排、减少人员等优势。公司试行了这种新的运输方法。介绍了“一头多挂”车辆的新参考的技术依据，两种“一头多挂”车辆的技术性能。对“一头多挂”车辆与普通单挂车辆的油耗作了比较。该试行取得了成功。     

关于建立宁波液化品自由港的探讨

宁波港是世界著名的深水良港,自然条件得天独厚。宁波液化品自由港位于中国的炼化产业带,区位优势明显,硬件设施先进,管理规范,是国内吞吐能力最大的液化品专业港。由于缺乏良好的关税环境,宁波液化品港在与韩、日港口的竞争中处于劣势。鉴此,就建立宁波液化品自由港的意义、条件和发展进行了探讨,以期为建立宁波液化品自由港,为我国液化品运输的发展和我国炼化行业的降本增效提供参考。     

交通运输可持续发展的影响与对策

分析了交通运输迅猛发展所带来的资源短缺、环境污染、安全隐患及各种运输方式结构矛盾突出的问题．阐述了交通运输可持续发展的内涵．并在此基础上结合我国实际情况提出了交通运输实现可持续发展的对策。     

交通建设项目竣工环境保护调查方法研究

交通建设项目中航运建设项目及高速公路工程是非污染生态影响型建设项目,结合西江航运建设二期、宁夏古王高速公路等多个交通建设项目环境保护竣工验收调查项目及环境影响后评估项目的实际工作经验,从环境影响调查发展的现状出发,特别是工程建设本身对生态环境的影响为重点进行调查,研究交通建设项目环境影响调查原则与调查范围的确定方法,提出调查的技术路线与主要技术方法,并就交通建设项目环境影响调查重点关注的几个技术问题进行探讨,力求从生态学角度,针对生态影响型项目的特点进行研究,以探索一条交通建设项目竣工验收环境影响调查方法的新路。     

大跨度T型梁水上吊装施工技术

针对绥中电厂二期工程配套码头项目引桥T型梁安装施工遇到的梁体质量大、跨度大、海况条件差等问题，提出了T梁运输与安装过程中船机驻位、临时加固及精确定位方法。T型梁采用专用吊装架起吊，保证T梁两端垂直受力；安装过程中采取了多种保护措施；在运输与安装过程中采用了临时加固与精确定位手段。T型梁安装过程较为顺利，施工技术的可行性得到验证。     

运输模式选择的计量分析与实证研究

选择何种内陆运输模式对区域经济发展和集约型社会的构建具有重要意义。文章出于循环经济与绿色交通的战略构想，从环境、经济、运输时间、便捷性、土地节约化利用、安全等方面对内河航运和公路运输进行综合比较分析，构建内陆运输模式选择的指标体系。引入模糊综合评价法对2种内陆运输模式进行综合评价，为内陆地区综合运输体系的构建提供参考。以江苏省南北向交通为例进行了实证分析，并对内河航运的发展提出相关建议。     

广州市琶洲会展地区交通模式研究

广州市会展行业的发展具有巨大的潜力,而会展交通也是当前城市交通规划的热点和难点问题。在会展行业迅速发展的背景下,会展客流量急剧膨胀。一方面,琶洲国际会展中心规模不断扩大,已跃居世界第二位;另一方面,道路、公交、静态交通等各种交通设施都受到严峻考验。本文分析了琶洲展馆的区位条件及现状交通设施运作情况,提出存在问题,结合未来会展客流量预测结果,借鉴国际会展交通的成功案例,研究琶洲展馆会展客流集散的最优方式;明确提出了应以轨道交通、公共交通等大容量交通工具集散的交通模式为主体,限制小汽车进出、加强接驳等发展目标,并提出了具体引导措施,包括提高公交服务、实行停车需求管理、设置便利的接驳巴士及提供人性化指引标志等,以促进会展地区交通的可持续发展。     

鹰潭至梅州铁路双层集装箱运输通道研究

京九线是规划的南北向双层集装箱运输主通道。向塘以北电气化改造工程已按满足开行双层集装箱列车标准建成开通,向塘以南全部或部分利用京九线作为双箱通道,扩大限界改造均非常困难,铁道部已明确京九线向塘以南不开行双层集装箱列车。鹰潭至梅州铁路与京九线平行,相距很近,具备作为双层集装箱运输通道的条件。因此有必要对鹰潭至梅州铁路是否开行双层集装箱列车进行研究。研究认为：向塘至广州（深圳）双层集装箱经鹰潭至梅州铁路运输,运输径路短,工程运营费省,可作为向塘至广州（深圳）双层集装箱运输通道,与京九线向塘以北、梅汕铁路、沿海铁路共同组成北京至南昌至广州（深圳）双层集装箱运输主通道。     

基于模糊神经网络的复杂环境下军用集装箱最优运输方案选择

在信息化战争时代,后勤保障系统也常常是敌人重点打击的对象之一。合理选择运输方案,有效防御敌人的打击,降低运输成本,对顺利完成保障任务具有重要意义。综合考虑战争对运输保障的要求和战场环境对运输效能的影响,构建了军用集装箱运输效能评价指标体系,针对战争条件下指标权重难以确定的特点,提出了一种权值获取方法,并基于模糊神经网络给出了最优运输方案的选择方法。通过将指标参数模糊处理形成特征向量作为输入,以综合评价值作为期望输出,对网络进行训练,对多个路径方案进行评价,取得了良好的效果。     

C/D型总段船坞无余量搭载反变形加放

针对总段异地总组在船坞搭载时呈现开口偏小,而对C/D型总段回厂无余量搭载有较大影响的吊运次数与海运无法改变的问题,从工艺角度对其实施过程采用分段制造阶段与总组阶段的反变形加放,通过采用反变形加放的实施应用,可有效规避C/D型总段回厂船坞搭载的变形,改善作业环境,提高船坞搭载效率.     

交通建设项目环境保护设施配置的经济合理性研究

文章主要针对交通建设项目如何经济合理地配置环境保护设施的问题研究,分析了目前交通建设项目环境保护设施配置中普遍存在的"配置不当、资源浪费"等问题,结合宁夏盐池～兴仁公路建设项目介绍现有可借鉴的成熟经验,并对公路降噪配置、公路沿线绿化工程的经济性问题进行了探讨研究。     

Promoting social inclusion in a deregulated environment: Extending accessibility using collective taxi-based services

Bus based public transport has enjoyed revitalisation in many urban areas but outside large towns and cities its provision and quality remains erratic. Many rural settlements have infrequent services giving rise to social exclusion through transport disadvantage.The UK Government highlighted a need in Towards a Sustainable Transport System (2007) for radical new thinking on rural accessibility to help meet goals of quality of life and accessibility for all and to help meet the challenge in finding carbon friendly ways of meeting rural transport needs. This paper reports work undertaken for the Commission for Integrated Transport, an advisory body to UK Government, on how shared taxi-schemes could be developed within a deregulated environment to meet rural accessibility needs. This is based on an analysis of institutional barriers and comparison between successful mainland European schemes and UK schemes. The paper considers economic viability and the levels of subsidy currently used to provide accessibility in rural areas to show the potential for making current expenditure on rural transport in the UK ‘work harder’ to deliver a collective taxi-based service as part of the public transport mix so as to increase rural accessibility.     

集装箱支线运输船舶调度优化问题

调度是制约支线集装箱运输质量和效率的主要瓶颈之一。针对轴辐射海上运输模式,扩展了陆上车辆运输调度(VRP)理论,以所有船舶总的航行成本最低为目标函数,考虑了软时间约束等现实因素,构建了包含枢纽港和喂给港、多航线、多船型的支线集装箱船舶调度模型。基于该问题解的特征运用粒子群算法对模型进行了求解,最后通过仿真算例分析验证了模型的合理性及算法的有效性。     

Upstream transport corridor inefficiencies and the implications for port performance: a case analysis of Mombasa Port and the Northern Corridor

The role of efficient ports in the socio-economic prosperity of national and regional economies cannot be overstated. However, their ability to effectively deliver on this role is easily undermined by circumstances in the wider socio-economic context, particularly poor hinterland connectivity. In order to enhance international trade connectivity, many advanced and advancing economies continue to invest significant resources in developing efficient ports and hinterland transport networks. The situation is different in many parts of the developing world, particularly Africa, where poor economic connectivity and inefficient gateway ports result in prohibitively high transportation costs. Focusing on the northern trade and transport corridor in the East and Southern Africa (ESA) region, this article examines how poor hinterland connectivity undermines the performance of Mombasa port. It concludes that, although the port’s management has in recent years invested significantly in performance-enhancing initiatives, their success is limited by a constricted economic environment that is characterised by poor hinterland connectivity and chronic logistics bottlenecks along the arterial corridor.     

长沙市轨道交通车辆制式的选择

基于城市轨道交通模式中车辆制式选择的必要性,介绍了直线电机车辆与轻轨车辆的原理及特点,同时分析了两种模式下车辆的关键技术,并在此基础上阐述了其运用条件。在进行技术经济比较后,提出了长沙市轨道交通运用车辆应优先考虑采用轮轨车辆。     

大型沉箱起重船大吊力助浮出运技术

针对传统预制场斜坡式下水滑道末端水深不足无法满足大型沉箱下水出运的问题,研究了起重船大吊力助浮沉箱出运技术,采用理论计算与物模试验相结合的方法对沉箱吊点设置、大型钢结构吊架系统、助浮吊力与沉箱吃水和定倾高度的相关关系等进行了详细分析,提出一套全新的适用于斜坡式下水滑道沉箱出运助浮吊装系统,并成功应用于大连港大窑湾北岸配套码头工程。为现有斜坡式下水滑道预制场大吃水沉箱出运提供了成熟可靠的解决方案。