驾驶人安全意识提升方法与实现

研究表明,缺少安全驾驶意识的驾驶人在行车过程中易发生交通事故,并逐渐成为导致交通事故的主要原因之一。文中首先对安全驾驶意识的内涵进行了描述,并根据内容的不同进行了分类。举例介绍了基于动画和视频形式的安全意识提升方法的设计过程,具体实现流程以及实现效果;提出了基于汽车驾驶模拟平台的安全意识提升技术,将危险交通情景分为纵向和横向两大类,分别举例介绍了具体的实现过程和触发条件算法。     

Risk assessment based on driving behavior for preventing collisions with pedestrians when making across-traffic turns at intersections

Traffic accident statistics in Japan show the necessity of preventing vehicle-on-pedestrian accidents. If the risk of a vehicle colliding with pedestrians could be evaluated in advance, driver-assistance systems would be able to support drivers to avoid potential collisions. Here, features of driving behavior and methods for assessing the risk of collision were investigated for a right turn at an intersection in left-hand traffic, which is a typical vehicle-on-pedestrian accident scenario. The results showed that pedestrian-collision risk can be evaluated from how the driver slows the vehicle and where the driver looks while turning during the maneuver. Moreover, pedestrian-collision risk could be predicted based on driving behavior upon commencement of steering when making an across-traffic turn.     

邻车切入工况下前撞预警系统的驾驶人依赖特性

为提升邻车切入工况下的行车安全,基于驾驶模拟实验平台,研究了驾驶人对前撞预警系统的依赖特性评价方法以改进预警系统的设计。以预警时机(即碰时间TTC)为研究变量,采集了12名驾驶人的实验数据,以制动依赖指数、次任务评分为2项客观指标,以危险度评分、信任度评分为2项主观指标,建立了评价体系模型,实现了对驾驶人系统依赖程度的量化评价。设计了L9(34)正交实验,建立了依赖特性评价回归模型。结果表明:预警时机(TTC)对依赖特性的影响最为显著:过晚的预警时机(TTC=2.4 s)降低系统的有效性;过早的预警时机(TTC=1.2 s)易导致驾驶人对系统过度依赖。因而,适度推迟预警时机(TTC=1.8 s)可以抑制依赖性的产生,提升系统的安全性。     

Development of a Driving Behavior-Based Collision Warning System Using a Neural Network

An advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) uses radar, visual information, and laser sensors to calculate variables representing driving conditions, such as time-to-collision (TTC) and time headway (THW), and to determine collision risk using empirically set thresholds. However, the empirically set threshold can generate differences in performance that are detected by the driver. It is appropriate to quickly relay collision risk to drivers whose response speed to dangerous situations is relatively slow and who drive defensively. However, for drivers whose response speed is relatively fast and who drive actively, it may be better not to provide a warning if they are aware of the collision risk in advance, because giving collision warnings too frequently can lower the reliability of the warnings and cause dissatisfaction in the driver, or promote disregard. To solve this problem, this study proposes a collision warning system (CWS) based on an individual driver’s driving behavior. In particular, a driver behavior model was created using an artificial neural network learning algorithm so that the collision risk could be determined according to the driving characteristics of the driver. Finally, the driver behavior model was learned using actual vehicle driving data and the applicability of the proposed CWS was verified through simulation.     

Normal and risky driving patterns identification in clear and rainy weather on freeway segments using vehicle kinematics trajectories and time series cluster analysis

Enhancing traffic safety on freeways is the main goal for all transportation agencies. However, to achieve this goal, many analysis protocols of network screening models need to be improved through considering human factors while analyzing traffic data. This paper introduces one on the new analysis protocol of identifying and discriminating between normal and risky driving in clear and rainy weather. The introduced analysis protocol will consider the effect of human factors on updating the networking screening process of identifying hotspots of crash risk. This paper employs the Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP2) Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS) data to investigate the behavior of normal and risky driving under both rainy and clear weather conditions. Near-crash events on freeways, which were used as Surrogate Measure of Safety (SMoS) for crash risk, were identified based on the changes in vehicle kinematics, including speed, longitudinal and lateral acceleration and deceleration rates, and yaw rates. Through a trajectory-level data analysis, there were significant differences in driving patterns between rainy and clear weather conditions; factors that affected crash risk mainly included driver reaction and response time, their evasive maneuvers such as changes in acceleration rates and yaw rates, and lane-changing maneuvers. A cluster analysis method was employed to classify driving patterns into two clusters: normal and risky driving condition patterns, respectively. Statistical results showed that risky driving patterns started on average one second earlier in rainy weather conditions than in clear weather conditions. Furthermore, risky driving patterns extended in average three seconds in rainy weather conditions, while it was two seconds in clear weather conditions. The identification of these patterns is considered as a primary step towards an automated development that would distinguish between different driving patterns in a Connected Vehicle CV environment using Basic Safety Messages (BSM) and to enhance the network screening analysis for increased crash risk hotspots.     

基于Python的驾驶员打哈欠在线检测方法研究

驾驶疲劳是造成交通事故的主要诱因之一。由世界卫生组织发布的调查研究结果表明,在高速公路中由疲劳驾驶引起的交通事故率占了将近百分之四十,驾驶疲劳检测和预警的技术也越来越受到研究人员的重视。而驾驶员打哈欠是疲劳形成过程中的一个直观指标,文章提出基于Python平台开发一套在线检测驾驶员打哈欠的系统,方法简单、指标稳定可靠,具有实际应用价值。     

A similarity-based neuro-fuzzy modeling for driving behavior recognition applying fusion of smartphone sensors

Drivers’ behavior evaluation is one of the most important problems in intelligent transportation systems and driver assistant systems. It has a great influence on driving safety and fuel consumption. One of the challenges in this regard is the modeling perspective to treat with uncertainty in judgments about driving behaviors. Really, assessing a single maneuver with a rigid threshold leads to a weak judgment for driving evaluation. To fill this gap, a novel neuro-fuzzy system is proposed to classify the driving behaviors based on their similarities to fuzzy patterns when all of the various maneuvers are stated with some fuzzy numbers. These patterns are also fuzzy numbers and they are extracted from statistical analysis on the smartphone sensors data. Our driving evaluation system consists of three processes. Firstly, it detects the type of all of the maneuvers through the driving period, by using a multi-layer perceptron neural network. Secondly, it extracts a new feature based on the acceleration and assigns three fuzzy numbers to driver’s lane change, turn and U-turn maneuvers. Thirdly, it determines the similarity between these three fuzzy numbers and the fuzzy patterns to evaluate the safe and the aggressive driving scores. To validate this model, Driver’s Angry Score (DAS) questionnaires are used. Results show that the fusion of Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensors of smartphones is enough for the proposed driving evaluation system. Accuracy of this system is 87% without using GPS and GIS data and this system is independent of smartphones and vehicles types.     

卫星定位数据驱动的营运车辆驾驶人驾驶风险评估模型

为了提高营运车辆驾驶人安全管理的精细化水平，合理地评估驾驶人驾驶风险程度，有的放矢地降低高风险驾驶人的事故率，基于卫星定位数据特点及驾驶行为与驾驶风险的相关关系设计26个驾驶行为特征参数。考虑到高速和非高速行驶时相同驾驶行为对驾驶风险的影响区别较大，根据23名营运车辆驾驶人的实测数据有针对性地筛选高速和非高速路段驾驶人风险评估指标，构建营运车辆驾驶人驾驶风险评估指标体系。然后，基于熵权法、独立性权系数法和Spearman相关系数法建立集成赋权法，确定各评估指标的权重。最后，雇佣40名营运车辆驾驶人进行实车试验以验证模型的合理性。结果表明：车辆速度和加速度方面的驾驶行为特征可以用于评估驾驶人的驾驶风险且评估效果较好，驾驶风险评估得分与实际交通冲突次数呈正相关关系，所建立模型可以较为准确地评估营运车辆驾驶人驾驶风险的高低，准确率达到77.50%，该模型在不同地区使用时，准确率存在一定的差异，但在容许范围之内，方法具有较好的鲁棒性。     

基于安全车速差的高速公路特长隧道环境驾驶人行为风险特性研究

为研究高速公路特长隧道环境下驾驶人行为风险特性,选取2座典型特长隧道进行实车试验,通过采集熟练驾驶人和非熟练驾驶人的速度数据,将此作为主观预期车速,结合道路行车环境的客观安全车速,构建基于安全车速差的驾驶人行为风险量化方法。在划分隧道路段为入口段、行车段和出口段的基础上,通过切分行车区间,对比分析出入口段2类驾驶人行为风险变化特性及整个隧道路段和普通高速路段的行为风险变化曲线。结果表明： 1)在隧道内部,相对于非熟练驾驶人,熟练驾驶人表现出更高的行为风险值;在隧道外部,则非熟练驾驶人的行为风险值更高一些。2)所有类型驾驶人在普通高速路段行为风险值最高,在隧道入口段的行为风险值最低。上述结果说明： 在隧道路段,熟悉试验道路的驾驶人车速行为并不安全,行为风险值相对较高。     

机器脚踏车数字行车纪录器数据分析与应用

数字行车纪录器来对机器脚踏车进行其主要的数据研究及探讨,纪录器能连续纪录及储存车辆行驶速率、加速度、经纬度坐标、距离及时间,并透过数据传输功能单元汇入档案,以档案进行数据输出及分析,来得知车辆行驶之行车路程与驾驶行为,进行不当驾车行为之统计以及异常状况的管理辅导的要求,判断驾驶员的驾驶行为是否不良,对其做事前防范管理措施,并运用行车纪录器所得到的数据来做事故重建的鉴定,更能协助提供检警作车祸的参考,对事故提出改善建议,配合＂3Ds MAX＂的应用更能表现其数据的分析结果,利用＂3Ds MAX＂动画制作软件来协助车祸现场重建,因动画仿真有其参考价值,运用其仿真性来还原事故发生的情况,使相关人员更容易了解车祸的过程与发生的原因,藉由行车纪录器的数据整合,让相关人员不需要再花费大量的时间在于车祸的重建探讨,让类似案件避免再发生。     

用于智能驾驶系统评价的乘员损伤模型

只有较少的交通事故数据资源被用于建立基于碰撞速度信息的乘员损伤模型，致使所得到的模型精度差。为此，提出了基于车辆变形深度的乘员损伤模型。对美国不同制造年代和车辆级别的事故数据进行聚类分析，论证出车辆变形深度与乘员损伤风险具有相关性。以车辆变形深度为自变量，通过回归分析得到乘员损伤模型。不同种类车辆的乘员损伤模型拟合精度R²约为0.9，证明了该模型的正确性。为进一步验证，以此模型为基础，评价智能驾驶系统的有效性。以自动紧急制动系统为例，对比基于变形深度和速度变化量信息2种方法的有效性计算结果。结果表明：2组结果的平均误差不超过1%，验证了基于变形深度的乘员损伤模型的准确性。该模型仅需要事故数据库中准确的变形深度信息，能够获得更多的事故数据支持，从而可以更好地适应于不同类别智能驾驶系统的评价需求。     

Which factors lead to driving errors? A structural equation model analysis through a driving simulator experiment

As driving error is a main contributory factor of road accidents, its causes and consequences are of great interest in the road safety decision making process. This paper investigates several factors (including driver distraction, driver characteristics and road environment) that affect overall driving error behaviour and estimates a new unobserved variable which underlines driving errors. This estimation is performed with data obtained from a driving simulation experiment in which 95 participants covering all ages were asked to drive under different types of distraction (no distraction, conversation with passenger, cell phone use) in rural and urban road environment, as well as in both low and high traffic conditions. Driving error was then modeled as a latent variable based on several individual driving simulator parameters. Subsequently, the impact of several risk factors such as distraction, driver characteristics as well as road environment on driving error were estimated directly. The results of this complex model reveal that the impact of driver characteristics and area type are the only statistically significant factors affecting the probability of driving errors. Interestingly, neither conversing with a passenger nor talking on the cell phone have a statistically significant impact on driving error behaviour which highlights the importance of the present analysis and more specifically the development of a measure that represents overall driving error behaviour instead of individual driving errors variables.     

Development of an errorable car-following driver model

An errorable car-following driver model is presented in this paper. An errorable driver model is one that emulates human driver’s functions and can generate both nominal (error-free), as well as devious (with error) behaviours. This model was developed for evaluation and design of active safety systems. The car-following data used for developing and validating the model were obtained from a large-scale naturalistic driving database. The stochastic car-following behaviour was first analysed and modelled as a random process. Three error-inducing behaviours were then introduced. First, human perceptual limitation was studied and implemented. Distraction due to non-driving tasks was then identified based on the statistical analysis of the driving data. Finally, time delay of human drivers was estimated through a recursive least-square identification process. By including these three error-inducing behaviours, rear-end collisions with the lead vehicle could occur. The simulated crash rate was found to be similar but somewhat higher than that reported in traffic statistics.     

Modeling effects of driver safety attitudes on traffic violations in China using the theory of planned behavior

Traffic violations are recognized as one of the main causes of traffic accidents and have been found to be closely associated with driver attitudes toward traffic safety. In this study, a modified theory of planned behavior (TPB) was used to model the effects of driver safety attitudes on traffic violations, based on a questionnaire survey of 1505 drivers in China. In light of the strong correlations between the observed items, the items of the TPB components were grouped into several parcels, using an item-parceling method. Parcel-based structural equation modeling was then used to operationalize the modified TPB. The results indicate that the proposed model can accurately predict the occurrence of traffic violations based on the observed items related to driver traffic safety attitudes. It was found that driver attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control significantly affect traffic violations. For predicting traffic violations, driver attitudes toward traffic safety policies had the greatest influence, followed by driver attitudes toward risky driving behaviors and the attitudes of others toward risky driving behaviors. Finally, suggestions on traffic enforcement and education to reduce traffic violations are proposed based on the results.     

基于Bi-LSTM的多类型特征融合驾驶员疲劳识别方法

针对传统的基于驾驶员面部图像采集的单一类型特征的疲劳识别方法,在阴影遮挡及光照变化场景下存在准确性、鲁棒性不足的问题,深入开展基于多类型特征融合的驾驶员疲劳识别方法研究。在分析非图像化的驾驶员疲劳特征的基础上,通过机器人操作系统（Robot Operating System, ROS）的话题订阅来实现驾驶员生理特征、操作行为特征及面部特征的多源数据同步采集。处理原始数据并分析数据特性,提出了一种融合生理特征与驾驶员及观测者主观评价的数据标注策略,标注疲劳特征,构建驾驶员疲劳数据集;将驾驶员操作行为特征与面部特征融合,形成多类型特征融合序列,并基于双向长短时记忆（Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory,Bi-LSTM）网络,构建多类型特征融合的疲劳识别模型;通过单一类型特征与多类型特征对比试验、不同场景对比试验证明,基于Bi-LSTM的多类型特征融合识别方法的准确率和鲁棒性较单一类型特征识别方法均有明显提升,能在各种场景下更好地识别驾驶员的疲劳状态。     

基于驾驶特性的超车模型研究

超车行驶作为驾驶人行车过程中重要的行为之一,与行驶安全性有着直接的联系。为建立符合驾驶人操作习惯的超车模型,本文通过实车试验采集不同驾驶人在高速公路的超车行驶数据,并以此采用多项式回归拟合建立基于驾驶人操作特性的超车模型,最后利用prescan软件对提出的超车模型进行了仿真分析,结果表明建立的超车模型能够真实地反映驾驶人超车过程中的操作习惯,为超车行为的研究提供了可靠的理论依据。     

高速公路路面抗滑力与交通事故的统计分析

通过大量的调查取得了我国华东地区的3条高速公路有关交通量、降雨量、交通事故和路面横向力系数的数据,并采用雨天事故率、雨天事故危险率对上述数据进行分析,在此基础上得出了有关雨天事故率、雨天事故危险率与路面抗滑力(SFC)之间的关系,同时提出了我国华东地区高速公路路面抗滑力标准的建议。     

基于驾驶行为和视觉特性的长大隧道突起路标作用效果评估

突起路标（RPMs）是高速公路隧道内常见的交通安全设施，对预防和减少交通事故具有重要作用。针对高速公路长大隧道RPMs作用效果，从驾驶人角度出发，基于驾驶模拟试验测试，分析RPMs对驾驶人的影响，实现以微观驾驶行为和眼动数据为基础的高速公路长大隧道RPMs作用效果评估。设计2种RPMs方案（RPMs-B：设置在隧道检修道和车道边缘线；RPMs-C：设置在车道分界线和边缘线）与未设置RPMs（RPMs-A）的隧道形成对比；招募32名持照驾驶人，获取细粒度驾驶行为及眼动数据，选择平均速度、加速度、横向偏移等7项指标构建评价指标体系；利用重复测量方差分析方法，探究各项指标的显著性及效应量水平，进而采用基于熵权法的模糊综合评价模型，对比3种RPMs方案的作用效果。研究结果表明：RPMs对驾驶行为及心理、生理具有较显著的作用，具备不同程度的现实意义；驾驶人心理、生理负荷程度降低，焦虑情绪得到缓解，驾驶舒适性良好；速度调控能力增强，对车辆横向位置感知及操纵水平上升，车辆行驶更加平稳；在隧道曲线段RPMs使得平均速度明显增加，增加了事故风险；模糊综合评估结果显示在隧道全程、曲线段和中间段，RPMs-C均为最优方案，即RPMs设置在车道分界线及两侧边缘线位置。研究结果为隧道安全设施的评估及优化问题提供了解决方案，也为进一步形成隧道安全设施设置指南奠定了基础。     

汽车驾驶员操作可靠性分析及评定

本文从汽车交通事故的历史数据出发，论证了汽车人一机系统中驾驶员失误率评估的重要性和迫切性，在分析影响驾驶员安全驾驶汽车能力的主要因素后，提出了驾驶员操作可靠性评定方法，确定了驾驶员的基本可靠度及其他相关参数，结果４０名驾驶员肇发的交通事故，得出驾驶员安全驾驶车的量度值，同时展望了驾驶员失误率评估的前景。     

生理负荷在公路线形设计评价中的应用研究

系统的提出了生理负荷在公路线形设计评价中的理论和操作的具体方法,利用计算机仿真技术将道路交通环境进行可视化,然后让驾驶员使用驾驶模拟器在虚拟交通环境中驾驶,通过眼动仪和生理测试仪实时采集驾驶员的注视点、注视持续时间、瞳孔面积、脉搏、皮电、体温、轨迹、速度等生理数据,同时采集车辆的速度和行车轨迹等数据,通过模糊综合评价找出人、车、路不协调的突变点,认为是事故易发路段,分析其原因并且在设计中加以改进,通过设置循环和判定可以有效提高道路的行车安全性。