汽车尾气温差发电装置通道结构的设计与分析

排气废热温差发电对于改善汽车燃油经济性具有很现实的意义,而提高输出功率是温差发电装置结构设计的主要目标.论述了包括废热通道内部结构在内的诸多设计因素对废热温差发电装置输出功率的影响,在此基础上设计了一种改进的废热通道.并使用计算流体力学的方法和红外热成像试验,对该废热通道结构进行了分析,验证了所采用设计方法的有效性.     

不同喷油模式下柴油机可用能分析的试验研究

通过台架试验的方法,对1台0.5L单缸柴油机进行了热力学分析,将缸内燃烧所释放能量的热量分布和可用能分布进行计算和比较,在此基础之上比较了喷油规律相关参数对热平衡的影响,提出了相应减少不可逆损失、提升热效率的解决途径。试验结果表明:在相同工况下,对于不同的喷油模式,燃烧不可逆损失差异不大,差异主要体现在排气损失和其他部分损失;预喷参数和后喷参数对热量分布影响较小,而喷油压力和主喷正时的影响较为明显。随着喷油压力的增大或主喷正时的提前,燃烧不可逆程度降低,排气可用能损失减少,热力循环的热效率得以提升。而对于余热能回收,排气中流失的可用能回收的潜力和价值较大,将这一部分能量妥善地利用可对整机性能起到明显的改善效果,若排气温度从750K降至500K,通过排气余热能的利用可提升指示功20.91%,达到提升动力性和燃油经济性的目的。     

基于双有机朗肯循环的 CNG 发动机余热回收系统参数优化及工质选择

为了充分利用 CNG 发动机的余热能量,根据 CNG 发动机的余热能分布特性设计了双有机朗肯循环系统,用来回收 CNG 发动机的排气能量、进气中冷能量以及冷却系统具有的能量。该双有机朗肯循环系统包括高温循环和低温循环,高温循环采用 R245fa 作为工质,用于回收 CNG 发动机排气能量;低温循环分别采用 R245fa , R1234ze 和 R1234yf 作为工质,用于回收进气中冷能量、高温循环冷凝过程中释放的能量以及发动机冷却系统的能量。在 CNG 发动机标定工况下,对双有机朗肯循环系统的参数敏感度进行了分析。结果表明：较高的高温循环蒸发压力和低温循环蒸发温度,较低的高温循环冷凝温度和低温循环冷凝温度可以提升双 ORC 系统的净输出功率和热效率;高、低温循环均选择 R245fa 的方案可以使系统具有较优的热力学性能。     

提高车用发动机能量利用率研究进展

描述了近几年车用汽油机发展的几种新技术,包括GDI和HCCI燃烧技术以及混合动力技术的应用和发展,分析了它们的特点和在节能、环保等方面的作用。介绍了利用发动机排气余热的温差发电技术。论述了利用发动机冷却水余热和排气余热来改善发动机性能的新技术,该技术通过一套发动机后接蒸气动力装置,回收发动机余热能量做功,从而提高发动机能量利用率。探讨了这一新技术的研究内容,展望了它的应用发展前景。     

基于蓄能器原理的汽车尾气余热利用系统

针对陆路交通主力军——汽车发动机的尾气余热白白浪费的现象,拟研究开发一套基于蓄能器原理的汽车发动机尾气余热回收存储与利用系统.利用设计的双循环特殊蓄能器对汽车运行过程中尾气排放管道壁产生的热量进行回收,将其转化为液压能储存在恒压蓄能器中,并设计一套与之相配的液压传动回路,利用回收的液压能作为车辆起动和制动的动力源.系统...     

Pressure drop and heat transfer of catalyzed diesel particulate filters due to changes in soot loading and flow rate

When soot particles are loaded in a diesel particulate filter, it causes increase in back pressure of the exhaust system. To minimize this pressure drop due to DPF, the filter needs to be regenerated after a certain amount of soot has been accumulated. It is crucial to estimate the correct amount of soot that has been accumulated by measuring the differential pressure. It is also important to understand changes in pressure drop due to flow rate variations of the exhaust gas, since the pressure drop would be influenced by the exhaust flow rate as well as the amount of soot. Furthermore, the heat transfer characteristics of the catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF) are another major issue, as the filter is occasionally exposed to high temperature gas. This study presents the characteristics of pressure drop according to the variation of soot loading and the mass flow rate in CDPF. In addition, heat transfer characteristics in the filter was investigated when a high temperature gas flows into the CDPF. Tests were performed in several CDPF samples having varying amounts of catalyst coating. Experimental results indicate that rig-based experiments are useful in understanding the characteristics of pressure drop in the CDPF. In the cake filtration region, a pressure drop has a proportional relationship according to soot loading and mass flow rate. It was found that an increased catalyst coating may lead to enhanced convective heat transfer.     

Electromagnetic valve train for gasoline engine exhaust system

Electromagnetic valve train (EMVT) in camless engine offers large potential for both part load fuel economy and high load engine torque. However, it is more difficult to be applied on exhaust system than intake system. Because the gas pressure brings high demands for driving force, especially at high engine speed and full load. Based on the working characters of actuator, a method by increasing the transient currents in windings during valve’s opening motion is suggested to overcome the gas pressure. But this will cause more energy losses and heat. In order to make the EMVT used on exhaust system better, quantitative analysis is carried out against the additional power consumption caused by gas pressure under different conditions. Furthermore, an approach is introduced to define the optimal exhaust valve opening motion at full load conditions. It aims at making a better compromise between the engine power output and exhaust valves’ power consumption, thus both the efficiency of EMVT and engine performance are enhanced.     

Viable combined cycle design for automotive applications

A relatively new approach for improving fuel economy and automotive engine performance involves the use of automotive combined cycle generation technologies. The combined cycle generation, a process widely used in existing power plants, has become a viable option for automotive applications due to advances in materials science, nanotechnology, and MEMS (Mico-Electro Mechanical Systems) devices. The waste heat generated from automotive engine exhaust and coolant is a feasible heat source for a combined cycle generation system, which is basically a Rankine cycle in the context of this study. However, there are still numerous technical issues that need to be solved before the technology can be implemented in automobiles. A simulation was performed to examine the amount of waste energy that could be recovered through the use of a combined cycle system. A simulation model of the Rankine cycle was developed using Cycle-Tempo software. The simulation model was ultimately used to evaluate the rate of waste heat recovery and the consequential increase in the overall thermal efficiency of the engine with the combined cycle generation system under typical engine operating conditions. The most effective automotive combined cycle system recovered 68% of the waste heat from the exhaust and coolant, resulting in a 6% improvement in engine efficiency. The results are expected to be beneficial for evaluating the feasibility of combined cycle generation systems in automotive applications.     

发动机废气余热利用技术的对比分析

简单分析了目前汽车余热利用技术的现状。介绍了余热回收系统的特征,展示了各种余热回收系统的基本结构。分别对余热制冷技术和余热发电技术的系统参数和结构特征进行了对比。根据两种技术存在的共同问题,提出了推动余热利用发展的关键技术。     

进、排气背压对涡轮增压柴油机工作过程影响的研究

本研究在不同进、排气背压下,测定了柴油机示功图,进、排气管温度及压力,柴油机输出功率和排气烟度等参数,在此基础上计算了柴油机放热率,分析了进、排气背压变化对柴油机放热率的影响。结果表明,进气背压变小后,柴油机燃烧持续期变长,热量利用率低;排气背压增大后,柴油机燃烧不充分,排气烟度大;排气背压变大后,涡轮增压器工作环境差,柴油机进气压力也相应降低。     

基于有机朗肯循环的发动机余热回收技术

通过比较8种循环工质在有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统中的热力过程,从系统性能、可靠性、环保等角度综合考虑,验证了R245fa用于ORC循环工质的优势。以康明斯某重型车用发动机为应用目标,设计了一套余热回收发电系统,通过回收增压空气、尾管废气、发动机废气的热量,用于发电。经过计算,该系统的余热回收效率为10.4%。     

Adaptation Strategy for Exhaust Gas Recirculation and Common Rail Pressure to Improve Transient Torque Response in Diesel Engines

Fuel injection limitation algorithms are widely used to reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions under transient states in diesel engines. However, the limited injection quantity leads to a decrease in the engine torque response under transient states. To overcome this issue, this study proposes an adaptation strategy for exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and common rail pressure combined with a fuel injection limitation algorithm. The proposed control algorithm consists of three parts: fuel injection limitation, EGR adaptation, and rail pressure adaptation. The fuel injection quantity is limited by adjusting the exhaust burned gas rate, which is predicted based on various intake air states like air mass flow and EGR mass flow. The control algorithm for EGR and rail pressure was designed to manipulate the set-points of the EGR and rail pressure when the fuel injection limitation is activated. The EGR controller decreases the EGR gas flow rate to rapidly supply fresh air under transient states. The rail pressure controller increases the rail pressure set-point to generate a well-mixed air-fuel mixture, resulting in an enhancement in engine torque under transient states. The proposed adaptation strategy was validated through engine experiments. These experiments showed that PM emissions were reduced by up to 11.2 %, and the engine torque was enhanced by 5.4 % under transient states compared to the injection limitation strategy without adaptation.     

Numerical analysis of the effect of inhomogeneous pre-mixture on the pressure rise rate in an HCCI engine using multi-zone chemical kinetics

The HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) engine is an internal combustion engine under development, which is capable of providing both high diesel-like efficiency and very low NO_x and particulate emissions. However, several technical issues must be resolved before the HCCI engine is ready for widespread application. One issue is that its operating range is limited by an excessive pressure rise rate which is caused by the excessive heat release from its selfaccelerated combustion reaction and the resulting engine knock in high-load conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of thermal and fuel stratification for reducing the pressure rise rate in HCCI engines. The NO_x and CO concentrations in the exhaust gas were also evaluated to confirm combustion completeness and NO_x emissions. The computational work was conducted using a multi-zone code with detailed chemical kinetics, including the effects of thermal and fuel stratification on the onset of ignition and the rate of combustion. The engine was fueled with dimethyl ether (DME) which has a unique two-stage heat release, and methane which has a one-stage heat release.     

热流耦合长瞬态计算方法研究及其在汽车热保护中的应用

以某轿车为研究对象,以油箱及排气管吊耳温度问题为例,建立了包含车身、排气管、油箱及其隔热罩等数据的3D数值计算模型,利用热流耦合长瞬态计算方法对一典型坡道工况进行计算,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。该计算方法能有效实现整车长瞬态热保护模拟计算,缩短开发周期,降低开发成本。     

Thermal design of automobile exhaust based thermoelectric generators: Objectives and challenges

The potential for thermoelectric power generation (via waste heat recovery onboard automobiles) to displace alternators and/or provide additional charging to a vehicle battery pack has increased with recent advances in thermoelectric material processing. In gasoline fueled vehicles (GFVs), about 40% of fuel energy is wasted in exhaust heat, while a smaller amount of energy (30%) is ejected through the engine coolant. Therefore, exhaust-based thermoelectric generators (ETEG) have been a focus for GFV applications since the late 1980s. The conversion efficiency of modern thermoelectric materials has increased more than three-fold in the last two decades; however, disputes as to the thermal design of ETEG systems has kept their overall efficiency at limited and insufficient values. There are many challenges in the thermal design of ETEG systems, such as increasing the efficiency of the heat exchangers (hot box and cold plate), maintaining a sufficient temperature difference across the thermoelectric modules during different operating conditions, and reducing thermal losses through the system as a whole. This paper focuses on a review of the main aspects of thermal design of ETEG systems through various investigations performed over the past twenty years. This paper is organized as follows: first, the construction of a typical ETEG is described. The heat balance and efficiency of ETEG are then discussed. Then, the third section of this paper emphasizes the main objectives and challenges for designing efficient ETEG systems. Finally, a review of ETEG research activities over the last twenty years is presented to focus on methods used by the research community to address such challenges.     

天然气汽车的应用

由于汽车尾气排放对环境造成的污染日益严重,以及石油资源逐渐减少,很多国家都在大力发展新能源汽车。天然气汽车与燃油汽车相比,能大大地减少污染物排放,具有良好的环保性、经济性及安全性,在国内外有着成熟而广泛的应用,是改善城市大气环境快捷有效途径。因此,为减少对石油的依赖以及机动车尾气造成的大气污染,推广天然气汽车的力度还需进一步加大,在尽可能短的时间内培养出一个比较成熟的天然气汽车市场,为实现可持续发展提供保证。     

车用直喷式柴油机排气净化的途径

在改善车用柴油机燃油经济性的同时，需进一步降低氮氧化物和微粒排放，关键是进一步优化燃烧过程，减少有害排放物的生成，也要改善燃料品质，甚至进一步采用排气后处理技术，本文阐述了喷油系统和进气系统的改进，燃烧室设计的优化，增压中冷，废气再循环等技术措施的潜力，以及燃油改质，排气后处理等措施的效果。     

基于无机复合材料的排气管路保温性能研究

重型商用车后处理系统排气管路的保温性能对整车排放性性能有着重要的影响,减小排气管路沿程热损失,提高后处理器内部反应温度和污染物转化效率,是整车实现排放性能升级的重要途径.应用新型无机复合材料包覆排气管路,降低排气管路的热损失,提高后处理器内部化学反应温度,能够有效提升后处理器内部载体的转化能力.在不同的环境温度条件下,...     

微粒捕集喷油助燃再生旋流式燃烧器流场特性CFD研究

微粒捕集喷油助燃再生燃烧器的火焰稳定性和分布对陶瓷过滤体在再生过程中的安全性具有重要影响,利用旋流产生稳定回流区的机理,设计一套旋流式喷油助燃再生装置,对其流体性能进行仿真计算,得到其速度、压力以及温度等参数分布。结果表明,供给新鲜空气时在油气混合室中心部位产生流速25m/s的回流,发动机高温废气受回流作用能对可燃混合气进行加热和促进混合,在突扩部位产生的旋转回流区能够持续将高温气体卷入燃烧室,对提高火焰稳定性具有重要意义。     

基于有机朗肯循环的车用柴油机排气余热回收系统性能分析

利用设计的有机朗肯循环系统回收某重型车用柴油机的排气能量,通过台架试验,获得了变工况下柴油机排气余热能分布特性。分析了有机工质蒸发压力、过热度以及柴油机工况变化对有机朗肯循环系统性能的影响,以系统净输出功率和热效率为优化目标,确定了适用于有机朗肯循环系统的最佳蒸发压力。研究结果表明,当有机工质蒸发压力为1.8 MPa时,有机朗肯循环系统的净输出功率最大可以达到12.69kW,热效率可以达到11.19%;将有机工质加热至过热状态并不能明显提高有机朗肯循环系统的净输出功率。